SY/T 5108-1997 Recommended method for testing the performance of fracturing proppants
Some standard content:
ICS75.180.01
Registration No.: 1193-1998
Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry Standard of the People's Republic of ChinaSY/T 5108-1997
Recommended practice for testing proppants used in hydraulic fracturing operations1997-12-31 Issued
China National Petroleum Corporation
1998-07-01Implementation
SY/T 5108-1997
Proppant performance indicators
Instruments
Sample collection method
Sample processing and preservation
Proppant screening
Sphericity and roundness of proppant
Acid solubility of proppant
Proppant density test ·
Proppant density measurement
12 Proppant crushing resistance
Appendix A (Standard Appendix) Proppant sphericity and roundness chart Appendix B (Standard Appendix)
Proppant crushing chamber
Appendix C Suggestive Appendix) Diagram of proppant sphericity Appendix D (Suggestive Appendix) Sampler·
Appendix E (Suggestive Appendix)
Sample divider
SY/T 51081997
This standard combines the contents of API RP56 "Recommended Methods for Testing Quartz Sand Proppants for Fracturing" (March 1, 1983, 1st Edition) and API RP60 "Recommended Methods for Testing High-Strength Proppants for Fracturing" (February 1, 1989, 1st Edition), and revises SY/T5108-86 "Evaluation Methods for Proppants for Hydraulic Fracturing". In view of the fact that Chapter 9 of the original standard SY7T5108-86 has a corresponding independent standard API RP 61 "Recommended Practice for Evaluation of Short-Term Flow Conductivity of Proppant Packing Layers for Fracturing" (October 1, 1989, 1st Edition), while revising this standard, Chapter 9 of SY/T5108-86 was formulated into an independent standard: SY/T6302-1997 "Recommended Method for Evaluation of Short-Term Flow Conductivity of Proppant Packing Layers for Fracturing". This standard shall replace SY5108-86 from the date of entry into force. The appendix A and appendix B of this standard are both standard appendices, and the appendix C, appendix D and appendix E of this standard are both indicative appendices. This standard is proposed and managed by the Oil and Gas Production Professional Standardization Committee. Drafting unit of this standard: Langfang Branch of Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute of China National Petroleum Corporation Main drafters of this standard Zhu Wen, Lu Zhenglan and Zhu Huayin TV
1 Scope
Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China Recommended Practice for Testing Propants Used in Hydraulic Fracturing OperationsSY/T51081997
Replaces SY5108-86
This standard specifies the performance indicators and test methods of the sieving analysis, sphericity and roundness, acid solubility, turbidity, density, anti-crushing ability of proppants used in hydraulic fracturing.
This standard is applicable to the performance test of proppants used in hydraulic fracturing. 2 Definitions
This standard adopts the following definitions.
2.1 Proppant sphericity proppants sphericity refers to the degree to which the proppant particles are close to spherical. S
Where: Sp sphericity;
d,—diameter of a sphere with equivalent volume of the particle, mm; d—diameter of a sphere circumscribed to the particle, mm
For a diagram of proppant sphericity, see Appendix C (the suggested appendix). 2.2 Proppant roundness proppant roundness The roundness of a proppant refers to the measure of the relative sharpness of its edges or corners or the curvature: the actual measurement can be made using the plate method, see 8.2 and Appendix A (the target appendix).
2.3 Proppant acid solubility proppanacid solubility The percentage of a certain mass of proppant dissolved by acid to the total mass of proppant in a specified acid solution and acid dissolution time is called acid solubility.
2.4 Proppant turbidity proppant turbidity Add a certain volume of proppant to a specified volume of distilled water and then stir. The turbidity of the liquid is called proppant turbidity. 2.5 Proppant density proppant density 2.5.1 Apparent density apparent density The ratio of a unit mass of proppant to its particle volume is called proppant apparent density. 2.5.2 Bulk density bulk density
The ratio of a unit mass of proppant to its stacking volume is called proppant bulk density. 2.6 Crush resistance A certain volume of proppant is subjected to a pressure test at rated pressure, and the determined crushing rate characterizes the proppant's ability to resist crushing. A high crushing rate means a low crushing resistance; a low crushing rate means a high crushing resistance. Approved by China National Petroleum Corporation on December 31, 1997, and implemented on July 1, 1998
3 Performance indicators of proppant
SY/ T 51081997
3.1 Particle size range of proppant
The particle size range of proppant can be divided into three different specifications: 0.45~0.224mm, 0.9~0.45mm and 1.25~0.9mm. According to the standard sieve combination given in Table 1, the sieving results can be obtained: the mass of the sample falling within the particle size range should not be less than 90% of the total sample mass; the mass of the sample less than the lower limit of the proppant (0.224, 0.45 and 0.91m1) should not exceed 2% of the total sample mass; the mass of the proppant sample on the top sieve should not exceed 0.1% of the total sample mass; the mass of the sample falling on the sieve of the lower limit of the proppant (0.224, 0.45 and 0.9mm) should not exceed 10% of the total sample mass. Table 1 Standard sieve combination table for sieving experiment
Particle size range
Standard sieve combination
1.25 ~ 0.9
20/401
Note: The standard sieve used conforms to the provisions of GB/T6003-1985 "Test Sieve" and ISO33101-1990 "Technical Requirements and Test Sieve".
3.2 Sphericity and roundness of proppant
3.2.1 The sphericity and roundness of natural quartz sand should be greater than 0.6. 3.2.2 The sphericity and roundness of artificial ceramsite should be greater than 0.8. 3.3 Acid solubility of proppant
0.450.224
Part 1
Metal test
The allowable acid solubility values of proppants of various particle sizes are shown in Table 2. The acid solubility values of natural quartz sand and artificial proppants adopt the same provisions.
Table 2 Acid solubility of proppant
Particle size range
1.25~0.9,0.9-~0.45
0.45~-0.224
3.4 Turbidity of proppant
Maximum allowable value of acid solubility
SY/ T 5108-1997
The proppant turbidity value should not be higher than 100NTU or 100 degrees. 3.5 Anti-crushing ability of proppant
3.5.1 Anti-crushing ability of quartz sand proppant The corresponding particle size range, specified closing pressure and crushing rate index are shown in Table 3. Table 3 Quartz sand proppant anti-crushing test pressure and index Particle size range
1.25 ~ 0.9
0.450.224
3.5.2 Anti-crushing ability of ceramsite proppant
Closing pressure
Crushing chamber variable force
Crushing rate
The anti-crushing ability of ceramsite proppant shall be tested at two simulated closing pressures of 52MPa and 69MPa, and the crushing rate index shall at least meet the requirements of this standard under the closing pressure of 52MPa. Due to the need for proppant performance comparison, the closing pressure can be increased to 86MPa and 100MPa. The crushing rate index of the corresponding particle size range is shown in Table 4, and the closing pressure and crushing chamber force value are shown in Table 5. Table 4 Particle size range and crushing rate index of ceramsite proppant Particle size range
1.25~0.9(1G/20 mesh)
0.9~0.45(20/40 mesh)
0.45~0.224(40 / 70 days)
Table 5 Parameters of anti-crushing test of ceramsite proppant
Specified closing pressure
Instruments
a) Sampler: see Appendix D (suggested appendix); b) Sample divider: see Appendix E (suggested appendix); Scale: weighing 50kg (accuracy 1%);
Crushing rate
Force in crushing chamber
d) Balance: sensitivity 0.10.001g;
SY/ T 51081997
Constant temperature water bath: DSY-2 type (or similar products); e)
f)Desktop oven: DGB/20-002 (or similar products); g)Plastic measuring cup: 250, 1000mL;
h): Vacuum filtration equipment: suction bottle, rubber sealing pad, filter funnel, crucible, acid-resistant filter paper, vacuum pump; i)Standard experimental sieve: 1.6.1.25,1.00,0.9.0.8.0.7.0.63,0.5.0.45,0.4.0.355,0.315,0.224,0.154mm)Sieve vibrating machine: FORNEY (or similar products); k)Copper wire brush:
Turbidimeter: WGZ-100 (or similar products); )
Glass measuring cup ：100：300mL；
Medical syringe: 25～50mL；
o）Test tube: 30mL；
Density meter: Beckiman (or similar product);P)
Solid microscope: greater than 40 times；
Density bottle: 50mL；
Press: maximum load 250kN (apparent value error ±1%)：s)
Proppant crushing chamber: see Appendix B (Standard Appendix)t)
5 Sample collection method
5.1 General requirements for sampling
In order to ensure that the collected proppant samples are fully representative, when sampling at the proppant production line, finished product warehouse, use site, etc., it should be ensured that the required samples are obtained during the free fall of the proppant. 5.2 Provisions on the number of sampling times
For proppants transported by rail, at least 9 samples shall be taken from each carriage; for proppants transported by truck, at least 3 samples shall be taken from each vehicle; for proppants at the construction site, at least 5 samples shall be taken for each fracturing operation. The samples taken according to the prescribed number of times shall be mixed into one sample for proppant testing.
5.3 Sampling methods and quantities
5.3.1 For bulk proppants, according to the requirements of 5.2, during the free fall of proppants such as loading and unloading and sand mixing, use a sampler to open and reciprocate upward through the sand flow at a uniform rate until the sampler is filled. The mass of the sample used for proppant testing is 3kg. 5.3.2 For every 200 bags of bagged proppants, take any 6 bags and take a sample from the top, middle and bottom of each bag. Each bag is sampled the same, with a total mass of 3kg
6 Sample handling and storage
6.1 Sample separation
All proppant tests specified in this standard must use a sample divider: the 3kg sample obtained in accordance with 5.3.1 or 5.3.2 is divided to obtain the sample mass suitable for various tests. 6.2 Test report and sample storage
The written report of each batch of proppant test is valid for half a year: it should be stored for · years. The sample should be retained for at least 1k, for half a year; the proppant sample used abroad should be retained for one year. 7 Proppant sieving
7.1 Sieving preparation
Use a sample divider to obtain proppant greater than 100g, and then weigh 100g of sample with a sharp level, accurate to 0.1g. According to the particle size range of proppant 4-
SY/T5108--1997
and the corresponding 6 test sieves plus a bottom plate given in Table 1, the discharge efficiency is best from top to bottom. 7.2 Sieving
Pour 100g of sample into the top sieve of the standard sieve, and then place this series of standard sieves on the vibrating screen. After vibrating for 10 minutes, weigh the mass of proppant on each sieve and bottom plate in turn, and calculate the mass percentage of each particle size range. If the cumulative amount differs from the sample by 0.5%, the sample should be replaced and retested. 8 Sphericity and roundness of proppant
8.1 Determination of sphericity
This standard recommends the use of the sphericity and roundness plates published by Krumbein and Sloss (USA) in 19G3 in APIRP56 and APIRP60, see Appendix A (Standard Attachment). Randomly take out 20 to 30 proppant particles from the tested proppant sample, observe them under a stereo microscope or take microscopic photos, determine the sphericity of each proppant particle according to the plate, and calculate the average sphericity of this batch of proppant samples. 8.2 Determination of roundness
Determine the roundness of this batch of proppant samples according to 8.1. 8.3 Determination of the magnification of the sphericity and roundness of the proppant To ensure clear observation of the shape of the proppant and to obtain accurate sphericity and roundness, the magnification of the stereo microscope used should comply with the provisions of Table 6.
Table 6 Magnification of sphericity and roundness of proppant Particle size range
1.25 ~0.9
0.9 ~0.45
0.45 ~0.224
9 Acid solubility of proppant
9.1 Preparation of acid solution
Magnification of stereomicroscope
9.1.1 Reagents and chemicals:
a) Hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 36% to 38% (density of 1.19 g/cm2 at 20°C)b) Hydrofluoric acid with a concentration of 40% (density of 1.12 g/cm2 at 20°C)9.1.2 Add 500 mL of distilled water to a 1000 mL plastic measuring cup: then add 291 mL (346 g) of hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 36% to 38%, and then add 70.9 mL (80 g) of hydrofluoric acid with a concentration of 40%. 9.1.3 Dilute the above solution to 1000mL with distilled water and stir evenly (the density of the solution at 20℃ is 1.066g/cm~), and prepare a hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid solution with a mass ratio of 12:3. 9.2 Test method
9.2.1 Prepare proppant sample: Dry an appropriate amount of proppant sample at 105℃ to constant weight (about 1h), then cool it in a dryer for 0.5h and set aside.
9.2.2 Weigh 5g±0.1g of the above treated proppant sample9.2.3 Add 100mL (106.6g) of the prepared hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid solution to a 250mL plastic measuring cup, and pour the weighed 5g sample into the measuring cup.
9.2.4 Place the measuring cup containing the acid solution and proppant sample in a water bath at 65℃ for 0.5h. Be careful not to stir it and do not allow it to be contaminated by 5
SY/ T 51081997
9.2.5 Prepare the filtering equipment: Place the acid-resistant filter paper in the crucible, dry it at 105℃ for 1h, weigh it and record its mass; then place it on the rubber sealing pad with a glass funnel inserted inside for use. (The rubber sealing pad is on the mouth of the vacuum filtration bottle). 9.2.6 Pour the proppant sample and acid solution into the crucible, making sure that all the proppant particles in the measuring cup are poured into it, and then perform vacuum filtration.
9.2.7 During the filtration process, rinse the proppant sample with distilled water for 5 to 6 times, using 20 mL of distilled water each time, until the rinse solution shows neutrality.
9.2.8 Place the crucible and the proppant sample in it in an oven, dry at 105℃ for 1 hour, and then cool in a desiccator for 0.5 hours.
9.2.9 Weigh the cooled crucible and the proppant sample together immediately and record their masses. 9.2.10 Calculate the acid solubility of the proppant sample according to the following formula: w.+W.Wa×100
Where: S—acid solubility of proppant, %; W,'mass of proppant sample, g
Wmass of crucible and filter paper, g:
W, filter paper and total mass of acid-treated sample, g.
10 Turbidity test of proppant
10.1 Sample preparation
10.1.1 Place about 20 mL of proppant (30 g of quartz sand or 40 g of ceramsite) in a 300 mL wide-mouth bottle. 10.1,2 Pour 100mL of distilled water into the above wide-door bottle, let it stand for 30 minutes [0.1.3 Shake it by hand for 0.5 minutes (about 40-50 times, do not stir it), and let it stand for 5 minutes 10.2 Determination of proppant turbidity (choose one of the following two methods) 10.2.1 Use WGZ--100 turbidity meter to measure the turbidity of the proppant (method): *2
10.2.1.1 Debug the turbidity meter: connect the power supply, preheat for 30 minutes, debug the instrument to the specified value with the standard turbidity plate, and then calibrate the zero position with double distilled water
10.2.1.2 Inject the prepared sample into the colorimetric blood with a syringe, then put it into the instrument for measurement, and read the turbidity value directly from the instrument display: its unit is NTU (degrees). 10.2.2 Use WGZ-H photoelectric turbidity meter to measure the density of proppant (method 2): 10.2.2.1 Check whether the instrument parts and accessories are complete. 10.2.2.2: Connect the power supply and rotate the main machine range switch to the \×200\ position. 10.2.2.3 Take out the test bottle containing double distilled water and gently wipe its outer surface with lens paper or silk cloth. Note: Do not directly touch the middle of the bottle when wiping. Then gently insert the bottle into the test hole and align the notch at the bottom of the test bottle with the positioning red line on the left side of the test hole: Make the test bottle correctly positioned: Finally, cover the light shield, 10.2.2.4: Rotate the range switch to the ×10 position, adjust the zero adjustment knob, and make the instrument pointer point to 0.02. At this time, the zero adjustment is completed. 10.2.2.5 Put the liquid to be tested into the test bottle and shake it evenly. Wipe the surface of the bottle, then put it into the test hole, and position it correctly, and cover the light shield. Select the appropriate range. The turbidity value of the measured liquid is equal to the reading multiplied by the range multiple, and its unit is degree. 11 Density measurement of proppant
11.1 Measurement of apparent density of proppant (choose one of the following two methods)6
SY/T5108—1997
11.1.1 Determine the apparent density of proppant using Beckman densitometer (method 1): 11.1.1.1 Turn the two hand wheels counterclockwise to the end, and turn the measuring wheel clockwise to the starting number (1065), and adjust the instrument.
11.1.1.2 Weigh 50g of proppant sample and put it into the sample cup. Insert the sample cup into the sealed cabin, press the clamp handle to stabilize and lock the sample cup.
11.1.1.3 Close the connecting valve after 15s, and turn the two hand wheels clockwise to the end at the same time or alternately, keeping the pointer within the scale range during the whole process. The data read from the counter at this time is the sample volume, and its unit is cubic meter (cm\). Measure 3 times and take the average value.
11.1.1.4 Calculate the apparent density of the proppant according to the following formula: pa=
Where: pa apparent density of the proppant, g/cm: V—Beckman densitometer reading, cm.
11.1.2 Determine the apparent density of the proppant using a density bottle (method 2): 11.1.2.1 Weigh the density bottle mass disk gl
11.1.2.2 Fill the bottle with water and weigh it again at 82°11.1.2.3 Pour out the water in the bottle and dry the density bottle: 11.1.2,4
Add an appropriate amount of proppant sample to the bottle and weigh 9350
Fill the bottle with the proppant sample with water and weigh it again g411 .1.2.6 Calculate the apparent density of the proppant: The mass of water in the bottle: Gw=g2-g1
The mass of the proppant in the bottle: G,=g-81
The volume of water in the bottle: Vw=Gw/pw(pw
The volume of water when there is proppant in the bottle:
e)The volume of the proppant in the bottle: V=Vw-VwCalculate the apparent density of the proppant according to the following formula:
(Density of water, with temperature correction)
84- g3
11.2 Measurement of the bulk density of the proppant
11.2.1 Use an analytical balance to weigh the mass of a 100mL density bottle to an accuracy of 0.01g. (3)
11.2.2 Fill the density bottle with the sample to the 100 mL mark. Do not shake or vibrate the density bottle. Weigh the mass of the density bottle containing the proppant to an accuracy of 0.01 g. This process is repeated three times and the average value is taken. 11.2.3 Calculate the bulk density of the proppant according to the following formula: ph
Wherein: Pb—-bulk density of proppant: g/cm2: Wp
The mass of the density bottle and the proppant, g
The mass of the density bottle, g
12 Proppant anti-crushing ability
12.1 Quartz sand proppant anti-crushing test
SY/ T 51081997
12.1.1 Use a sample divider to obtain 200 g of the required proppant sample. 12.1.2 Pour the obtained proppant sample into the top sieve of two standard sieves corresponding to the proppant particle size range (1.25~0.9mm, 0.9~0.45mm and 0.45~0.224mm) in two times, and vibrate the sieve for 10 minl each time to screen the required proppant sample. 12.1.3 Calculate the mass of a sample in the quartz sand proppant anti-crushing test according to the following formula: W-Ad
proppant sample mass, g;
—proppant crushing chamber diameter, cm;
Ai calculation coefficient, take 1.54g/cm
12.1.4 Weigh the required sample using a balance with a sense of 0.001112.1.5 Pour the sample into the crushing chamber, then put the piston of the crushing chamber and rotate it 180. Place the crushing chamber with the sample on the press table. Add the rated load to the pressure crushing chamber within 1 minute, keep it for 2 minutes and then remove the load. 12.1.6 Pour the compressed proppant sample into the sieve at the lower limit of the particle size range (0.9, 0.45 and 0.224 mm) and vibrate the sieve for 10 minutes. Weigh the crushed particles in the bottom plate and calculate the crushing rate W
according to the following formula: - proppant crushing rate, %;
W - proppant sample mass: g:
W - mass of the crushed sample.g.
12.1.7 Take the average value of the two crushing test results as the anti-crushing test value of a quartz sand proppant. If the crushing chamber diameter does not match the crushing chamber diameter given in this standard, adjust the corresponding crushing chamber force FF = 0.0785 pd
Where: F crushing chamber force, kN:
Rated closing pressure: MPa
12.2 High-strength proppant (grain) anti-crushing test 12.2.1 Select the required proppant samples according to 12.1.1 and 12.1.2. 12.2.2 Calculate the mass of a sample in the high-strength proppant anti-crushing test W
Where: eh—proppant volume density, g/cm; Az calculation coefficient, take 0.958cm.
12.2.3 Use a balance with a sensitivity of 0.001 years to weigh the required sample. 12.2.4 Follow the steps in 12.1.5.
12.2.5 According to the steps in 12.1.6,
12.2.6 "A total of 4 samples are required for a complete series of high-strength proppant (grain) anti-crushing ability tests, of which 2 samples are subjected to stresses of 52MPa and 69MPa respectively. If necessary, the number of samples can be increased and the stress level can be increased to 86MPa and 100MPa. The corresponding particle size range, maximum allowable crushing rate and specified closure pressure are shown in Table 4 and Table 5.8
SY/ T 5108-1997
Appendix A
(Standard Appendix)
Proppant Sphericity and Roundness Chart
Proppant Sphericity and Roundness Chart4 Calculate the apparent density of the proppant according to the following formula: pa =
Where: pa—apparent density of the proppant, g/cm2: V—Beckman densitometer reading, cm2.
11.1.2 Determine the apparent density of the proppant using a density bottle (Method 2): 11.1.2.1 Weigh the density bottle mass disk gl
11.1.2.2 Fill the bottle with water and weigh it again at 82°11.1.2.3 Pour out the water in the bottle and dry the density bottle: 11.1.2,4
Add an appropriate amount of proppant sample to the bottle and weigh it 9350
Fill the bottle with the proppant sample with water and weigh it again g411 .1.2.6 Calculate the apparent density of the proppant: The mass of water in the bottle: Gw=g2-g1
The mass of the proppant in the bottle: G,=g-81
The volume of water in the bottle: Vw=Gw/pw(pw
The volume of water when there is proppant in the bottle:
e)The volume of the proppant in the bottle: V=Vw-VwCalculate the apparent density of the proppant according to the following formula:
(Density of water, with temperature correction)
84- g3
11.2 Measurement of the bulk density of the proppant
11.2.1 Use an analytical balance to weigh the mass of a 100mL density bottle to an accuracy of 0.01g. (3)
11.2.2 Fill the density bottle with the sample to the 100 mL mark. Do not shake or vibrate the density bottle. Weigh the mass of the density bottle containing the proppant to an accuracy of 0.01 g. This process is repeated three times and the average value is taken. 11.2.3 Calculate the bulk density of the proppant according to the following formula: ph
Wherein: Pb—-bulk density of proppant: g/cm2: Wp
The mass of the density bottle and the proppant, g
The mass of the density bottle, g
12 Proppant anti-crushing ability
12.1 Quartz sand proppant anti-crushing test
SY/ T 51081997
12.1.1 Use a sample divider to obtain 200 g of the required proppant sample. 12.1.2 Pour the obtained proppant sample into the top sieve of two standard sieves corresponding to the proppant particle size range (1.25~0.9mm, 0.9~0.45mm and 0.45~0.224mm) in two times, and vibrate the sieve for 10 minl each time to screen the required proppant sample. 12.1.3 Calculate the mass of a sample in the quartz sand proppant anti-crushing test according to the following formula: W-Ad
proppant sample mass, g;bzxZ.net
—proppant crushing chamber diameter, cm;
Ai calculation coefficient, take 1.54g/cm
12.1.4 Weigh the required sample using a balance with a sense of 0.001112.1.5 Pour the sample into the crushing chamber, then put the piston of the crushing chamber and rotate it 180. Place the crushing chamber with the sample on the press table. Add the rated load to the pressure crushing chamber within 1 minute, keep it for 2 minutes and then remove the load. 12.1.6 Pour the compressed proppant sample into the sieve at the lower limit of the particle size range (0.9, 0.45 and 0.224 mm) and vibrate the sieve for 10 minutes. Weigh the crushed particles in the bottom plate and calculate the crushing rate W
according to the following formula: - proppant crushing rate, %;
W - proppant sample mass: g:
W - mass of the crushed sample.g.
12.1.7 Take the average value of the two crushing test results as the anti-crushing test value of a quartz sand proppant. If the crushing chamber diameter does not match the crushing chamber diameter given in this standard, adjust the corresponding crushing chamber force FF = 0.0785 pd
Where: F crushing chamber force, kN:
Rated closing pressure: MPa
12.2 High-strength proppant (grain) anti-crushing test 12.2.1 Select the required proppant samples according to 12.1.1 and 12.1.2. 12.2.2 Calculate the mass of a sample in the high-strength proppant anti-crushing test W
Where: eh—proppant volume density, g/cm; Az calculation coefficient, take 0.958cm.
12.2.3 Use a balance with a sensitivity of 0.001 years to weigh the required sample. 12.2.4 Follow the steps in 12.1.5.
12.2.5 According to the steps in 12.1.6,
12.2.6 "A total of 4 samples are required for a complete series of high-strength proppant (grain) anti-crushing ability tests, of which 2 samples are subjected to stresses of 52MPa and 69MPa respectively. If necessary, the number of samples can be increased and the stress level can be increased to 86MPa and 100MPa. The corresponding particle size range, maximum allowable crushing rate and specified closure pressure are shown in Table 4 and Table 5.8
SY/ T 5108-1997
Appendix A
(Standard Appendix)
Proppant Sphericity and Roundness Chart
Proppant Sphericity and Roundness Chart4 Calculate the apparent density of the proppant according to the following formula: pa =
Where: pa—apparent density of the proppant, g/cm2: V—Beckman densitometer reading, cm2.
11.1.2 Determine the apparent density of the proppant using a density bottle (Method 2): 11.1.2.1 Weigh the density bottle mass disk gl
11.1.2.2 Fill the bottle with water and weigh it again at 82°11.1.2.3 Pour out the water in the bottle and dry the density bottle: 11.1.2,4
Add an appropriate amount of proppant sample to the bottle and weigh it 9350
Fill the bottle with the proppant sample with water and weigh it again g411 .1.2.6 Calculate the apparent density of the proppant: The mass of water in the bottle: Gw=g2-g1
The mass of the proppant in the bottle: G,=g-81
The volume of water in the bottle: Vw=Gw/pw(pw
The volume of water when there is proppant in the bottle:
e)The volume of the proppant in the bottle: V=Vw-VwCalculate the apparent density of the proppant according to the following formula:
(Density of water, with temperature correction)
84- g3
11.2 Measurement of the bulk density of the proppant
11.2.1 Use an analytical balance to weigh the mass of a 100mL density bottle to an accuracy of 0.01g. (3)
11.2.2 Fill the density bottle with the sample to the 100 mL mark. Do not shake or vibrate the density bottle. Weigh the mass of the density bottle containing the proppant to an accuracy of 0.01 g. This process is repeated three times and the average value is taken. 11.2.3 Calculate the bulk density of the proppant according to the following formula: ph
Wherein: Pb—-bulk density of proppant: g/cm2: Wp
The mass of the density bottle and the proppant, g
The mass of the density bottle, g
12 Proppant anti-crushing ability
12.1 Quartz sand proppant anti-crushing test
SY/ T 51081997
12.1.1 Use a sample divider to obtain 200 g of the required proppant sample. 12.1.2 Pour the obtained proppant sample into the top sieve of two standard sieves corresponding to the proppant particle size range (1.25~0.9mm, 0.9~0.45mm and 0.45~0.224mm) in two times, and vibrate the sieve for 10 minl each time to screen the required proppant sample. 12.1.3 Calculate the mass of a sample in the quartz sand proppant anti-crushing test according to the following formula: W-Ad
proppant sample mass, g;
—proppant crushing chamber diameter, cm;
Ai calculation coefficient, take 1.54g/cm
12.1.4 Weigh the required sample using a balance with a sense of 0.001112.1.5 Pour the sample into the crushing chamber, then put the piston of the crushing chamber and rotate it 180. Place the crushing chamber with the sample on the press table. Add the rated load to the pressure crushing chamber within 1 minute, keep it for 2 minutes and then remove the load. 12.1.6 Pour the compressed proppant sample into the sieve at the lower limit of the particle size range (0.9, 0.45 and 0.224 mm) and vibrate the sieve for 10 minutes. Weigh the crushed particles in the bottom plate and calculate the crushing rate W
according to the following formula: - proppant crushing rate, %;
W - proppant sample mass: g:
W - mass of the crushed sample.g.
12.1.7 Take the average value of the two crushing test results as the anti-crushing test value of a quartz sand proppant. If the crushing chamber diameter does not match the crushing chamber diameter given in this standard, adjust the corresponding crushing chamber force FF = 0.0785 pd
Where: F crushing chamber force, kN:
Rated closing pressure: MPa
12.2 High-strength proppant (grain) anti-crushing test 12.2.1 Select the required proppant samples according to 12.1.1 and 12.1.2. 12.2.2 Calculate the mass of a sample in the high-strength proppant anti-crushing test W
Where: eh—proppant volume density, g/cm; Az calculation coefficient, take 0.958cm.
12.2.3 Use a balance with a sensitivity of 0.001 years to weigh the required sample. 12.2.4 Follow the steps in 12.1.5.
12.2.5 According to the steps in 12.1.6,
12.2.6 "A total of 4 samples are required for a complete series of high-strength proppant (grain) anti-crushing ability tests, of which 2 samples are subjected to stresses of 52MPa and 69MPa respectively. If necessary, the number of samples can be increased and the stress level can be increased to 86MPa and 100MPa. The corresponding particle size range, maximum allowable crushing rate and specified closure pressure are shown in Table 4 and Table 5.8
SY/ T 5108-1997
Appendix A
(Standard Appendix)
Proppant Sphericity and Roundness Chart
Proppant Sphericity and Roundness ChartWeigh the required samples with a 001-year-old balance. 12.2.4 Follow the steps in 12.1.5.
12.2.5 Follow the steps in 12.1.6,
12.2.6 "A complete series of high-strength proppant (particle) anti-crushing ability tests require a total of 4 samples, of which 2 samples are subjected to stresses of 52MPa and 69MPa respectively. If necessary, the number of samples can be increased and the stress level can be increased to 86MPa and 100MPa. The corresponding particle size range, maximum allowable crushing rate and specified closure pressure are shown in Table 4 and Table 5.8
SY/ T 5108-1997
Appendix A
(Standard Appendix)
Proppant Sphericity and Roundness Chart
Proppant Sphericity and Roundness ChartWeigh the required samples with a 001-year-old balance. 12.2.4 Follow the steps in 12.1.5.
12.2.5 Follow the steps in 12.1.6,
12.2.6 "A complete series of high-strength proppant (particle) anti-crushing ability tests require a total of 4 samples, of which 2 samples are subjected to stresses of 52MPa and 69MPa respectively. If necessary, the number of samples can be increased and the stress level can be increased to 86MPa and 100MPa. The corresponding particle size range, maximum allowable crushing rate and specified closure pressure are shown in Table 4 and Table 5.8
SY/ T 5108-1997
Appendix A
(Standard Appendix)
Proppant Sphericity and Roundness Chart
Proppant Sphericity and Roundness Chart
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