Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Surface active agents-Terms
UDC 661.185
GB 5327--85
ISO862-1984
This standard is equivalent to the international standard ISO862-1984 "Surface active agents-Terms", except for the addition of a few synonyms (enclosed in brackets), some editorial changes have been made. This standard specifies the terms commonly used in the field of surfactants. Note: Some terms appear in commercial terms according to their usage or expression. Regardless of whether they deviate from the definition, they shall not be used as reference definitions of commercial terms under any circumstances.
Other terms that are not specific to surfactants are also widely used in this field. This standard specifically proposes special terms used in textiles, dry cleaning, etc., and can also supplement terms used in other aspects. Part I Terminology directly related to surfactants 1 Product name
1 Surfactant
Surface active agent (surfactant, tenside) - a compound with surface activity (165) that dissolves in liquids, especially water, and significantly reduces surface tension (14) or interfacial tension (15) due to preferential adsorption on liquid/air surfaces or other interfaces. Note: Surfactant refers to a compound that contains at least one group with affinity for a significantly polar surface (to ensure its water solubility in most cases) and one non-polar group (162) with almost no affinity for water in its molecule. 2 Detergent
detergent
Specially formulated products used for cleaning through the washing (89) process. Note: Detergents usually include a main component [surfactant (1)] and auxiliary components [builder (77) etc.]. 3 Soap
Soap is an anionic surfactant (4) that exhibits reversible hydrolysis (186) when reacting with water. Therefore, water-soluble soap or "true soap" has its own unique properties and the reaction is usually alkaline. Note: ① Salts of fatty acids or mixed fatty acids (inorganic or organic) containing at least eight carbon atoms. ② In production, fatty acids can be partially replaced by rosin acid. ③ The term "metal soap" currently used refers to non-alkali metal salts of fatty acids. These salts are actually insoluble in water and do not have cleaning properties. 2 Properties of surfactants
2.1 Structural properties
4 Anionic surfactants
anionic surface active agent (anionics) Surfactants that ionize in aqueous solution to produce organic ions with negative charge and exhibit surface activity (165). 5Cationic surfactants
National Bureau of Standards 1985-08-29 Issued
1986-04-01 Implementation
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cationic surface active agent (cationics) Surfactants that ionize in aqueous solution to produce organic ions with positive charge and exhibit surface activity (165). 6Nonionic surfactants
non -ionic surface active agent (non -ionics) Surfactants that do not produce ions in aqueous solution. The solubility of nonionic surfactants in water is due to the strong hydrophilic functional groups in the molecules.
7Amphoteric surfactants
ampholytic surface active agent (amphoterics) Surfactants with two or more functional groups, which can be ionized in aqueous solution, and due to different medium conditions, the compound has the characteristics of anionic (4) or cationic surfactants (5). In a broad sense, the ionic properties of amphoteric surfactants are similar to those of amphoteric compounds. 8 Amphiphilic product (amphiphile) A product containing one or more hydrophilic groups (158) and one or more lipophilic groups (160) in the molecule. Note: Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds. 2.2 Continuous systems
2.2.1 General physical properties
9 Cloud temperature
cloud temperature
Above this temperature, an aqueous solution of certain nonionic surfactants (6) becomes heterogeneous due to separation into two liquid phases (coagulation (39)). Note: The cloud temperature value depends on the concentration of the solution. 10 Clarification temperature
temperature of clarification The temperature at which a two-phase mixture of an aqueous solution of certain nonionic surfactants (6) showing a cloud temperature (9) becomes homogeneous when cooled.
Note: The clarification temperature range is determined by the "cloud point". 11 Krafft temperature
Krafft temperature
The temperature (actually within a narrow temperature range) at which the solubility of an ionic surfactant increases dramatically. At this temperature, its solubility is equal to the critical micelle concentration (cmc,) (38). In the soap industry, the "Krafft point" is expressed as a temperature below which a clear soap solution becomes turbid. 2.2.2 Surface properties
12 Adsorption layer of surface active agent
adsorption layer of surface active agent The layer of surfactant in solution, extending more or less across the interface, whose thickness is determined by the concentration of the adsorbate at any random position in the layer being greater than the concentration in each adjacent phase. 13 Capillary activity
capillary activity
The action of a surfactant in solution due to adsorption at an interface usually results in a reduction in surface tension (14) or interfacial tension (15). 14 Surface tension
surface tension
Tension acting on the surface of a phase and pointing into the phase (169), which is caused by the attraction between molecules on the surface and molecules below the surface.
Note: Surface tension refers specifically to the force at the interface between the liquid phase and the gas phase, expressed in millinewtons per meter (mN/m). 29
15 Interfacial tension
interfacial tension
Tension at the interface between two phases (169).
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Note: Interfacial tension is expressed in millinewtons per meter (mN/m). 16 Spreading ability
spreading ability
Specially refers to a property of surfactant solutions, which enables a drop of this liquid to spontaneously cover another liquid or a solid surface. 2.3 Dispersed systems
2.8.1 General colloidal properties
17 Dispersion
dispersion
A system consisting of two or more phases. One of them is a continuous phase and at least one is a finely dispersed phase. 18 Dispersed phase
dispersed phase
Discontinuous phase in a dispersion (17).
19 Dispersion medium
Dispersion medium
Continuous phase in a dispersion (17).
20 Emulsion
emulsion
A heterogeneous system of two or more liquid phases. One of them is a continuous liquid phase and at least one is dispersed in it in the form of small droplets.
21 Peptization
Stable dispersion formed by floccules or aggregates (17). 2.3.2 Properties of the dispersed phase
22 Sedimentation
sedimentation
The accumulation of particles dispersed in a fluid medium under the influence of gravity or centrifugal force. 23 Flocculation
flocculation
(under study)
24 Floc
flocculate floc
Substance that is flocculated.
25 Coalescence
coalescence
The disappearance of the boundary between two contacting droplets or between a droplet and the bulk phase, with the attendant change in shape, resulting in a reduction in the total surface area. 26 Protective colloid
protective colloid
Substance that acts as a lyophilic colloid within a certain concentration range and that can delay or prevent the aggregation of particles in a lyophobic dispersion. 2.4 Intermolecular interactions
2.4.1 Surfactant/solvent molecule
27 Affinity
endophilicity
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The structural tendency of a molecule to fully or partially penetrate or remain in a phase, characterized by a functional group in the molecule. When the molecule of a substance changes from an ideal gas state to the phase under investigation, the introduction of such a group in the molecule will cause a decrease in the change in chemical potential. Note: The value of the decrease in the change in chemical potential caused by the introduction of a functional group is a function of concentration and temperature. Depending on these variables, such a group can have affinity or repulsion characteristics.
28 Repulsion
exophilicity
The structural tendency of a molecule to fully or partially leave or not penetrate into a phase, characterized by an exophilic group in the molecule. When the molecule of a substance changes from an ideal gas state to the phase under investigation, the introduction of such a group in the molecule will cause an increase in the change in chemical potential. Note: The value of the increase in the change in chemical potential caused by the introduction of a functional group is a function of concentration and temperature. Depending on these variables, the group can have an affinity or a repellency character.
29 Hydrophilicity
hydrophily
Affinity for water (27).
30 Hydrophobicity
hydrophoby
Repulsion for water (28).
31 Lipophilicity
lipophilicity
Affinity for non-gaseous, non-polar, organic phases (27). 32 Lipophilicity
lipophobicity
Repulsion for non-gaseous, non-polar, organic phases (28). 33 Lyophilicity
lyophily
Affinity for liquid phases (27).
34 Lyophobicity
lyophoby
Repulsion for liquid phases (28).
35 Lyotropy
The solubility of a substance that is only slightly soluble in one solvent is increased by the addition of a third substance. This third substance is called a "lyotrop" or "cosolvent".
36 Hydrotropy
Hydrotropy
The solubility of a substance that is only slightly soluble in water is increased by the addition of a third substance. This third substance is called a "hydrotrop" or "hydrosolvent".
2.4.2 Surfactants/Surfactants
37 Micelles
micelles
Aggregates of molecules or ions in surfactant solutions above a certain critical concentration. 38 Critical micellization concentration (cmc)
critical micellization concentration (cmc) The specific concentration of surfactant in a solution (actually within a narrow concentration range), above which the appearance and growth of micelles (37)31
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will cause a sudden change in the relationship between concentration and certain physicochemical properties of the solution. The critical micelle concentration is determined by the intersection of the extrapolated curves representing the relationship above and below the critical concentration, see Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that its physicochemical properties (conductivity) vary with the square root of the concentration. Note: The value of the critical micelle concentration depends to a certain extent on the properties under investigation and the method chosen to determine this property. 39 Coagulation
coacervation
Separation into liquid colloidal phases in equilibrium containing the same components but different proportions. 40 Coacervate, coacervated phase The more concentrated phase in a coacervated (39) system. 41 Coacervated system The sum of the phases in a coacervated (39) system. 3 Manufacture of surfactants 3.1 Manufacture of soaps (technical terms not to be used as commercial or trade terms) 42 Saponification (for soaps) The chemical reaction of converting fats into soaps by reacting them with alkali. Note: ① The term "fat" used in the soap industry refers to triglycerides (triglycerides, oils). ② Glycerol is produced simultaneously when fats are saponified. ③ The term "saponification" is sometimes used to describe the simple neutralization of fatty acids. See also 197.
43 Pre-saponification
first change killing
The fat is converted into a soap body with a uniform appearance by saponification (42). 44 Graining out
Add electrolyte (salt or caustic soda) to the soap to obtain granular soap (48) in equilibrium with the soap-free precipitate (55), and remove water to separate the glycerin.
45 Washing
washing
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Successively add water and electrolyte solution to convert the granular soap (48) into pure soap (51), and then convert it into granular soap and then remove the precipitate. In the continuous process, the pure soap is washed with an alkali solution with an alkaline slightly stronger than the limiting precipitate (56). 46 Boiling, supplementary saponification
boiling: strong change
The soap body is boiled with excess caustic soda to complete the saponification (42) operation. 47 Fitting, pitching, finishing The final operation of soap boiling. After adding water or an appropriate electrolyte solution, the soap body becomes a state of equilibrium with one of the following two or three phases: a. Granular soap (48) - precipitate (55), b. Clean soap (51) - soap stock (54), c. Clean soap (51) - soap stock (54) - precipitate (55). In order to achieve a viscosity that allows these phases to separate well, the separated soap phases are: the upper soap layer of the precipitate (50) and c. the upper soap layer of the soap stock (52). 48 Granular soap, curd soap A state of concentrated soap that appears "flocculated or granular" in the soap boiling pot, which is in equilibrium with the precipitate with an electrolyte content equal to or higher than the soap precipitation point (49).
49graining point
The lowest concentration of the lye when granular soap (48) appears. 50soap on lye
soap on lye
The state of soap obtained after soap precipitation (44), boiling (46) and washing (45), which is in equilibrium with the lye with a concentration slightly greater than the limiting lye (56). This soap is in the state of granular soap (48). 51neat soap
neat soap
Soap phase with a flaky structure containing a small amount of electrolyte. 52finished soap, soap base
finished soap,Soap on nigre Neat soap (51) in equilibrium with soapstock (54), usually containing 62-65% total fatty acids, and containing small amounts of sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride and glycerol.
53 Intermediate soap: gum soap
middle soap; gum soap
An anisotropic soap phase with a plastic viscous state and a concentration lower than that of neat soap (51). It is almost transparent and has the appearance of a compact, poorly flowing, jelly-like consistency.
Note: The formation of intermediate soap is undesirable and is caused by insufficient alkali or excessive dilution with water during saponification, resulting in too low an electrolyte concentration. The formation of intermediate soap will cause the soap body to be too thick, making it difficult to handle or redissolve. 54 Soapstock
An isotropic soap solution containing electrolyte separated from the neat soap (51) after finishing (47). 55 Precipitate
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The electrolyte solution containing almost no soap separated from the granular soap (48) after soap separation (44) and washing (45). 56 Limiting lye (point E on the ternary phase diagram) limiting lye
The lowest concentration at which the precipitate no longer dissolves soap. This concentration depends on the temperature determined during soap boiling (90-100°C) and also on the properties of the saponified fat and the electrolyte. This is a characteristic of the fat used in soap making. 57 Fitting lye
Fitting lye
The precipitate corresponding to the soap stock (54) in equilibrium with the pure soap (51) in fitting (47). The electrolyte content is most easily determined by separating the electrolyte from the soap stock by rapidly cooling it.
Note: Analysis of the composition of the fitting lye can be used to control the fitting. 58 Semi-boiled soap
semi-boiled soap
Soap made by boiling fat with just enough caustic soda to complete the saponification (42) reaction without undergoing soap separation (44). Note: The glycerol from the fat is retained in the soap. 59 Soft potassium soap
soft potassium soap
a thick, slurry-like semi-boiled soap (58) obtained by reacting a suitable relatively unsaturated oil or fatty acid with potassium hydroxide. 60 Cold-process soap
cold-process soap
a soap obtained by cold-process saponification (42), in which molten fat is mixed with cold concentrated lye and the reaction is completed by the heat of the exothermic reaction. Unlike the conventional higher temperature process, this process can be carried out at 50°C, and often some fat remains unsaponified. 61 Mottled soap
mottled soap
a soap with colored streaks.
62 Solid soap: alpha "phase"
solid soap:alpha "phase"
A crystal form of hemihydrate soap.
Note: ①This crystal form does not appear under the conditions of band-pass soapmaking. ②The word "phase" is in quotation marks because it does not refer to a phase in the thermodynamic sense. 63 Solid soap: beta "phase"
solid soap: beta \phase\
The physical state of soap obtained by cooling the neat soap (51) to below 42°C, or by applying mechanical action to the solid soap at a temperature below this temperature. Soaps with a higher β "phase" content than those with a higher α "phase" content are harder and have a significantly higher dissolution rate, making them easier to foam. Soaps with lower molecular weights (such as those made from coconut oil, palm kernel oil, etc.) do not transform into β "phase" or form β "phase" very slowly.
64 Solid soap: omega “phase”
solid soap: omega “phase\
The physical state of soap obtained by slowly solidifying neat soap (51), which is stable above 70°C. Soaps with a higher omega “phase” content than β “phase” have a lower dissolution rate and are less hard. 65 Invariant zone
invariant zone
The region in the ternary phase diagram where three phases coexist in equilibrium. This region is represented by a triangle. Within the invariant zone, only the proportions of the phases change at different points, which is equivalent to a three-phase equilibrium of constant composition.
GB 5827-85
Figure 2 is a typical phase diagram for soap. The phases are numbered 1 to 5. In the figure, the invariant zones that are of interest to the soap industry are the two narrow triangles A and B.
(w/ w)%
The amount of sodium complex will be,
Figure 2 Phase diagram of soap
1-grain soap: 2-pure soap, 3-intermediate soap, 4-soap stock, 5-precipitate unchanged area:
A-pure soap-soap stock-precipitate, B-pure soap-grain soap-precipitate3.2 Manufacture of synthetic surfactants
66Amide formation
Amide formation
The chemical reaction of ammonia, primary amine or secondary amine on acid, acyl halide or ester to form amide. 67Esterification
Esterification
In the specific case of surfactants, the chemical reaction of acid and alcohol, enol or phenol to form ester by dehydration. % (m/m)
68Ethoxylation
ethoxylation
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In the specific case of surfactants, a chemical reaction in which one or more ethylene oxide molecules are added to a compound containing labile hydrogen. 69Hydrolysis
hydrolysis
A compound is dissociated by reaction with water. In the specific case of surfactants, hydrolysis refers especially to the reverse reaction of esterification or amide formation, characterized by the formation of acids and alcohols, enols or phenols, or the formation of ammonia or amines. Fats are hydrolyzed to give fatty acids and glycerol, soaps are hydrolyzed to give fatty acids and bases. 70Phosphation
Phosphation
In the specific case of surfactants, a chemical reaction in which phosphate esters are formed. 71Phosphonation|| tt||phosphonation
a chemical reaction or a series of chemical reactions in which one or more phosphonic groups are introduced into a molecule by direct carbon-phosphorus bonds. 72propoxylation
propoxylation
a chemical reaction in which one or more propylene oxide molecules are added to a compound containing a labile hydrogen in the specific case of surfactants. 73sulfation
sulphation
a chemical reaction in which sulfate esters are formed (actually monosulfate is obtained). 74sulfonation
sulphonation
a chemical reaction in which a sulfonyl group is introduced into a molecule by direct carbon-sulfur bonds. 75sulfite addition
sulphite addition
a sulfonation caused by the reaction of sulfur dioxide or usually its derivatives (sulfites, bisulfites) with an electrophilic group. 3.3 Raw materials for preparing detergents
76 Additive (for detergents)
ancillary (for detergents)
Auxiliary component of detergent (2). It imparts properties unrelated to the washing action. For example: fluorescent brighteners, corrosion inhibitors, antistatic agents, colorants, fragrances, bactericides. Additives are usually used in very small amounts. 77 Builder (for detergents)
Builder (for detergents)
Auxiliary component of detergent (2), usually inorganic, which enhances the washing properties of the main component in the washing action. 78 Anti-redeposition agent
An auxiliary component of detergent (2), usually organic, which imparts the property of preventing redeposition (95) to the detergent. 79 Active matter (for detergents)
All surfactants that show the specified activity in the formula. 80 Chemical bleaching agent
chemical bleaching agent
Under controlled conditions, it acts on fabrics or other materials, and through the chemical action of oxidation or reduction, it converts substances that have an adverse effect on the appearance and color of the material into light-colored substances. 36
81 Chelating agent
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Substances with a molecular structure of several electron donor groups, which can combine with metal ions through chelation (190). 82 Dispersing agent
dispersing agent
Substances that can promote the formation of dispersions (17). 83 Peptizing agent
peptizing agent,peptizer
Substance that promotes peptization (21).
84 polyvalent sequestering agent
substance with functional characteristics that can both inhibit the activity of metal ions and ensure that these metal ions remain in solution. 85 filler (for detergents)
filler (for detergents)
usually an inert organic or inorganic product. Used to obtain the desired appearance and/or concentration of the detergent. 86 booster (for detergents)
auxiliary component in detergents, usually organic matter, which can enhance the relevant properties of the main ingredients. 4 Application of surfactants
4.1 Washing
87 dirt
unwanted deposits on the surface and/or inside the substrate. It changes certain characteristics of the appearance or feel of the clean surface. 88artificial soil
artificial soil
soil prepared of selected composition for the purpose of testing cleaning (89). 89determination
detergency detergence
the process by which soil (87) is removed from a substrate and carried into solution or dispersed. In the ordinary sense, cleaning has the effect of cleaning a surface.
it is the result of certain physicochemical actions. 90determination, cleaning
the action which makes the cleaning phenomenon effective.
91detergent
washing power
the efficiency of a surfactant or detergent in promoting cleaning (89). 92suspending power
suspending power
the efficiency of certain substances in keeping insoluble particles in suspension in the case of surfactant solutions. NOTE: Depending on the nature of these particles, the suspending power may vary widely. 93 Solubilizing power
I solubilizing power
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The ability of a dissolved surfactant to give certain substances with low solubility in pure solvent significant solubility by forming micelles. 94 Dispersing power,
dispersing power
The ability to form a dispersion (17).
95 Anti-redepositing power
anti-redepositing power
The ability to prevent insoluble particles from redepositing on a washed surface. 4.2 Wetting
96 Wetting tendency
wetting tendency
The tendency of a liquid to spread on a surface. A decrease in the contact angle (171) between a solution and a surface indicates an increase in wetting, and a zero contact angle is equivalent to spontaneous spreading (16).
97 Wetting power
wetting power
Effect of wetting a surface.
98 Wetting agent
wetting agent
Substance added to a liquid that increases the liquid's wetting tendency (96). 99 Wettability
wettability
The ability to make a surface wet.
100 Wetting
wetting
In the specific case of surfactant solutions, the effects of wettability (99) and wetting tendency (96). 4.3 Foaming
101 Foam
A group of bubbles (196) separated and juxtaposed by a thin film of liquid, a dispersion of a gas in a liquid with a large volume ratio.
102 Foaming power
foaming power
Effect of producing foam (101).
103 Foaming agent
foaming agent , foamer
Substance added to a liquid to give it the ability to produce foam (101). 104 Foam persistence
foam persistence
Ability to make foam last.
105 Foam stabilizer
Foam stabilizer
Product that increases the stability of foam (101). Note: Depending on the test or use conditions or on the nature of the foaming product, the stabilizing effect may cause the foam volume to increase, thus producing a foam with better persistence. 106 Foam booster
Foam booster
Product that increases the foaming power (102).
107 Anti-foaming agent
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anti - foaming agent : anti - foamer A substance that prevents the formation of foam or significantly reduces the persistence of foam (104). 108 Foaming
foaming
The effect of generating foam (101).
109 Foam drainage
foam drainage
Part of the liquid carried by bubbles (196) during foaming (108) returns to the bulk liquid phase. 4.4 Emulsification
110 Emulsifying agent
emulsifying agent , emulsifier A substance that can generate or promote the formation of an emulsion (20). 111 Emulsification
emulsification
The effect of generating an emulsion (20).
112 Aqueous emulsion (symbol O/W, oil in water) Aqueous emulsion
An emulsion whose continuous phase is water.
113 Oil emulsion (symbol W/O, water in oil) Oil emulsion
An emulsion whose continuous phase is a liquid that is immiscible with water. 114 Emulsifiable liquid
Emulsifiable liquid
A liquid suitable for constituting the dispersed phase of an emulsion (20). 115 Emulsifying liquid
Emulsifying liquid
A liquid suitable for constituting the continuous phase of an emulsion (20). 116 Emulsifying power
Emulsifying power
The ability to promote the formation of an emulsion (20). 117 Emulsion persistence
The ability of an emulsion to persist.
4.5 Flotation
(Under study)
4.6 Application in textiles
4.6.1 Spinning auxiliaries
118 Spinning bath additives
spinning bath additives
Mainly refers to products used to clarify the spinning bath and prevent nozzle clogging. Note: Such products are usually surfactants or preparations containing surfactants, such as sulfated oils, alkyl sulfonates, fatty acid condensates, ethoxylated alkylamines, quaternary ammonium derivatives.cleaning
The action which makes the cleaning phenomenon effective.
91 Washing power
The ability of a surfactant or detergent to promote cleaning (89). 92 Suspending power
Suspending power
The ability of certain substances to keep insoluble particles in suspension in the case of surfactant solutions. Note: The suspending power may vary greatly depending on the nature of the particles. 93 Solubilizing power
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The ability of a dissolved surfactant to give certain substances which have a low solubility in the pure solvent an appreciable solubility by forming micelles. 94 Dispersing power
Dispersing power
The ability to form a dispersion (17).
95 Anti-redepositing power
anti-redepositing power
Effect of preventing insoluble particles from redepositing on a washed surface. 4.2 Wetting
96 Wetting tendency
wetting tendency
Tendency of a liquid to spread on a surface. A decrease in the contact angle (171) between a solution and a surface indicates increased wetting, with zero contact angle corresponding to spontaneous spreading (16).
97 Wetting power
wetting power
Effect of wetting a surface.
98 Wetting agent
wetting agent
Substance added to a liquid that increases the liquid's wetting tendency (96). 99 Wettability
wettability
The ability to make a surface wet.
100 Wetting
wetting
In the specific case of surfactant solutions, the effects of wettability (99) and wetting tendency (96) are realized. 4.3 Foaming
101 Foam
A group of bubbles (196) separated and juxtaposed by a thin liquid film, a dispersion of gas in a liquid with a large volume ratio.
102 Foaming power
foaming power
The ability to produce foam (101).
103 Foaming agent
foaming agent , foamer
A substance added to a liquid that gives the liquid the ability to produce foam (101). 104 Foam persistence
foam persistence
The ability of foam to last.
105 Foam stabilizer
foam stabilizer
Product that increases the stability of foam (101). Note: Depending on the test or use conditions or on the nature of the foaming product, the stabilizing effect may cause the foam volume to increase, thereby producing foam with better durability. 106 Foam booster
foam booster
Product that increases the foaming power (102).
107 Defoamer
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anti - foaming agent : anti - foamer Substance that prevents the formation of foam or significantly reduces the durability of foam (104). 108 Foaming
foaming
The effect of causing foam (101) to form.
109 Foam drainage
Foam drainage
Liquid carried by bubbles (196) during foaming (108) partially returns to the bulk liquid phase. 4.4 Emulsification
110 Emulsifier
emulsifying agent , emulsifier Substance that causes or promotes the formation of an emulsion (20). 111 Emulsification
emulsification
The action of causing an emulsion (20) to form.
112 Aqueous emulsion (symbol O/W, oil in water) Aqueous emulsion
Emulsion whose continuous phase is water.
113 Oil emulsion (symbol W/O, water in oil) Oil emulsion
Emulsion whose continuous phase is an emulsion of a liquid that is immiscible with water. 114 Emulsifiable liquid
emulsifiable liquid
Liquid suitable for constituting the dispersed phase of an emulsion (20). 115 Emulsifying liquid
emulsifying liquid
Liquid suitable for constituting the continuous phase of an emulsion (20). 116 Emulsifying power
emulsifying power
The ability to promote the formation of an emulsion (20). 117 Emulsion persistence
emulsion persistence
The ability of an emulsion to persist.
4.5 Flotation
(under research)
4.6 Application in textiles
4.6.1 Spinning auxiliaries
118 Spinning bath additives
spinning bath additives
Mainly refers to products used to clarify the spinning bath and prevent nozzle clogging. Note: Such products are usually surfactants or preparations containing surfactants, for example: sulfated oils, alkyl sulfonates, fatty acid condensates, ethoxylated alkylamines, quaternary ammonium derivatives.cleaning
The action which makes the cleaning phenomenon effective.
91 Washing power
The ability of a surfactant or detergent to promote cleaning (89). 92 Suspending power
Suspending power
The ability of certain substances to keep insoluble particles in suspension in the case of surfactant solutions. Note: The suspending power may vary greatly depending on the nature of the particles. 93 Solubilizing power
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The ability of a dissolved surfactant to give certain substances which have a low solubility in the pure solvent an appreciable solubility by forming micelles. 94 Dispersing power
Dispersing power
The ability to form a dispersion (17).
95 Anti-redepositing power
anti-redepositing power
Effect of preventing insoluble particles from redepositing on a washed surface. 4.2 Wetting
96 Wetting tendency
wetting tendency
Tendency of a liquid to spread on a surface. A decrease in the contact angle (171) between a solution and a surface indicates increased wetting, with zero contact angle corresponding to spontaneous spreading (16).
97 Wetting power
wetting power
Effect of wetting a surface.
98 Wetting agent
wetting agent
Substance added to a liquid that increases the liquid's wetting tendency (96). 99 Wettability
wettability
The ability to make a surface wet.
100 Wetting
wettingwww.bzxz.net
In the specific case of surfactant solutions, the effects of wettability (99) and wetting tendency (96) are realized. 4.3 Foaming
101 Foam
A group of bubbles (196) separated and juxtaposed by a thin liquid film, a dispersion of gas in a liquid with a large volume ratio.
102 Foaming power
foaming power
The ability to produce foam (101).
103 Foaming agent
foaming agent , foamer
A substance added to a liquid that gives the liquid the ability to produce foam (101). 104 Foam persistence
foam persistence
The ability of foam to last.
105 Foam stabilizer
foam stabilizer
Product that increases the stability of foam (101). Note: Depending on the test or use conditions or on the nature of the foaming product, the stabilizing effect may cause the foam volume to increase, thereby producing foam with better durability. 106 Foam booster
foam booster
Product that increases the foaming power (102).
107 Defoamer
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anti - foaming agent : anti - foamer Substance that prevents the formation of foam or significantly reduces the durability of foam (104). 108 Foaming
foaming
The effect of causing foam (101) to form.
109 Foam drainage
Foam drainage
Liquid carried by bubbles (196) during foaming (108) partially returns to the bulk liquid phase. 4.4 Emulsification
110 Emulsifier
emulsifying agent , emulsifier Substance that causes or promotes the formation of an emulsion (20). 111 Emulsification
emulsification
The action of causing an emulsion (20) to form.
112 Aqueous emulsion (symbol O/W, oil in water) Aqueous emulsion
Emulsion whose continuous phase is water.
113 Oil emulsion (symbol W/O, water in oil) Oil emulsion
Emulsion whose continuous phase is an emulsion of a liquid that is immiscible with water. 114 Emulsifiable liquid
emulsifiable liquid
Liquid suitable for constituting the dispersed phase of an emulsion (20). 115 Emulsifying liquid
emulsifying liquid
Liquid suitable for constituting the continuous phase of an emulsion (20). 116 Emulsifying power
emulsifying power
The ability to promote the formation of an emulsion (20). 117 Emulsion persistence
emulsion persistence
The ability of an emulsion to persist.
4.5 Flotation
(under research)
4.6 Application in textiles
4.6.1 Spinning auxiliaries
118 Spinning bath additives
spinning bath additives
Mainly refers to products used to clarify the spinning bath and prevent nozzle clogging. Note: Such products are usually surfactants or preparations containing surfactants, for example: sulfated oils, alkyl sulfonates, fatty acid condensates, ethoxylated alkylamines, quaternary ammonium derivatives.anti-foamer A substance that prevents foam formation or significantly reduces the persistence of foam (104). 108 Foaming
foaming
The action of causing foam (101) to form.
109 Foam drainage
The return of liquid carried by bubbles (196) to the bulk liquid phase during foaming (108). 4.4 Emulsification
110 Emulsifying agent
emulsifying agent, emulsifier A substance that causes or promotes the formation of an emulsion (20). 111 Emulsification
emulsification
The action of causing an emulsion (20) to form.
112 Aqueous emulsion (symbol O/W, oil in water)
An emulsion in which the continuous phase is water.
113 Oil emulsion (symbol W/O, water in oil) oil emulsion
Emulsion in which the continuous phase is a liquid that is immiscible with water. 114 Emulsifiable liquid
emulsifiable liquid
Liquid suitable for constituting the dispersed phase of an emulsion (20). 115 Emulsifying liquid
emulsifying liquid
Liquid suitable for constituting the continuous phase of an emulsion (20). 116 Emulsifying power
emulsifying power
The ability to promote the formation of an emulsion (20). 117 Emulsion persistence
emulsion persistence.
4.5 Flotation
(Under study)
4.6 Application in textiles
4.6.1 Spinning auxiliaries
118 Spinning bath additives
spinning bath additives
Mainly refers to products used to clarify the spinning bath and prevent nozzle clogging. Note: Such products are usually surfactants or preparations containing surfactants, such as sulfated oils, alkyl sulfonates, fatty acid condensates, ethoxylated alkylamines, quaternary ammonium derivatives.anti-foamer A substance that prevents foam formation or significantly reduces the persistence of foam (104). 108 Foaming
foaming
The action of causing foam (101) to form.
109 Foam drainage
The return of liquid carried by bubbles (196) to the bulk liquid phase during foaming (108). 4.4 Emulsification
110 Emulsifying agent
emulsifying agent, emulsifier A substance that causes or promotes the formation of an emulsion (20). 111 Emulsification
emulsification
The action of causing an emulsion (20) to form.
112 Aqueous emulsion (symbol O/W, oil in water)
An emulsion in which the continuous phase is water.
113 Oil emulsion (symbol W/O, water in oil) oil emulsion
Emulsion in which the continuous phase is a liquid that is immiscible with water. 114 Emulsifiable liquid
emulsifiable liquid
Liquid suitable for constituting the dispersed phase of an emulsion (20). 115 Emulsifying liquid
emulsifying liquid
Liquid suitable for constituting the continuous phase of an emulsion (20). 116 Emulsifying power
emulsifying power
The ability to promote the formation of an emulsion (20). 117 Emulsion persistence
emulsion persistence.
4.5 Flotation
(Under study)
4.6 Application in textiles
4.6.1 Spinning auxiliaries
118 Spinning bath additives
spinning bath additives
Mainly refers to products used to clarify the spinning bath and prevent nozzle clogging. Note: Such products are usually surfactants or preparations containing surfactants, such as sulfated oils, alkyl sulfonates, fatty acid condensates, ethoxylated alkylamines, quaternary ammonium derivatives.
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