Some standard content:
GB/T 18028- 2000
Chinese language mathematics, physics, and chemistry symbols, referred to as Chinese language mathematics, physics, and chemistry symbols, is a symbol system for Chinese visually impaired people to record and describe mathematics, physics, and chemistry in six-dot language.
With the development of language education and Braille publishing, it is necessary to formulate a set of national standards for language mathematics, physics, and chemistry symbols. In the early 1990s, the China Disabled Persons' Federation organized language mathematics, physics, and chemistry experts to propose a complete set of language mathematics, physics, and chemistry symbol schemes based on the international Marburg symbol system, absorbing the parts of Marburg, Nemeth, and other symbol systems that are applicable to my country, supplementing many new research results. According to this scheme, the opinions of relevant domestic experts were solicited many times, and this standard was revised and formulated. Appendix A and Appendix 13 of this standard are both informative appendices. This standard was proposed by the Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China. This standard was approved by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Rehabilitation and Special Equipment for the Disabled. This standard was drafted by: China Disabled Persons' Federation, China Blind Association, China Rehabilitation Research Center, China Braille Publishing House, Beijing People's School, etc. The main drafters of this standard are Lin Weimin, Lian, Li Weihong, Han You, Hao Jing. National Standard of the People's Republic of China Mathematical, physical and chemical symbols of Chinese Braille 1 Scope This standard specifies the writing and use of mathematical, physical and chemical symbols in Chinese Braille. This standard is applicable to education, publishing and related fields. 2 Cited standards
GB/T180282000
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard: When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised. The parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. GB/T 15720—1995 Chinese Education
3 Definitions
This standard adopts the following definitions:
3.1 Marburg symbols Marburg symbols
is a set of education, mathematics, physics and chemistry symbol system launched by the Marburg Self-Education Center in Germany in the early 19th century. After discussions at many international professional conferences, it was gradually improved and promoted for use in many countries. This symbol system has become one of the popular mathematical and chemical symbol systems for the blind internationally.
3.2 Nereth symbol Nereth symbol
was designed by American mathematician Dr. Jacob Zumers and was officially adopted in 192. After several modifications and improvements, it has formed a relatively complete and systematic mathematical symbol system and has been adopted by some countries and regions. 3.3 New-line character
When writing an expression in a new line, such as when the line is broken in a non-blank position, a special Braille symbol "called a new line" should be added at the end of the line.
1 The solid dot in the braille symbol means there is a dot on the point position, and the hollow dot means there is no dot on the point position. 2 The same number in the braille symbol is the dot number of the solid dot. The dot numbers of the dots in the same position are written in sequence, and the dot numbers of different positions are separated by numbers. This notation is used in other places in this article without additional marking. 3.4 Organized brackets parenthesis Braille-specific symbols. Plain text (the name of sighted writing) sometimes has explanations or marks above or below each expression, while spoken text uses special brackets to enclose the expression, and adds marks or explanations after the brackets. These brackets are called grouped brackets. 3.5 Linear notation linear notation
The method of writing the mathematical, physical, and chemical expressions and diagrams in plain text line by line in the general writing format of spoken text. 3.6 Plane notation plane notation
The method of writing the mathematical, physical, and chemical expressions and diagrams in plain text in the pictographic arrangement of spoken text symbols. Approved by the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision on April 5, 2000, and implemented on October 1, 2000
GB/T 18028-2000
4 Structure and parameters of braille symbols in mathematical, physical, and chemical symbols The structure and parameters of braille symbols in mathematical, physical, and chemical symbols are the same as those in Chinese official texts, see GB/T157201995 5 Basic symbols in mathematics, physics and chemistry
5.1 Numerical symbols
5.1.1 Basic numerical symbols
（3456)
?(45,25)
洋#(3456.123156)
5.1.2 Basic numerical symbols
: (3436,1)
r(3455,124)
5.1.3 Roman numerals
##(3456,12)
ze(3456,1245)
Note: The values in brackets are Arabic numerals.
5.1.4 Rules for using numerals
Arabic numerals
Uppercase Roman numerals
Lowercase Roman numerals
Section sign
Decimal point
Repeating decimal symbol
Hyperbar above Roman numerals
Infinity sign
(3456.14)
+(3456,125)
## (3456,145)
装(3456-24)
(10c0)
*(3456.15)
+ (3456,245)
5.1.4.1 Each Arabic numeral must be preceded by an Arabic numeral (referred to as a number). If a whole line, multiple lines or a whole page are filled with numbers, two numbers can be added before the first number. The other numbers can be omitted. Numbers are separated by spaces. After the numbers are written, add \ to indicate the end.
Example:
Written as:
Prime numbers less than 100 are: 2.3.5.7.11.13, 17, 19, 23.29, 31, 37, 41*..97Hu
Written as:
5.1.4.2 The section mark or decimal point of a number is not always square before and after. Example:
1018273
Written as:
Changed to:
GB/T 18028—2000
5.1.4.3 There are two ways to express a repeating decimal: If there is a dot over the repeating number in plain text, then in Braille, the repeating decimal symbol "" is written before the repeating number to express it: If the repeating part in plain text is enclosed in parentheses, then in Braille, it should be enclosed in parentheses.
Example:
Writing the scale
Writing the scale
5.1.4.4 Writing Roman numerals Write Roman numerals before the day, and the Roman numerals before the day. Add lowercase Roman numerals before the numeral. When writing, the larger number is in front and the smaller number is in the back to indicate the sum of two numbers. The smaller number is in front and the larger number is in the back to indicate the difference between two numbers. If there is a horizontal line in the Roman numeral, the "Roman numeral above the short horizontal line symbol" is added after the number to indicate that the value is increased by 1000 times. For example:
(1600)
(540000)
5.2 Letter numbers, alphabets and font symbols
5.2.1 Letter numbers and letters
5.2.1.1 Alphabet numbers
5. 2. 1. 2
Writing 38
Writing 甲#
Writing variations
Lowercase Latin letters
Uppercase Latin letters
Lowercase Greek letters
Uppercase Greek letters
Latin letters and Greek alphabetic symbols
Latin alphabet
Rules for using letters and alphabetic symbols
5. 2. 1. 3
Greek alphabet
1) The uppercase and lowercase letters of letters are written in front of each character. When writing the same type of letters, add a letter mark before the first character. When writing different types of characters together, use different letter marks respectively. Example:
Writing a note
Writing a color pad
GB/T 18028--2000
2) If there is no need to mix and match, the lowercase letter can be omitted. For example;
writing, shoe Ai shoe
writing group collection note
school body symbol
5. 2. 2. 1
5. 2. 2.2
Font number symbol writing method
Font number symbol usage rules
(1246)
（12456)
(1456)
(3456)
Regular white
Standard black
Italic white
Italic black
Handwritten white
Handwritten black
In writing, the font number is used to indicate the different fonts of the characters. The general writing order is to write the letter number first, then the font number and the letter. When the letters of the same font are written together, only the font number is added before the first word; when the letters of different fonts are written together, different font numbers should be used respectively: Under normal circumstances, if there is no confusion, the font number of the regular white font can be omitted. Example:
(italic bold)
writing substitute
lowercase straight thin a and lowercase italic bold x and writing: avoid 5. 3 Commonly used unit symbols
5. 3. 1 Commonly used unit symbols for meters and displays Length unit symbol
Area unit symbol
Volume and capacity unit symbol
(125,134)
(145,1,134)
(145+134)
(14,134)
(134.134)
(125,1)
(13,134,34,23)
(134,34,23)
(14,134,34,23)
(134.34, 25)
(14,134,34,25)
(134,134.34.25)
(125,123)
(145,1,123)
Kilometer (km)
Square kilometer
Square meter
Square centimeter
Cubic meter
Cubic centimeter
Millimeter
Mass unit symbol
Time unit symbol
Other measurement unit symbols
Shadow sea ring
GB/T 18028- -2000
(134,123)
(2315)
(13.1245)
(125,1245)
(145.1,1245)
(1245)
(145.1245)
(14:124)
(134.1245)
(46,134,56.1245)
134.1456\
(2456,13)||tt ||(125,1235)
(134,24,1345)
(5,356)
(5,35.35)
(1235,.1.145)
(5.356.6,143
For non-metric measurement unit symbols, see Appendix B (Suggestive Appendix) Chapter B2. 5.3.2 Common measurement unit symbols usage standards: milliliters
kilograms (kg)
week
day (day)
degrees Celsius
5.3.2.1 When using symbols 1) to 35), they should be written together with the preceding number, but a period must be added. There should be no space between the unit symbol and the punctuation mark.
Example:
3 m(meter)
47m(cm)
Write: 染理理
Write 群器维美
5.3.2.2 When using other unit symbols 36) to 4), write them directly after the number, usually without a space before the number. However, when using degrees, minutes, and symbols continuously, there can be no space before and after. Example:
30° (degrees)
14°25°30\ (degrees, minutes, seconds)
25 (degrees Celsius)
Write: 解設研究
Write: 發发容获基群替试
Write: 群群降
5.3.2.3 Semi-square and cubic are expressed by adding "" to the numeral symbol, followed by the exponential symbol and the number 2 or 3 without a number sign. 1: For exponential symbols, see 6.5.
Example: 2cm (square centimeters)
(cubic millimeters)
Written as a group number
and as an alternative
5.3.2.4 If some units of measurement are transcribed in the form of fractions, they shall be handled in accordance with the relevant provisions of 6.1. 5.4 Punctuation and other symbols
5.4.1 Symbol writing bzxz.net
5.4.2 Symbol usage rules
GB/T 18028—2000
(5,3,3)
(4545)
(45,4515.45)
(1345)
(12346
13456)
(6+1256)
Ellipsis
Quotation mark
Fan Zhou number
Separation mark
Grouping bracket
Line break
Wen Ning number
Mathematical symbol mark
5. 4.2.1 When using hyphens, periods, spaces, and separators, there should be spaces before and after them. When using ellipsis, commas, semicolons, and colons, there should be spaces after them. However, if there are other punctuation marks after ellipsis, there should be spaces before and after them. When using range numbers and section numbers, there should be spaces before and after them. However, when the range numbers and section numbers are doubled, there should be spaces before the first symbol. When using quotation marks, there should generally be spaces before and after the quotation marks. For example:
is written as: table group
is written as
5. 4.2. 2. When writing an expression, if a line break is not required, a line break should be added at the end of the line. If a line break is required at a blank space, a line break is not required.
5.4.2.3 Grouping brackets are symbols unique to writing. In plain text, sometimes there are instructions or marks above or below an expression. Writing uses grouping brackets to enclose the expression. When using grouping brackets, if there is a Latin letter Y, a letter number must be added before the Latin letter Y. For example, see Example 4 and Example 5 in 6.5.2.2.6.
5.4.2.4 If there are words in this expression, a letter number must be added before each word; if there are 4 or more questions in a row, two letter numbers must be added before the first word, and a letter number must be added before the last word. The remaining words can be omitted. The mathematical symbols that appear in the text description must be preceded by spaces, and a mathematical symbol mark must be added before the symbol. Mathematical symbols
6-1 Basic operation symbols
6.1.1 Writing basic operation symbols
(235,36)
Plus sign (positive)
Minus sign (negative)
Plus and minus sign (positive and negative)
6.1.2 Rules for using basic operation symbols
GB/T 18028- 2000
(2356)
(4,2356)
(56,2356】
(5,25)
Point multiplication sign
Inequality sign
Approximately equal sign
Identity sign
6.1.2.1 When using the point multiplication sign, inequality sign, and Libby sign, there should be a space before them. Other symbols should have a space before them. Example 1:
25a·7b·175a6#group move#model#car
xty=atb
Example 2:
41 —11= 30
117÷9= 13
Write&wear subject
Write group method element dense group chaos
Write energy product of men's living clothing
1 000+97energy27 write group get*fan use=6. 1.2. 2 When the positive and negative signs are enclosed in 1 equal sign, there is no space in front. Example: 2=-3 is written as: ##
6.2 Absolute value and inequality symbols
6.2.1 Absolute value and inequality symbols
6.2.2 Absolute value and inequality symbols usage rules (135)
(135.2356)
(246.2356)
(135+246)
(246.135)
(135.135)
(246.246)
(156456)
(456,2456.2)
Greater Than
Less Than
Greater Than
Less Than
Greater Than
Less Than
Greater Than
Greater Than
Absolute Value
Absolute Value
6.2.2.1 When using greater than or equal to, less than or equal to, the space before the sign should not be empty: When using the absolute value sign, the space after the opening absolute value sign should not be empty, the space before the closing absolute value sign should not be empty + other symbols should have spaces before and after. Example 1:
Write Avoid
Example 2:
Write Note
Assume: 2≥, then a=c6Two (
Write: Assume:
G1/T 180282000
Note: In order to facilitate reading and writing for sighted people, in the examples of Braille expression, the general part of the text is usually expressed in Chinese, and the following is also not marked separately.
6.2.2, 2 If the expression in the absolute value contains letters, the letters must be marked with letter numbers. Example 1:
Assume:, then:
Write Assume Note Then Lianqian Sales Group
Example 2: +1/(
Writing service#huoshe
Example 3:—6+13—51!—1
6.3 Bracket symbols
6.3.1 Bracket symbol writing method
6.3.2 Bracket symbol usage rules
(126345)
(1233623456)
(245135)
(5,24 6135.2)
(126.36.345)
(12356,3
(246.34,135)
(46,1256)
Round brackets (small brackets)
Square brackets (middle brackets)
Curly brackets (curly brackets)
Angle brackets
Curly round brackets
Curly square brackets
Curly Brackets
Line Separators
6.3.2.1 There are usually no spaces before and after brackets. If curly brackets and the letter "O" appear in an expression, the letter ")\ must be preceded by a letter.
Sa+-b)(+)\m+ad-he+
Written as
Example 2:
1—12+[3+(4+5) *6*.7 -8
Written as
Example 3: 4(PQ)02P0)
6.3.2.2 In plain text, if the left side of a multi-line expression is enclosed in large curly brackets, there are two ways of expressing it: one is the linear expression, also known as the horizontal writing method, that is, write the leading large curly bracket first, then write the first line of expression, add a line separator after writing, and then write the second line of expression, and so on, add a trailing large curly bracket after the last line of expression; the other is the plane expression, which is written directly according to the plain text format, that is, use symbols such as """""""""\" to enclose the left side of the multi-line expression. If the plain text expression cannot be completed in one line, it should be indented twice when drawing a line break.
Example 1:
α++r—1
3+2y+3z=2
.2 / 3y +2±= 5
Write as Yangqixiela
2—23:
Write as Yankee
All light machine data
Good spicy Lianjing Ni Jingju
2 +t 11 7: a 89
6.4 Fraction and fraction symbols
Yuan—2
—2r0
6. 4. 1 Fraction and fraction symbol writing
6.4.2 Fraction and fraction symbol usage rules
6. 4. 2. 1
Example 1:
Example 2:
GB/T18028-2000
Transformation
(1256)
(6,1256)
(3456,245.356)
Open fraction sign
Closed fraction sign
Fractional sign
Continuous fraction sign
Oblique fraction line
Percent sign
The general way to write a fraction is to write the numerator of the fraction first, and then write the denominator in descending order. Writing shoe maintenance
Writing group sales
2-3+5-30
6. 4. 2. 2
Generally, the way to write a mixed fraction is to write the integer part of the mixed fraction first, then leave the square blank, and then write the fraction part according to 6.4.2.1. Example 1:
Write shoes and related
Write: Group effect
5 -2 No.-2
Write "
6. 4. 2. 3 The percent sign is written after the number, and there is no year in the middle. Example:
Write the table
6.4.2.4 Use the oblique fraction line without spaces before and after the denominator and do not drop the point. Example:
ta-6)/2
And the composition
Write: Medicine is more dyed sugar or Mishu
6.4.2.5 The writing method of a simple fraction is to write the numerator first, then write the fraction line, without spaces before and after the fraction line, and finally write the denominator without dropping the denominator.
Example:
GB/T 18028—2000
Writing is lively
Writing strong Jia missing case
Writing explanation
With the main
6.4.2.6 If the numerator or denominator of a fraction contains a mathematical expression, the fraction is called a complex fraction. Complex fractions must be enclosed in the whole fraction with the conjunctive fraction symbol and the closed fraction symbol. The writing order is: first write the open fraction symbol, then the denominator part, then the fraction line, the front of the fraction line is blank and the back is not blank, and finally write the denominator part and the fraction symbol. Example 1:
Example 2:
ad Ibe
Writing.
Writing 3" single
6. 4.2.7 In the case of no confusion, the open and closed fraction signs can be omitted for complex fractions. The operation signs in the numerator and denominator should be preceded by "\" operation signs, and there should be no spaces before and after the fraction line. However, if the fraction is preceded by a minus sign, or the first term in the numerator has a negative sign, or the numerator and denominator have multiplication signs, or the numerator and denominator contain simple fractions, they must be handled according to 6.2 and 2.6. Example 1
2#—y+3
α+2 yuan
—2+3
Write the teaching basis of the shoe student's replacement treatment of the patient
Write the surface organ element blood
Guide to the work without
Write: Teaching continuation "leading to group selection"
Consideration of the work quantity
Write the gland! Group method
6.4.2.8 If the fraction is divided by The numerator or denominator also contains multiple layers of fractions: this fraction is called a complex fraction. In plain text, the length of the fraction line indicates the different operation levels of the fraction, while in Braille, the longest main fraction line is indicated by the length of the fraction line symbol "". The numerator is in front of the fraction line, and the denominator is behind it. Other multiple fraction lines in the numerator or denominator are indicated by adding a number after the fraction line symbol to indicate different operation levels. The smaller the number, the longer the fraction line; the larger the number, the shorter the fraction line, and the operation order is from large to small. This kind of fraction line is called a hierarchical fraction line. The hierarchical fraction line should be empty before and after: if there is an open fraction sign immediately after the hierarchical fraction line, a separator should be added before the open fraction sign. The simple form in the fraction also indicates the level of the fraction, but does not add an open fraction sign or a closed fraction sign. The expression method of continued fraction is the same as that of complex fraction. ：
Write the number
Example 2:
α+ba-b
Write the number
6.5 Notation symbols
6.5.1 Exponential direction symbol
Positive gain shoe teaching pull
Write the number
6.5.1.1 Exponential square symbol method
(46,16)
6.5.1.2 Rules for using exponential square symbols
Lower exponent (left, )
Upper exponent (left, right)
Directly below exponent
Directly upward exponent
Single A main quantity, Wang Guo main egg
Exponent or end mark
1) Exponent refers to the small words (that is, numbers, letters or expressions) attached to the upper and lower directions of letters or numbers in mathematical expressions. When writing an exponent, add the exponent sign before the exponent and the exponent end sign after the exponent.Directly below, write the letter or number first and then the lower exponent, the right exponent and then the lower right exponent, the right exponent: If the exponent is above or below the letter or number, write the lower left exponent first, then the upper left exponent, and then the letter or number. If there are exponents on the left and right of the letter or number, they should be written one by one according to the principle of left first, right second, bottom first, top. Example:
Writing 整养理理
Writing 华者
考作8083
Writing 清
Writing 的程管基荐
Writing 活理法学
2) If the exponent is an integer (positive, negative, zero), you can omit the number and the exponent terminator and write the number in descending order. In order to avoid confusion
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