GB/T 50279-1998 Basic terminology standard for geotechnical engineering
Some standard content:
Engineering Construction Standards Full-text Information System
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
50279-98
Standard for fundamental terms of geotechnical engineering
1998-12-11
1999-06-01
State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision
Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China
Engineering Construction Standards Full-text Information System
Jointly Issued
Engineering Construction Standards Full-text Information System
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Standard for fundamental terms of geotechnical engineering
engineering
GB/T50279-98
Editor department: Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of ChinaApproval department: Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of ChinaImplementation date: June 1, 1999
1998Beijing
Engineering Construction Standard Full Text Information System
Engineering Construction Standard Full Text Information System
Notice on the release of the national standard
"Standard for Basic Terminology of Geotechnical Engineering"Construction Standard [1998] No. 252
According to the requirements of the Annex 2 of the State Planning Commission's Document [1992] No. 490, "Plan for the Formulation and Revision of Engineering Construction Standards in 1992", the "Standard for Basic Terminology of Geotechnical Engineering" jointly formulated by the Ministry of Water Resources and relevant departments has been reviewed by relevant departments. The "Standard for Basic Terminology of Geotechnical Engineering" GB/T50279-98 is now approved as a recommended national standard and will be implemented from June 1, 999.
This standard is managed by the Ministry of Water Resources, and the Beijing Graduate School of North China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower is responsible for the specific interpretation work. This standard is published and distributed by the Standard and Norms Research Institute of the Ministry of Construction and China Planning Press.
Ministry of Construction
December 11, 1998
Engineering Construction Standards Full Text Information System
Engineering Construction Standards Full Text Information System
General Principles…
General Terms·
900009900000000000
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Engineering Survey
Topography (4)
Geological Structure, Adverse Geological Phenomena
Geotechnical,
Hydrogeology
00606006
Survey Stage, Results and Evaluation
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中e00006666
+中·中e
Survey methods and equipment
In-situ tests and field observations
Survey of natural building materials
Center**中中***e中"
Physical and mechanical properties of soil and rock
Composition and classification of soil
Physical and mechanical properties and tests of soil
Physical properties of rock Mechanical properties and tests
Analysis and calculation
Rock and soil treatment
Treatment methods
Soil densification method
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（40）
（51)
Replacement, admixture and chemical treatment method
Drainage method
Geosynthetics
Earthwork engineering
6.1 Buildings and structures
6.2 Construction technology and methods
7Underground engineering and retaining structures
Engineering construction standard full text information system
0 (55)
Engineering Construction Standards Full-text Information System
．Retaining Wall
7.2 Underground Caverns and Tunnels
..3 Spray Anchor Support
Appendix A
Appendix B
Chinese Terms Index
English Terms Index
Additional Notes
Engineering Construction Standards Full-text Information System
+心心心
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Engineering Construction Standard Full Text Information System
1 This standard is formulated to reasonably unify the basic terms of geotechnical engineering in my country and facilitate technical cooperation and exchanges in this field at home and abroad. 2 This standard is applicable to the investigation, testing, design, construction and monitoring of geotechnical engineering, as well as scientific research and teaching and other related fields.
Engineering Construction Standard Full Text Information System
Engineering Construction Standard Full Text Information System
2 General Terms
2.0.1 Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical Engineering refers to the science and technology of utilizing, processing or improving rocks and soil in engineering. 2 Rock engineering rock engineering
Using rock as the foundation or environment for engineering construction, and excavating and reinforcing rock, underground engineering and ground engineering.
2.0.3 Soil mechanics soil mechanics
The applied science that studies the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of soil and the engineering properties of soil under the action of external factors such as load, water and temperature. 2.0.4 Rock mechanics (rock mechanics)
rock mechanics
The applied science that studies the physical properties of rock and the mechanical properties of rock under the action of environment and load.
2.0.5 Soil dynamics soil dynamics
The science that studies the properties of soil under various dynamic actions and the propagation law of stress waves in soil.
engineering geology
Engineering geology
The science that studies the geological environment related to engineering activities and its evaluation, prediction and protection.
Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology
The science that studies the formation, distribution, movement, physical and chemical properties of groundwater and its rational use and management.
2.0.8Groundwater dynamics
The science that studies the movement of groundwater in the pores and cracks of rocks and soils. 2.0.9Environmental geotechnicsEnvironmental geotechnicsUse the theory and practice of geotechnical engineering to solve environmental problems caused by human activities and industrial and agricultural production, including rational use, protection and engineering measures for comprehensive management of the environment.
2.0.10Earthquake engineeringEarthquake engineeringThe science and technology that uses geotechnical dynamics and structural dynamics to study the response of structures to earthquakes, earthquake resistance and reinforcement measures.
2.0.11 Disaster geology is the science that studies the formation, development and prevention measures of harmful geological phenomena such as volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides, mud-rock flows and sudden changes in regional groundwater levels. 2.0.12 Rheology is the science that studies the flow and deformation of matter or materials and is a branch of mechanics. 2.0.13 Mechanics of granular media is the science that studies the limit equilibrium and motion laws of granular media under stress. 2.0.14 Fracture mechanics is the science that studies the strength changes and crack propagation laws of cracked materials and engineering structures.
Block theory
blocktheory
A new theory for engineering stability analysis of rock masses divided by structural planes. Prototype monitoring
The technical operation of dynamically testing the properties and change laws of engineering structures according to technical regulations.
Engineering Construction Standards Full-text Information System
Engineering Construction Standards Full-text Information System
3 Engineering Survey
3.1 Topography and Geomorphology
3.1.1 Geomorphology
The undulating shape of the earth’s surface formed by the internal and external forces of the earth. 3.1.2 Landform unit landform unit
A unit of landform divided according to its genesis, form and development process. 3 Karst landform karst land feature
Karst basin, peak forest, stalagmite hillock and karst quasi-plain formed by karst action and having a certain scale. 3.1.4 Valley terrace valley terrace
A step distributed along the river bank that is not flooded by floods and formed by intermittent downcutting or accumulation of rivers.
3.1.5 Alluvial fan
diluvial fan
A zone where the flood in mountainous areas carries debris to the exit of the valley to form a fan-shaped soil layer of debris accumulation.
3.1.6 Alluvial fan alluvial fan
A fan-shaped zone formed at the exit of a mountain river due to the reduction of water flow velocity and the sorting and deposition of a large amount of debris.
3.2 Rock and soil, geological structure, adverse geological phenomena 3.2.1 Geological environment geologicenvironment Environmental space formed by the interaction between the crust and the lithosphere and the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.
2 Geological environment element
geologic environmentelement
Engineering construction standard full text information system
Engineering construction standard full text information system
The general term for factors such as rock, soil, surface water, groundwater, geological structure, and various geological actions that constitute and affect the geological environment. 3.2.3 Rock rock
The mineral aggregate that makes up the crust.
3.2.4 Rock mass rock mass
A rigid geological body that exists in a certain geological environment and is composed of various structural surfaces and the structures cut by them.
3.2.5 Magmatic rock (igneous rock)
magmaticrock, igneousrock
Rocks formed by the cooling and solidification of high-temperature silicate melts from the earth's interior. 3.2.6 Sedimentary rock
Rocks formed by the deposition and consolidation of weathered rock debris. 3.2.7 Metamorphic rock
Rocks with different structures and properties from the original rocks formed by high temperature and high pressure.
3.2.8 Fresh rock
Rocks that have not been weathered.
3.2.9 Intact rock
Rocks that are not divided by discontinuous structural surfaces. 3.2.10 Weathered rock
Rocks that have been decomposed and broken to varying degrees by physical, chemical and biological actions, and whose composition and color have changed to varying degrees. 3.2.11 Structural plane structural plane A general term for the geological interface that separates the solid components in the rock mass. 3.2.12 Structural block structural block The block or rock mass that has not been displaced is cut by the structural plane. 3.2.13 Structural types of rock mass According to the development degree and characteristics of the structural plane, the combination and arrangement of the structural bodies and the contact state, the rock mass structure is divided into integral block structure, layered structure, fragmented structure and loose structure.
Engineering Construction Standard Full-text Information System
Engineering Construction Standard Full-text Information System
3.2.14 Weak structural plane iweakstructural plane A structural plane that extends far, has smooth walls and is filled with a certain thickness of weak materials, such as mud, softened, broken thin interlayers, etc. 3.2.15 Weak intercalated layer Thin layer with low strength or mud, softened and broken in the rock mass. 3.2.16 Soil
Soft aggregate composed of minerals or rock fragments. 3.2.17 Soil mass
Loose accumulation distributed on the surface of the earth's crust that has not yet consolidated into rock 3.2.18 Bedrock
Rock mass buried under natural soil layers and exposed on the surface in large areas. 3.2.19 Residual soil
Soil remaining in place after rock weathering.
3.2.20 Slope wash
Soil formed by the debris on the slope or hillside being transported to the bottom of the slope or at the foot of the mountain by water flow or gravity.
3.2.21 Diluvial soilwww.bzxz.net
Soil formed by the accumulation of debris in mountainous areas along valleys or in the flat areas outside the mouth of valleys, carried by temporary floods.
3.2.22 Alluvial soil
Soil formed by the accumulation of debris carried by rivers at the outlet of open rivers or valleys, or soil in deltas.
3.2.23 Aeolian deposit
Soil formed by the weathering debris of rock strata in arid areas or loose soil of the Quaternary Period, carried by wind to other places and deposited.
3.2.24 Marine deposit
Soil formed by the accumulation under seawater.
3.2.25 Special soil
Soil with special material composition, structure and unique engineering characteristics. Type 6 Construction Standard Full Text Information System
Engineering Construction Standard Full Text Information System
3.2.26 Laterite
Reddish brown silt or clay rich in iron and aluminum oxides formed by weathering of limestone or other lava.
3.2.27 Fissured Clay
After drying, microcracks develop and form clay with a smooth mirror surface. 3.2.28 Varved Clay
Inorganic soil with alternating thin sand layers, silt layers and clay layers with a thickness of generally no more than 10mm formed by seasonal melting ice water injected into freshwater lakes, often grayish yellow. 3.2.29 Soft Clay
Clay with a high natural water content, in a soft plastic to fluid plastic state, with high compressibility and low strength.
3.2.30 Muck
Soil formed by biochemical action after being deposited in a static or slow-flowing water environment. 3.2.31 Expansive soil
Highly plastic clay rich in hydrophilic minerals and with obvious water absorption expansion and water loss shrinkage characteristics.
3.2.32 Saline soil
Soil with a salt content greater than a certain value.
3.2.33 Loess
Mainly composed of powder particles, brown or yellowish brown, with large pores and vertical joints, soil that collapses under its own weight when it comes into contact with water, or called collapsible loess. Loess that does not collapse under its own weight is called non-collapsed loess. 3.2.34 Loess-like soil Loess that has been re-transported.
3.2.35 Collapsible soil Collapsible soil has a loose granular overhead cementation structure system, has strong structural strength at low humidity, and when soaked in water under a certain pressure, the structure is quickly destroyed, resulting in obvious collapsible soil. 3.2.36 Peat
High organic matter containing cellulose or sponge-like material decomposed from plants Engineering Construction Standard Full Text Information System1Geological environmentgeologicenvironmentEnvironmental space formed by the interaction between the crust, lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
2Geological environment element
geologic environmentelement
Engineering construction standard full-text information system
Engineering construction standard full-text information system
The general term for factors such as rocks, soil, surface water, groundwater, geological structures and various geological actions that constitute and affect the geological environment. 3.2.3Rockrock
The aggregate of minerals that make up the earth's crust.
3.2.4Rockmass
A rigid geological body that exists in a certain geological environment and is composed of various structural surfaces and structures cut by them.
3.2.5Igneous rock
Magnetic rock, igneous rock
Rock formed by the cooling and solidification of high-temperature silicate melt from the earth's interior. 3.2.6 Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
Rock formed by the deposition and consolidation of weathered rock debris. 3.2.7 Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock
Rock formed by high temperature and high pressure and different in structure and properties from the original rock.
3.2.8 Fresh rock Fresh rock
Rock that has not been weathered.
3.2.9 Intact rock Intact rock
Rock that has not been divided by discontinuous structural planes. 3.2.10 Weathered rock Weathered rock
Rock that has been decomposed and broken to varying degrees by physical, chemical and biological actions, and whose composition and color have changed to varying degrees. 3.2.11 Structural plane Structural plane A general term for the geological interface that divides the solid phase components in the rock mass. 3.2.12 Structural block Structural block A block or rock mass that has not been displaced and is cut by a structural plane. 3.2.13 Structural types of rock mass According to the development degree and characteristics of the structural plane, the combination and contact state of the structural body, the rock mass structure is divided into integral block structure, layered structure, fragmented structure and loose structure.
Engineering Construction Standard Full-text Information System
Engineering Construction Standard Full-text Information System
3.2.14 Weak structural plane
Iweakstructural plane
A structural plane with a long extension, smooth walls and filled with a certain thickness of weak materials, such as muddy, softened, broken thin intercalated layers. 3.2.15 Weak intercalated layer Weak intercalated layer Thin layers with low strength or muddy, softened, broken in the rock mass. 3.2.16 Soil
A soft aggregate composed of minerals or rock fragments. 3.2.17 Soil mass
Loose deposits distributed on the surface of the earth's crust that have not yet consolidated into rocks. 3.2.18 Bedrock
Rock mass buried under natural soil layers and exposed on the surface in large areas. 3.2.19 Residual soil
Soil remaining in place after weathering of rocks.
3.2.20 Slope wash
Soil formed by the debris on the slope or hillside being transported to the bottom of the slope or at the foot of the mountain by water flow or gravity.
3.2.21 Diluvial soil
Soil formed by the debris in mountainous areas being carried by temporary floods and deposited along the flat areas outside the valley or gully mouth.
3.2.22 Alluvial soil
Soil formed by the accumulation of debris carried by rivers at the outlet of an open river or river valley or soil in a delta.
3.2.23 Aeolian deposit
Soil formed by the weathering of rock strata or loose soil of the Quaternary Period in arid areas, which is transported by wind to a different place and deposited.
3.2.24 Marine deposit
Soil formed by the accumulation under the sea.
3.2.25 Special soil
Soil with special material composition, structure and unique engineering characteristics. Construction Standard Full-text Information System for Engineering Construction
3.2.26 Laterite
Reddish brown powder or clay rich in iron and aluminum oxides formed by the weathering of limestone or other lava.
3.2.27Fissured clay
After drying, micro cracks develop and form a smooth mirror-like clay. 3.2.28Varved clay
Inorganic soil with alternating thin sand layers, silt layers and clay layers with a thickness of generally no more than 10 mm formed by seasonal melting ice water injected into freshwater lakes. 3.2.29Soft clay
Clay with high natural water content, soft plastic to fluid plastic state, high compressibility and low strength.
3.2.30Muck
Soil formed by biochemical action after deposition in a still water or slow-flowing water environment. 3.2.31Expansive soil
Highly plastic clay rich in hydrophilic minerals and with obvious water absorption expansion and water loss shrinkage characteristics.
3.2.32 Saline soil salinesoil
Soil with salt content greater than a certain value.
3.2.33 Loess
Mainly composed of powder particles, brown or yellowish brown, with large pores and vertical joints, soil that collapses under its own weight when in contact with water, or called collapsible loess. Soil that does not collapse under its own weight is called non-collapsed loess. 3.2.34 Loess-like soil Loess that has been re-moved.
3.2.35 Collapsible soil Collapsible soil has a loose granular overhead cementation structure system, has strong structural strength at low humidity, and when immersed in water under a certain pressure, the structure is rapidly destroyed, resulting in obvious collapse. 3.2.36 Peat
High organic matter engineering construction standard full-text information system containing cellulose or sponge-like materials decomposed from plants1Geological environmentgeologicenvironmentEnvironmental space formed by the interaction between the crust, lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
2Geological environment element
geologic environmentelement
Engineering construction standard full-text information system
Engineering construction standard full-text information system
The general term for factors such as rocks, soil, surface water, groundwater, geological structures and various geological actions that constitute and affect the geological environment. 3.2.3Rockrock
The aggregate of minerals that make up the earth's crust.
3.2.4Rockmass
A rigid geological body that exists in a certain geological environment and is composed of various structural surfaces and structures cut by them.
3.2.5Igneous rock
Magnetic rock, igneous rock
Rock formed by the cooling and solidification of high-temperature silicate melt from the earth's interior. 3.2.6 Sedimentary rock Sedimentary rock
Rock formed by the deposition and consolidation of weathered rock debris. 3.2.7 Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock
Rock formed by high temperature and high pressure and different in structure and properties from the original rock.
3.2.8 Fresh rock Fresh rock
Rock that has not been weathered.
3.2.9 Intact rock Intact rock
Rock that has not been divided by discontinuous structural planes. 3.2.10 Weathered rock Weathered rock
Rock that has been decomposed and broken to varying degrees by physical, chemical and biological actions, and whose composition and color have changed to varying degrees. 3.2.11 Structural plane Structural plane A general term for the geological interface that divides the solid phase components in the rock mass. 3.2.12 Structural block Structural block A block or rock mass that has not been displaced and is cut by a structural plane. 3.2.13 Structural types of rock mass According to the development degree and characteristics of the structural plane, the combination and contact state of the structural body, the rock mass structure is divided into integral block structure, layered structure, fragmented structure and loose structure.
Engineering Construction Standard Full-text Information System
Engineering Construction Standard Full-text Information System
3.2.14 Weak structural plane
Iweakstructural plane
A structural plane with a long extension, smooth walls and filled with a certain thickness of weak materials, such as muddy, softened, broken thin intercalated layers. 3.2.15 Weak intercalated layer Weak intercalated layer Thin layers with low strength or muddy, softened, broken in the rock mass. 3.2.16 Soil
A soft aggregate composed of minerals or rock fragments. 3.2.17 Soil mass
Loose deposits distributed on the surface of the earth's crust that have not yet consolidated into rocks. 3.2.18 Bedrock
Rock mass buried under natural soil layers and exposed on the surface in large areas. 3.2.19 Residual soil
Soil remaining in place after weathering of rocks.
3.2.20 Slope wash
Soil formed by the debris on the slope or hillside being transported to the bottom of the slope or at the foot of the mountain by water flow or gravity.
3.2.21 Diluvial soil
Soil formed by the debris in mountainous areas being carried by temporary floods and deposited along the flat areas outside the valley or gully mouth.
3.2.22 Alluvial soil
Soil formed by the accumulation of debris carried by rivers at the outlet of an open river or river valley or soil in a delta.
3.2.23 Aeolian deposit
Soil formed by the weathering of rock strata or loose soil of the Quaternary Period in arid areas, which is transported by wind to a different place and deposited.
3.2.24 Marine deposit
Soil formed by the accumulation under the sea.
3.2.25 Special soil
Soil with special material composition, structure and unique engineering characteristics. Construction Standard Full-text Information System for Engineering Construction
3.2.26 Laterite
Reddish brown powder or clay rich in iron and aluminum oxides formed by the weathering of limestone or other lava.
3.2.27Fissured clay
After drying, micro cracks develop and form a smooth mirror-like clay. 3.2.28Varved clay
Inorganic soil with alternating thin sand layers, silt layers and clay layers with a thickness of generally no more than 10 mm formed by seasonal melting ice water injected into freshwater lakes. 3.2.29Soft clay
Clay with high natural water content, soft plastic to fluid plastic state, high compressibility and low strength.
3.2.30Muck
Soil formed by biochemical action after deposition in a still water or slow-flowing water environment. 3.2.31Expansive soil
Highly plastic clay rich in hydrophilic minerals and with obvious water absorption expansion and water loss shrinkage characteristics.
3.2.32 Saline soil salinesoil
Soil with salt content greater than a certain value.
3.2.33 Loess
Mainly composed of powder particles, brown or yellowish brown, with large pores and vertical joints, soil that collapses under its own weight when in contact with water, or called collapsible loess. Soil that does not collapse under its own weight is called non-collapsed loess. 3.2.34 Loess-like soil Loess that has been re-moved.
3.2.35 Collapsible soil Collapsible soil has a loose granular overhead cementation structure system, has strong structural strength at low humidity, and when immersed in water under a certain pressure, the structure is rapidly destroyed, resulting in obvious collapse. 3.2.36 Peat
High organic matter engineering construction standard full-text information system containing cellulose or sponge-like materials decomposed from plants13structural types of rock mass According to the development degree and characteristics of the structural plane, the combination and contact state of the structural body, the rock mass structure is divided into integral block structure, layered structure, fragmented structure and loose structure.
Engineering Construction Standard Full-text Information System
Engineering Construction Standard Full-text Information System
3.2.14 Weak structural plane
iweakstructural plane
A structural plane with a long extension, smooth walls and filled with a certain thickness of weak materials, such as muddy, softened, broken thin intercalated layers. 3.2.15 Weak intercalated layerWeak intercalated layerA thin layer with low strength or muddy, softened, broken in the rock mass. 3.2.16Soil
A soft aggregate composed of minerals or rock fragments. 3.2.17 Soil mass
Loose deposits distributed on the surface of the earth's crust that have not yet consolidated into rocks. 3.2.18 Bedrock
Rock mass buried under natural soil layers and exposed on the surface in large areas. 3.2.19 Residual soil
Soil remaining in place after weathering of rocks.
3.2.20 Slope wash
Soil formed by the debris on the slope or hillside being transported to the bottom of the slope or at the foot of the mountain by water flow or gravity.
3.2.21 Diluvial soil
Soil formed by the debris in mountainous areas being carried by temporary floods and deposited along the flat areas outside the valley or gully mouth.
3.2.22 Alluvial soil
Soil formed by the accumulation of debris carried by rivers at the outlet of an open river or river valley or soil in a delta.
3.2.23 Aeolian deposit
Soil formed by the weathering of rock strata or loose soil of the Quaternary Period in arid areas, which is transported by wind to a different place and deposited.
3.2.24 Marine deposit
Soil formed by the accumulation under the sea.
3.2.25 Special soil
Soil with special material composition, structure and unique engineering characteristics. Construction Standard Full-text Information System for Engineering Construction
3.2.26 Laterite
Reddish brown powder or clay rich in iron and aluminum oxides formed by the weathering of limestone or other lava.
3.2.27Fissured clay
After drying, micro cracks develop and form a smooth mirror-like clay. 3.2.28Varved clay
Inorganic soil with alternating thin sand layers, silt layers and clay layers with a thickness of generally no more than 10 mm formed by seasonal melting ice water injected into freshwater lakes. 3.2.29Soft clay
Clay with high natural water content, soft plastic to fluid plastic state, high compressibility and low strength.
3.2.30Muck
Soil formed by biochemical action after deposition in a still water or slow-flowing water environment. 3.2.31Expansive soil
Highly plastic clay rich in hydrophilic minerals and with obvious water absorption expansion and water loss shrinkage characteristics.
3.2.32 Saline soil salinesoil
Soil with salt content greater than a certain value.
3.2.33 Loess
Mainly composed of powder particles, brown or yellowish brown, with large pores and vertical joints, soil that collapses under its own weight when in contact with water, or called collapsible loess. Soil that does not collapse under its own weight is called non-collapsed loess. 3.2.34 Loess-like soil Loess that has been re-moved.
3.2.35 Collapsible soil Collapsible soil has a loose granular overhead cementation structure system, has strong structural strength at low humidity, and when immersed in water under a certain pressure, the structure is rapidly destroyed, resulting in obvious collapse. 3.2.36 Peat
High organic matter engineering construction standard full-text information system containing cellulose or sponge-like materials decomposed from plants13structural types of rock mass According to the development degree and characteristics of the structural plane, the combination and contact state of the structural body, the rock mass structure is divided into integral block structure, layered structure, fragmented structure and loose structure.
Engineering Construction Standard Full-text Information System
Engineering Construction Standard Full-text Information System
3.2.14 Weak structural plane
iweakstructural plane
A structural plane with a long extension, smooth walls and filled with a certain thickness of weak materials, such as muddy, softened, broken thin intercalated layers. 3.2.15 Weak intercalated layerWeak intercalated layerA thin layer with low strength or muddy, softened, broken in the rock mass. 3.2.16Soil
A soft aggregate composed of minerals or rock fragments. 3.2.17 Soil mass
Loose deposits distributed on the surface of the earth's crust that have not yet consolidated into rocks. 3.2.18 Bedrock
Rock mass buried under natural soil layers and exposed on the surface in large areas. 3.2.19 Residual soil
Soil remaining in place after weathering of rocks.
3.2.20 Slope wash
Soil formed by the debris on the slope or hillside being transported to the bottom of the slope or at the foot of the mountain by water flow or gravity.
3.2.21 Diluvial soil
Soil formed by the debris in mountainous areas being carried by temporary floods and deposited along the flat areas outside the valley or gully mouth.
3.2.22 Alluvial soil
Soil formed by the accumulation of debris carried by rivers at the outlet of an open river or river valley or soil in a delta.
3.2.23 Aeolian deposit
Soil formed by the weathering of rock strata or loose soil of the Quaternary Period in arid areas, which is transported by wind to a different place and deposited.
3.2.24 Marine deposit
Soil formed by the accumulation under the sea.
3.2.25 Special soil
Soil with special material composition, structure and unique engineering characteristics. Construction Standard Full-text Information System for Engineering Construction
3.2.26 Laterite
Reddish brown powder or clay rich in iron and aluminum oxides formed by the weathering of limestone or other lava.
3.2.27Fissured clay
After drying, micro cracks develop and form a smooth mirror-like clay. 3.2.28Varved clay
Inorganic soil with alternating thin sand layers, silt layers and clay layers with a thickness of generally no more than 10 mm formed by seasonal melting ice water injected into freshwater lakes. 3.2.29Soft clay
Clay with high natural water content, soft plastic to fluid plastic state, high compressibility and low strength.
3.2.30Muck
Soil formed by biochemical action after deposition in a still water or slow-flowing water environment. 3.2.31Expansive soil
Highly plastic clay rich in hydrophilic minerals and with obvious water absorption expansion and water loss shrinkage characteristics.
3.2.32 Saline soil salinesoil
Soil with salt content greater than a certain value.
3.2.33 Loess
Mainly composed of powder particles, brown or yellowish brown, with large pores and vertical joints, soil that collapses under its own weight when in contact with water, or called collapsible loess. Soil that does not collapse under its own weight is called non-collapsed loess. 3.2.34 Loess-like soil Loess that has been re-moved.
3.2.35 Collapsible soil Collapsible soil has a loose granular overhead cementation structure system, has strong structural strength at low humidity, and when immersed in water under a certain pressure, the structure is rapidly destroyed, resulting in obvious collapse. 3.2.36 Peat
High organic matter engineering construction standard full-text information system containing cellulose or sponge-like materials decomposed from plants
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