GB/T 50083-1997 Standard for terminology and symbols for building structure design
Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Standard for terminology and symbois used in design of building structures
Standard for terminology and symbois used in design of building structures GB/T50083-97
Editing department: Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of ChinaApproving department: Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of ChinaEffective date: January 1, 1998
1-3-1
Notice on Issuing the National Standard "Standard for Terminology and Symbols for Design of Building Structures"
Construction Standard [19971199] No.
According to the requirements of Document No. 160 of the State Planning Commission [1990], the Ministry of Construction, together with other relevant departments, has formulated the "Standard for Terminology and Symbols for Design of Building Structures". After examination by the relevant departments, the "Standard for Terminology and Symbols for Design of Building Structures" G3/I50083--97 is now approved as a recommended national standard to be implemented on January 1, 1998. The original "Standard for General Symbols, Units of Measurement and Basic Terms in Building Structure Design" G83-85 will be abolished in this week
This standard is managed by the Ministry of Construction, and the specific interpretation and other work is undertaken by the China Academy of Building Research. The publication and distribution is organized by the Standard and Quota Research Institute of the Ministry of Construction
Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China
July 31, 1997
Revision Notes
According to the requirements of the Ministry of Construction's (90) Jianbiaojizi No. 9 Notice, the China Academy of Building Research is responsible for jointly compiling and publishing the standard with relevant units. The original national standard "General symbols, measurement units and basic terms for building structure design" GI83-85 was revised and compiled into the national standard "Standard for terms and symbols for building structure design" GB/T50083-97. After being jointly signed by the Ministry of Construction and the State Bureau of Technical Supervision, the Ministry of Construction approved and issued the original national standard "General symbols, measurement units and basic terms for building structure design" (383-85) on July 30, 1997 (383-85 was abolished at the same time: in the process of revising this standard, in view of the original national standard The chapter "Units of measurement" in the standard GBJ8.3-85 only contains some units of measurement used in building structure calculations. It is no longer necessary to repeat the entire set of regulations of "Legal Units of Measurement of the People's Republic of China" issued by the National Bureau of Measurement, so it is decided to delete it. The main contents of the remaining two chapters, "General symbols" and "Basic terms", have been included in the new national standard "Basic terms and general symbols for engineering structure design" GRJ132--90. The "symbols" are used as unified regulations for the five types of structures, and the "terms" are used as the "housing building structure" in the five types of structures. Therefore, the revision of the original national standard GBJ83--85 should be compiled according to the principle of the basic standard of "terms and symbols" of the first level of "building structure design" under the five branches of "engineering structure design".
For this reason, this standard should try to avoid duplication with the national standard "Basic terms and common symbols for engineering structure design" GBI132-90, focusing on general industrial and civil building structures made of four main materials: concrete, masonry, steel, and wood, including materials, forms, 1-3- 2
The various building structure design terms and symbols in various aspects such as differentiation, use differentiation, production method differentiation and design and construction requirements, as well as the terms and symbols for wind and earthquake resistance of the corresponding structures are standardized and unified. Based on the original national standard GBJ83-85, it is revised into the new national standard "Standard for Building Structure Design Terms and Symbols". It should be pointed out that the building structure design symbols and content of this standard are based on the "common symbols" that have been actually used and will not be easily changed. The list is also listed in the order of the symbols in design, calculation and analysis, and the Latin alphabet is not used. For the "symbols" that are rarely listed in this standard, they are still selected according to the dimension wording rules of the main symbol and the various rules of superscript and subscript, but they should be consistent with the "symbols" adopted in the corresponding structural design specifications. In the process of revising this standard, three drafts for comments were proposed successively, and the opinions of relevant units and experts in design, scientific research, teaching, etc. across the country were widely solicited. The revision group discussed repeatedly, compiled the draft for review, and the experts reviewed it by communication, and finally it was approved by the relevant departments of the Ministry of Construction. In order to improve and enrich the quality and content of this standard, please send your opinions and suggestions to the Structural Institute of China Academy of Building Research, Anwai Xiaohuangzhuang, Beijing 100013, in combination with practical experience and domestic and foreign information, at any time during the implementation of this standard, for reference in future revisions.
Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China
July 1997
General Terminology of Building Structure Design
2.1 Structural Terminology
2.2 Component and Part Terminology
Basic Design Regulations Terminology
Calculation and Analysis Terminology
2.5 Action Terminology
2.6 Material and Material Performance Terminology
2.7 Resistance Terminology
2.8 Geometric Parameter Terminology
2.9 Connection and Construction Terminology
2.10 Material and Structural Component Quality Control Terminology…． 3 Special terms for concrete structure design
3.1 Structural terms
3.2 Terms for components and parts
3.3 Material terms
3.4 Terms for material properties and component resistance…·3.5
Terms for calculation and analysis
Terms for geometric parameters…
3.7 Terms for calculation coefficients….
3.8 Terms for connection and construction.
-3—4
-3—4
.1—3—5
1—-3—7
1---3—8
1—3—9
3——0
-3-—10
—3-10
—3-10
-3--11
3—12
3-—12
: 1—3-—12
3.9 Terminology for quality inspection of materials and structural components…． 13--13 Special terms for masonry structure design...
4.1 Structural terms
4.2 Terms for components and parts
4.3 Material terms·
4.4 Terms for material properties and component resistance...4.5 Calculation and analysis terms.
4.6 Geometric parameter terms
4.7 Calculation coefficient terms.
. 1-3-13
-3--13
1--3-—14
-3---14
—3—14
—3—15
1—3—15
4.8 Connection and construction terms
1—3—15
4.9 Terms for quality inspection of materials and structural components...·1—3-—15. Special terms for steel structure design
-3—16
Structural terms
Terms for components and parts
Material terms
Terms for material properties and component resistance…
Terms for calculation and analysis,
Terms for geometric parameters
Terms for calculation coefficients
—3—16
-3—16
3—17
-3—17
3—18
Terms for connection and construction
1—3—18
Terms for quality inspection of materials and structural components 1--3--185.9||tt ||Specialized terms for wood structure designwwW.bzxz.Net
Structural terms,
Terms for components and parts·
Material terms·
Terms for material properties and component resistance
Terms for calculation and analysis...
Terms for geometric parameters
Terms for calculation coefficients
-3—19
-3—19
-3—19
-3—19
1--3-20
3—20
1-—3--20
Terms for connection and construction·
...... 13--20
6.9 Terminology for quality inspection of materials and structural components…1—3—20 Symbols for architectural structure design
1-3-21
General provisions…...
Symbols for actions and effects of actions….
.... 1-—3—21
..+....*++. 1-321
Symbols for material properties and resistance of structural components1-3—-227.3
Symbols for geometric parameters
Symbols for design parameters and calculation coefficients
Common mathematical and physical symbols
[--3--23
1—3--23
... 1--3--24
Material strength grade codes and special symbols…1--3--247.7
Appendix A
Commonly used in building structure design,
... 13-25
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Pronunciation and fonts of Greek letters…． —3—25 Appendix B
Appendix C
Recommended English term index【—3--25
Appendix 1) Explanation of terms used in this standard
Additional explanation
......+++. 1—3—33
1—3—33
1--3 - 3
This standard is formulated to unify the structural design terms and symbols and their meanings of housing construction projects.
This standard applies to the structural design of industrial and civil buildings made of concrete (concrete), masonry, steel and wood and related fields. Note: "Tong" (pronounced tong) is synonymous with "concrete", and the two are interchangeable, but the two should not be used interchangeably in the same technical documents, drawings and books.
This standard is formulated in accordance with the principles of the national standard "Basic Terms and Common Symbols for Engineering Structural Design" GBJ132-90. General terms for building structure design
2.1. Structural terms
Building structurebuildingstructure
The load-bearing skeleton system including foundations that constitutes industrial and civil buildings. It is the abbreviation of building structure.
The components and parts that constitute the building structure can also be collectively referred to as structure when their meanings are not confused.
Building structural unitbuilding structural unit2.1.1.1
In the building structure, the section separated by expansion joints, settlement joints or seismic joints2.1.2 Wall-stab structure
Wall-stab structure
Building structure composed of vertical components such as walls and horizontal components such as floor slabs and roof panels.
2.1.3 Frame structureframe structure A building structure in which beams and columns are connected to form a load-bearing system by rigid or hinged connections. Ducile frame
A frame in which beams, columns and their nodes have a certain plastic deformation capacity and can meet the requirements of lateral deformation.
2.1.4 Slab-column structuret. A building structure in which the horizontal components are plates and the tight components are columns. Such as lifting slab structure, beamless floor structure, integral prestressed slab-column structure, etc. 2.1.5 Tube structure
A high-rise building structure composed of tubes with vertical arms and capable of bearing vertical and horizontal effects. The tubes are divided into thin-walled tubes surrounded by shear walls and frame tubes surrounded by dense column frames, etc. 2.1.5.1 Frame-tube structureframe-tube structureA high-rise building structure composed of a central thin-walled tube and a general frame on the periphery. 2.1.5.2 Framed tube structure A high-rise building structure consisting of a peripheral dense column frame tube and an internal general frame. 2.1.5.3 Tube in tube structure A high-rise building structure consisting of a central thin tube and a peripheral frame tube. 2.1.5.4 Bundled tube structure A high-rise building structure consisting of several parallel tubes. 2.1.6 Suspended structure A building structure that transfers the floor (roof) load to the vertical load-bearing system through the suspender rod. 2.1.6.1 Core tube supported suspension structure A suspension structure with a central thin-walled tube as the vertical load-bearing system. 2.1.6.2 Multi-tube supported suspended structure A suspension structure with multiple thin-walled tubes as the vertical load-bearing system. 2.1.7 Chimney
A tall structure composed of a load-bearing system consisting of a cylinder, etc., which discharges smoke into the sky. 2.1.8 Water tower
Water tower
A tall structure composed of a water tank and a support or bracket, etc., which is used to store and distribute water.
/ -3-- 4
2.1.9 Silo
A load-bearing system consisting of a vertical wall and a bucket, etc. A structure used to store loose raw materials, fuel or grain,
2.2 Terms for components and parts
Roof system
A general term for components composed of roof panels, moldings, roof beams or roof trusses and support systems on the top of a house to withstand various roof effects, or components composed of large-span space components such as arches, grids, thin shells and cables and supporting edge components. It can be divided into flat roof, pitched roof, arched roof, etc.
2.2.1.1 Roof plate
roof plate; roof board; roof slab The board that directly bears the roof load.
2.2.1.2 Purlin
The beam-type component that transfers the load borne by the roof plate to the roof beam, roof truss or load-bearing wall.
2.2.1.3 Roof girder
The beam that transfers the roof load to the wall, column, bracket or joist. 2. 2.1.4 Roof truss
The truss-type component that transfers the roof load to the wall, column, bracket or joist. (1) Triangular roof truss Triangular roof truss is a triangular roof truss composed of a single-slope or double-slope upper chord, a horizontal lower chord and a web member.
(2) Trapezoidal roof truss
Trapezoid roof truss
It is a roof truss with a trapezoidal shape, consisting of a flat-slope top chord, a horizontal bottom chord, end vertical bars and web bars.
(3) Polygonal roof truss
Polygonal top-chord roof truss It is a roof truss with a polygonal shape, consisting of a multi-fold top chord, a horizontal bottom chord and web bars.
(4) Arched roof truss It is a roof truss with an arched top chord, a horizontal bottom chord and web bars. (5) Open web roof truss: Vierendal roof truss It is a roof truss with rigid joints formed by top and bottom chords and vertical web bars. 2.2.1.5 Skylight truss; monitor frame It is a frame or framework set on the roof truss for lighting and ventilation and to bear the functions related to the roof.
Roof-bracing system2. 2. 1. 6
The general term for various connecting rods set between roof trusses to ensure the overall stability of the roof and transfer the longitudinal and transverse horizontal forces.
(1) Transverse horizontal bracing A horizontal brace set along the transverse direction of the house in the plane of the upper chord or lower chord of the roof truss between two adjacent roof trusses (or between the roof truss and the gable). It is referred to as the upper chord or lower chord transverse brace. (2) Longitude horizontal bracing A horizontal truss set along the longitudinal direction of the house in the plane of the lower chord of the end internode of the roof truss or the middle of the roof truss. It is also called the lower chord longitudinal brace.
(3) Vertical bracing
Vertical bracing
A truss set along the plane of the straight web of the roof truss between two adjacent roof trusses. It is also called the vertical brace.
（4） Tie rod
A horizontal connecting rod set along the longitudinal direction of the house between roof trusses without vertical support at the node of the lower or upper chord of the roof truss within the vertical support plane. 2.2.1.7 Arch arch A member consisting of curved or broken-line vertical arch ring rods and hinged or fixed arch toes at both ends of the supporting arch, sometimes with tie rods between the arch toes. (1) Trussed arch Trussed arch An arch with trusses forming the arch shape. (2) Tie rod arch Arch with tie rods Arch with tie rods between the arch toes. 2. 2. 1. 8 Plate-like space truss Plate-like space frame A large-span space truss-like member consisting of an upper chord, a lower chord and a web. (1) Plane trussed lattice grids A grid consisting of plane trusses in different directions. There are two types of orthogonal space grids, two types of orthogonal oblique space grids, two types of oblique oblique space grids, three-way space grids, and one-way zigzag space grids. (2) Square pyramid space grids are composed of square pyramid units. There are four types of orthogonal space grids, orthogonal hollow square pyramids, chessboard square pyramids, oblique square pyramids, and star-shaped square pyramids. (3) Triangular pyramid space grids are composed of triangular pyramid units. It can be divided into triangular pyramid, hollow triangular pyramid, honeycomb pyramid and other types.
2.2.1.9 Space suspended cable
Mountain multiplied pull element, a large span space component composed of edge components, (J) Circular single-layer suspended cable circular single-layer suspended cable Street single-layer cable is arranged in a central radial shape, and the cable is composed of 5-shaped edge components. When a column is set at the center of the circle, it is called an umbrella-shaped cable. (2) Circular double-layer suspended cable circulardouble-layer suspended cable is composed of 1: the upper and lower layers are arranged in a central radial shape, and the upper and lower cables are provided with a central pull ring of different shapes and a circular edge component. (3) Bidirectional orthogonal tight net
suspended crossed cable ner
Mountain load-bearing cable and stabilizing cable are arranged orthogonally to each other, and the two cables are made close to each other through prestressing, and the cable is composed of edge components of different shapes. 2.2. 1. 10 Thin shell thin shell
Long-span space component composed of curved thin plates and edge components. According to the shape of the mid-surface, it can be divided into spherical shell, cylindrical shell, hyperbolic shell, conical shell, flat shell and rotational shell. 2. 2. 2. 2 Fleor system
General term for the components composed of floor slabs, secondary beams and main beams between the floors of a house to bear various floor effects.
2. 2.2.1 Floar plate; siab Plate that directly bears the floor load.
2.2. 2. 2 Secondary beam; bean Beam that transfers the floor load to the main beam,
2.2.2.3 Girder; main beam Beam that transfers the floor load to the beams on the wall. 2. z. 2.4 Crossbeam beam
Shantong: A structural member composed of cross-section beams that intersect orthogonally or obliquely in a plane. Also known as cross beam and lattice beam
Z.2. 2. 5 Uniform cross-section beam
A beam whose cross-section dimension remains constant along the longitudinal axis of the member. It can be divided into rectangular, T-shaped, 1-shaped, inverted T-shaped, flat beams, etc.
2. 2. 2. 6 Variable cross-section beam
Non-uniform cross section beam A beam whose cross-section dimension varies along the longitudinal axis of the member. (1) Hinched beam
A beam whose cross-section height at the proximal end of the member gradually increases along a straight line or curve toward the end. It can be divided into end hinch beam and end beam
(2) Fish-belly bear A beam whose cross-section height gradually increases along a curve from the two ends to the middle of the span, resembling a fish belly.
2.2.3 Lintel
Beams set on the top of doors, windows or holes to transfer the upper loads 2.2.4 Crane beam
cranegirder
Beams that bear the vertical loads and longitudinal and transverse horizontal loads generated by the crane wheel pressure and consider the fatigue effect.
2. z.4.1 Brake member Brake member Members that bear the lateral braking force of the trolley on the crane, such as brake trusses. 2. z. 5 Load-bearing wall lnad-bearing wall The body that directly bears external forces and self-weight. 2.2.5.1 Structural wall
structural wall
A load-bearing wall that mainly bears lateral forces or earthquakes and maintains the overall stability of the structure. Also known as shear wall, earthquake-resistant wall, etc.
2.2.6 Non-load-bearing wall: A wall that only bears its own weight under normal circumstances.
2.2.7 Constant cross-section column: A column whose horizontal cross-section size remains unchanged along the height direction. 2.2.8 Stepped column: A column whose horizontal cross-section size changes in sections along the height direction. It can be divided into single-step column, double-step column and multi-step column.
2.2.9 Wind-resistant column: A column set at the gable of a house to bear wind loads. 2.2.10 Bracing: A connecting rod set between two adjacent columns to ensure the overall stability of the building structure, improve lateral stiffness and transmit longitudinal horizontal forces. 2.2.11 Stairs: An oblique component that connects the upper and lower floors, consisting of steps, railings and platforms. 2.2.12 Composite member Composite member An integral load-bearing member composed of two or more materials. 2.2.12.1 Concrete-filled steel tubular member An integral load-bearing member composed of concrete poured into a steel tube. 2.2.12.2 Composite roof truss A roof truss composed of steel as tie rods and wood or reinforced concrete as compression rods. 2.2.12.3 Down-stayed composite bean A down-stayed beam composed of steel or round steel as lower tie rods and reinforced concrete as upper compression rods.
2. 2. 12. 4
Composite floor with profiled steel sheet
Composite floor composed of concrete poured on profiled steel sheet. 2.2. 12. 5 Composite floor
Composite floor system
Composite floor system composed of reinforced concrete + floor or profiled steel sheet floor and steel beams or steel beams combined with panels.
Basic design provisions
Design of building structuresDesign of building structures is the whole process of overall layout, technical and economic analysis, calculation, construction and drawing of building structures in accordance with the provisions of relevant design standards, and seeking optimization under the conditions of meeting the requirements of safety, applicability, durability, economy and feasibility of construction. 2.3.1.1
static design
sratic design
under static action, the design is based on the static state response of the structural components. 2.3.1.2 dynamic design
kinetic design: dynamic design under dynamic action, the design is based on the dynamic state response of the structural components. Sometimes the dynamic coefficient method can be used to simplify it to static design. 2.3.1.3
Building resistant design
earthquake-resistant design;aseisimnic design
Design based on the dynamic state response of building structural components under earthquake action.
Conceptual earthquake-resistant building designconceprual earthquake-resis-2. 3. 1.4
tant design
The process of arranging the overall structure of the building and determining the detailed earthquake-resistant measures based on the basic design principles and design ideas obtained from geological hazards and engineering experience. (1) Regular earthquake-resistant building
Tegula
ant building
ouake-
The size, mass, stiffness and bearing capacity distribution of structural components along the height and horizontal directions are relatively uniform, symmetrical and reasonable. (2) Multi-defence system of earth-quake-resistant building A multi-defence system that controls the order in which the components or parts of the same structure are damaged or form plastic hinges in an earthquake, so that the entire structure is damaged but not collapsed. (3) Weak region of earthquake-resistant building A part or floor in a building structure with relatively weak anti-bearing capacity that may be damaged first in an earthquake. (4) Concentration of plastic deformation Under the action of an earthquake, the elastic-plastic deformation of the weak earthquake-resistant floor of a building structure is significantly greater than the deformation of its adjacent floors. 2.3.2 Safety classes of building structures Safety classes of building structures Classes for design use are divided according to the importance of the building structure and the severity of the consequences of possible damage.
z. 3. 2. 1 classification for earthquake-resistance
buildings
Classification of earthquake-resistance design for buildings based on the importance of the building, the severity of the consequences of earthquake damage and its use in earthquake relief. Verification of ultimate
limit states
Verification to prevent a structure or component from reaching its maximum load-carrying capacity or reaching a deformation that makes it unsuitable for continued load-carrying.
calculation of load-carrying2. 3. 3. 1
capacity of membrane
Calculation to prevent structural components or connections from being damaged due to the critical section material strength being exceeded or from being unsuitable for continued load-carrying due to excessive deformation. Calculation of compression, tension, bending, shear, torsion, local compression, punching, etc. for components. 2. 3. 3.2
fatigue analysis
fatigue calculation
calculation to prevent structural members or connections from generating cumulative damage under cyclic stress and causing material failure.
stability calculation
stability calculation
2. 3. 3. 3
calculation to prevent structural members from losing stability. It is divided into overall instability and local instability, instability in the plane and instability out of the plane, and instability in elastic state, elastic-plastic state and plastic state. 2. 3. 3. 4 overturning or slip resistance analysis
calculation to prevent the structure or part of the structure from losing balance as a rigid body. 2.3.4 Verification of serviceability limit states Verification to prevent the appearance deformation, vibration, cracks, durability and other properties of structures or components from reaching the limit state of serviceability. 1: Verification to prevent the appearance deformation, vibration, cracks, durability and other properties of structures or components from reaching the limit state of serviceability. 2.3.5 Deformation verification Verification to prevent structural components from being deformed too much and unable to meet the specified functional requirements. Including bearing capacity limit state and serviceability limit state verification 2.3.6 Approval analysis during construction stage Verification to prevent structural components from failing to meet the specified functional requirements during the stages of manufacturing, transportation and installation. 2.4 Calculation and analysis terms Statically determinate structure 2.4.1 Structural components are geometrically invariant systems without redundant constraints, and their effects can be solved by the principle of static equilibrium.
2.4.2Statically indeterminate structure
Statically indeterminate structure Structural members are geometrically invariant systems with redundant constraints, and their effects are solved by the principle of static equilibrium and the principle of deformation coordination. Plane structure plane structure
The structure composed of and the external forces it is subjected to. In the calculation, it can be regarded as a calculation structure system located in the same plane.
2.4.4Space structurespace structure The structure composed of can withstand external forces not located in the same plane, and the calculation structure system is subjected to spatial force analysis in the calculation. 2.4.5Structural system composed of bar1-3 6
The general term for structural systems with straight or curved bars as basic calculation units. Such as continuous, truss, frame, grid, arch, curved beam, etc. 2.4.5.1
Rigidly supported continuous girder
The continuous beam in which the vertical displacement of the support is not considered in the calculation. 2.4.5.2 Elastically supported continuous girder
Elastically supported continuous girder
Continuous beam whose vertical displacement of the support needs to be considered in the calculation. 2.4. 5.3 Elastic foundation beam Foundation beam whose support is continuous and whose vertical displacement of the support needs to be considered in the calculation. The calculation is generally based on the assumption that the foundation compressive stress is proportional to the foundation settlement. 2. 4. 5. 4
Three hinged arch
Three hinged arch
The arch toe and arch top are both hinged arches. The calculation can be based on the static equilibrium principle that the bending shortness at the top hinge is zero.
2. 4. 5. 5
FWO hinged arch
The arch toe is hinged arch. The calculation can be based on a statically indeterminate structure. Double-hinged arch with or without tie rods between the arches. 2.4. 5.6 Hingeless arch Arch with rigid joints at the arch toe. Can be calculated as statically indeterminate structure. 2.4.5.7 Frame with sidesway Frame for which horizontal displacement of beam-column joints needs to be considered in calculation 2.4. 5.8 Frame without sidesway Frame for which horizontal displacement of beam-column joints is not considered in calculation. Plate structure structural system A general term for structural systems that use continuous plane plates as basic calculation units. Such as flat plates, folded plates, etc. 2.4.6.1 Two sides (edges) supported plate A plate with support reactions on both sides. Generally, only the forces and deformations in one direction are considered. Also called one-way plate.
2. 4. 6.2 Four sides (edges) supported plate A plate with support reactions on the four sides. Generally, the forces and deformations in two directions need to be considered. Also called a two-way plate.
Elastic foundation plate2.4.6.3
A foundation plate in which the supports are continuous and the vertical displacement of the supports is considered. Generally, the calculation is performed on the assumption that the foundation compressive stress is proportional to the foundation settlement. 2. 4.7 Lateral force resistant wall structure
A general term for structural systems that use lateral force resistant structural walls as basic calculation units. 2.4.7.1
Coupling wall-column
The walls on the left and right sides of a larger opening in a structural wall. Generally, it is calculated as an eccentrically loaded member.
2.4.7.2 Coupling wall-beamThe walls on the upper and lower sides of a larger opening in a structural wall. When the span-to-height ratio is large, it is calculated as a bending member.
2. 4. 7. 3 Coupled wall A wall with an open structure whose wall limb stiffness is greater than the stiffness of the connecting beam. It can be divided into double-limb wall or multi-limb wall. When there are only two additional limbs, it is called a coupled wall.
. Generally, it is calculated as an eccentrically loaded member. 2.4.7.4 Wall frame
Wall frame
Walls with large opening areas and thin connecting beams and wall limbs have internal force distribution similar to frame beams and frame columns. They can be calculated as members with rigid zones. (1) Rigid zone
In the calculation, the bending stiffness at the end of the member is considered infinite. 2. 4. B Plastic hings. In structural members, due to the properties of the materials, a section or segment with a certain bearing capacity and relative rotation is formed. It is considered as a hinge in the calculation. 2.4.9 Redistribution of internal force When a hyperstatic structure enters the inelastic working stage, its internal force distribution changes significantly compared with the distribution analyzed by elastic method. It needs to be solved by material nonlinear method. Sometimes the calculation can be simplified by using the adjustment coefficient.
moment modified factor
2.4.9.1 Moment modified factor
The coefficient for adjusting the bending moment obtained by elastic method analysis to take into account the redistribution of internal force of structural members.
2.4.10 second order effect due to displacement
Additional internal force caused by deflection or displacement of structural members due to deflection. Sometimes the calculation can be simplified by using the internal force amplification coefficient. 2.4.10.1 Atmplified coefficient of eccentricity In the calculation of compression members, the coefficient that takes into account the influence of second-order effects is the ratio of the maximum eccentricity after deflection to the initial eccentricity. 2.4.10.2 Stability reduction coefficient of axially loaded compression member In the calculation of axially loaded compression member, the coefficient that takes into account the additional effect of the increased slenderness ratio of the member, which reduces the bearing capacity of the member. 2.4.11 Enhanced coefficient of local heating strength factors A coefficient that reflects the calculation that the local compressive strength of the material is greater than the general compressive strength. 2.5 Action terms 2.5.1 Characteristic value of permanent action The basic representative value of action (including deadweight) whose value does not change with time during the structural design reference period, also known as load standard value. 2. 5. 2 Characteristic value of variable action The basic representative value of action whose value changes with time during the structural design reference period, also known as live load standard value, 2.5.3 Characteristic value of live load on floor and roof The basic representative value of non-natural loads such as personnel, materials, equipment, etc. applied to the floor and roof whose value changes with time during the structural design reference period. 2.5.3.1 Characteristic value of uniformly distributed live load The standard value of industrial or civil live load uniformly distributed on the surface of a component. (1) Equivalent uniformly distributed live load In the location that controls the design of the component, the standard value of the live load with the most unfavorable actual distribution is converted into the standard value of the uniformly distributed live load according to the principle of equal load effect. (2) Reducing coefficient of live load When calculating floor beams, walls, columns and foundations, the coefficient for reducing the load is taken into account that the standard value of the floor live load cannot be fully distributed and the reverse transmission effect of each component after being loaded is different.
quasi-permanent value
of live load on flaor or
The representative value of live load used in the design of structural members according to the combination of long-term effects. It is the standard value of live load multiplied by the specified coefficient of quasi-permanent value of load. z.5.5combination value of liveload on floor or roof
The representative value of live load used in the design when the roof or slab member is subjected to two or more live loads. It is the standard value of live load multiplied by the specified coefficient of combination value of load. 2. 5.6construction and examination concentrated loadconstruction and examination concentrated load
When designing roof panels, strips, cantilevers, awnings and prefabricated beams, the maximum concentrated load that may occur at the most unfavorable position of the component during construction or maintenance shall be considered.
2.5.7 Crane load
The vertical or horizontal load on the structural components of a building when a crane is lifting heavy objects.
Characteristic value ofvertical crane load
The representative value of the vertical load of gravity on the structural components when a crane is lifting heavy objects. Determined by the maximum wheel pressure or minimum wheel pressure of the crane.
Characteristic value of horizontal crane load
The representative value of the longitudinal and transverse horizontal load on the structural components caused by the bridge and trolley when the crane is moving or braking. Determined by the maximum wheel pressure of the crane's brake wheel or the weight of the trolley and the rated lifting capacity.
Characteristic value of snow load2.5.8
The basic representative value of the snow load applied to the roof. It is the product of the local basic snow pressure and the required distribution coefficient of the roof area.
2.5.8.1 Basic snow pressure snow reference pressure is the weight of snow accumulated on the local open and flat ground according to the specified recurrence period.
2.5.8.2 Distribution coefficient of snow pressure on roofs distribution coefficient of snow pressure on roofs
It is the ratio of the standard value of roof snow pressure to the local basic snow pressure. 2.5.9 Characteristic value of wind load The basic representative value of wind pressure applied to the surface of a building. It is the product of the local basic wind pressure and the local wind pressure height variation coefficient, the structure's wind load body shape coefficient and the wind vibration coefficient at the corresponding height.
2.5.9.1 Basic wind pressure wind reference pressure The wind pressure value determined by the relationship between wind pressure and wind speed, taking the average maximum wind speed obtained on relatively open and flat ground in the local area according to the specified height above the ground, the specified recurrence period and the specified time interval as the reference.
2.5.9.2 Height variation factor of wind pressure height variation factor of wind pressure
The coefficient reflecting the law of wind pressure variation with different sites, landforms and heights. Based on the wind pressure at a specified height above the ground, it is the ratio of wind pressure at different heights to the wind pressure at a specified height above the ground.
2.5.9.3 Shape factor of wind load The coefficient reflecting the distribution of wind load on the surface of buildings of different shapes and sizes. It is the ratio of the actual wind pressure or wind suction at a certain point on the surface of the building to the wind pressure formed by the free airflow
2. 5. 9.4 Wind fluttering factor The wind pressure dynamic coefficient reflecting the adverse effect of the high-frequency pulsation part of the wind speed on the building structure.
2. 5.10 Characteristic value of earth-quake action
The basic representative value of the dynamic action of the structure caused by the ground movement used in the design. It is comprehensively determined by the representative value of the structural gravity load and the earthquake influence coefficient or the design earthquake motion parameters. It is divided into horizontal earthquake action and vertical earthquake action standard value. 2.5.11 Representative value of gravity load
Representative value of gravityload
The load of gravity nature used in building resistance design is the sum of the standard value of permanent load (including self-weight) of structural components and the combined value of various vertical variable loads. The combined value coefficient is determined according to the probability of encountering vertical variable loads during earthquakes. 2.6 Terms of materials and material properties
Building structural materialsNatural or artificial materials and material products used in building structures. They are divided into non-metallic materials, metallic materials, organic materials and composite materials composed of the above materials. 137
2.6.1.1 Concrete
A structural material that is plastic at first and then hardened by mixing cementitious materials (cement or other binders), coarse and fine aggregates and water. When necessary, rubbing materials or admixtures can be added. 2.6.1.2 Masonry
Structural materials made of bricks, stones or blocks and mortar or other binders.
2.6.1.3 Timber
General term for logs used for structures or processed square timber, boards, glued timber, etc. Steel
2.6.1.4
steel; acieral
General term for steel sections, steel plates, steel pipes, strip steel or thin-walled steel sections, as well as steel bars, steel wires and steel strands, etc. used for structures.
2.6.2 Property of building structural materials
Physical, mechanical and chemical properties inherent in materials and those exhibited by various external effects. It is the basis for the design, production and testing of building structures. 2.6.2.1 Mechanical properties of materials
Compression, tension, shear, bending, fatigue and yield properties of materials under specified stress conditions
(1) Yield strength (yield point of steel)
The stress or stress corresponding to the yield step when the specimen continues to elongate without increasing the force during the test according to the standard tensile test method for steel. For steel without obvious yield step, it is determined by the stress corresponding to the specified residual strain. (2) Tensile (ultimate) strength of steel
The maximum tensile stress that steel can withstand in a standard tensile test. 2.6.2.2 Elasticity modulus of materials The ratio of the normal stress on the cross section to the corresponding normal strain when the stress and strain of the material are linearly related under unidirectional tension or compression. 2.6.2.3 Elongation rate The percentage of the length increment of the original specified gauge length after the standard specimen of the material is broken.
Impact toughness
2.6.2.4
The impact resistance of the material. Generally expressed by the energy absorbed per unit area of the fracture surface during impact damage.
Fatigue property
Fatigue property
The physical and mechanical properties of the material under the dynamic cycle of a certain number of repetitions and amplitudes.
Lineat expansion coefficient2.6.2.6
The ratio of the elongation of the material within the specified temperature range to the temperature increment based on the length at the specified room temperature. Expressed in degrees Celsius or per Kelvin.
2.7 Resistance terms
Standard value of material strength
Characteristic value of material strength
Basic representative value of material strength in structural member design. Determined by standard specimens according to standard test methods and mathematical statistics using the quantile specified in the probability distribution. It is divided into standard values of compression, tension, shear, bending, fatigue and yield strength. 2. 7. 2 Design value of material strengthdesign value of material strengthThe value obtained by dividing the standard value of material strength by the material performance partial factor2. 7. 2. 1
design value of earth
design value of quake-resistant
strength of materials
The material strength value used in the design of structural anti-quake. 2.7.3 Design value of load-carryingcapacity of members
The maximum1—3—8
design value of internal force of structural members determined by the design value of material strength and the design value of geometric parameters; or the design value of internal force of structural members controlled by deformation when the deformation reaches the point where it is unsuitable for continued load bearing.
rigidity of section
Sectional rigidity
The ability of a section to resist deformation. It is the product of the elastic modulus or shear modulus of the material and the corresponding moment of inertia of the section or the cross-sectional area. 2.7.4.1 Tensile (compressive) rigidity of section The product of the elastic modulus of the material and the cross-sectional area. 2.7.4.2 Flexural rigidity of section The product of the elastic modulus of the material and the moment of inertia of the section. 2.7.4.3 Shearing rigidity of section The product of the shear modulus of the material and the cross-sectional area. 2.7.4.4 Torsional rigidity of section The product of the shear modulus of the material and the polar moment of inertia of the section. 2.7.4.5 Warping rigidity of section The product of the elastic modulus of the material and the warping (or fan-shaped) moment of inertia of the section. 2.7.5 Stiffness of structural member The ability of a member to resist deformation. It is the ratio of the internal force caused by the action applied to the member to the corresponding member deformation.
2.7.5.1 Tensile (compressive) stiffness of member
The ratio of the axial force applied to a tension (compression) member to the tensile (compressive) deformation caused by it.
2.7.5.2 Flexural stiffness of member
The ratio of the bending moment applied to a flexural member to the change in curvature caused by it. 2.7.5.3 Shear stiffness of member
shearing stiffness of member Value.
The ratio of the shear force applied to the shear member to the change in the orthogonal angle caused by it2.7.5.4 Torsional stiffness of memberThe ratio of the torque applied to the torsion member to the torsion angle caused by it. Lateral displacement stiffness of structureThe ability of the structure to resist lateral deformation. It is the ratio of the horizontal force applied to the structure to the horizontal displacement caused by it.
Lateral displacenent stifness of storey
The ability of the storey to resist horizontal deformation. It is the ratio of the horizontal force applied to the storey to the horizontal displacement caused by it.
2. 7.7 Allowable value of deformation ofstructural member
The maximum deformation value allowed when the structural member reaches a certain limit state. 2.7.7.1 allowable value of deflection ofstructural member
The vertical displacement limit value determined by the serviceability limit state requirements of the structural member, the influence of nonstructural members and the visual factors. allowable value of inter-story displacement angle of2.7.7.2
earthquake-resis.
tant structure
The allowable value of the relative displacement angle of a structure or member in an earthquake. 2.8 Geometric parameter terms
2.8.1 total height of structurethe vertical distance between the outdoor ground and the top of the structure or building. 2.8.2 total breadth of structurethe maximum dimension in the direction of the minor axis of the building plane. 2.8.3 total length of structurethe maximum dimension in the direction of the major axis of the building plane. 2.8.4 Storey height
Vertical distance between two adjacent floors. 2.8.5 Effective height
Height dimension of the cross section of a structural member or the height dimension of a vertical member taken as specified when calculating.
Net height; clear heightMinimum vertical distance between the upper and lower supports of a structural member 2.8.7 Effective spanHorizontal distance between two adjacent supports of a structural member taken as specified when calculating. 2.8.8 Net span
Minimum distance between two adjacent supports of a structural member. 2.&.9 Effective lengthDimension of the longitudinal axis of a structural member taken as specified when calculating. 2.9 Connection, construction terms
connection
Connection between components or bars in some way. 2.9.1.1
hinged connection
a connection between components that can transmit vertical and horizontal forces but cannot transmit reverse bending moments.
2.9.1.2 rigid connectiona connection between components that can transmit vertical and horizontal forces and can transmit bending moments. 2.9.1.3flexible connectiona connection between components that can transmit vertical, horizontal and partial moments and allow for certain deformation.
tie beam
a beam that connects the main components of a structure to each other to enhance the integrity of the structure without calculation. Also called a tension beam.
2.9.3 detailing requirementsdetailing requirementsIn the design of building structures, in order to ensure the safety or normal use of the structure, various factors that are difficult to analyze and calculate are considered in the structure, and various detailed measures that must be taken without calculation are generally not calculated.
Earthquake-resistant detailing requirements2.9.3.1
requirements
According to the principle of earthquake-resistant conceptual design, the structure shall take various necessary detailed measures in the structure while meeting the requirements of earthquake-resistant calculation. 2.9.4 Camber of structural member
The structural member is pre-made with deflection in the direction opposite to the action effect during manufacture. Also known as reverse arch
2.10 Terminology of quality control of materials and structural components2.10.1
Acceptable quality
The quality and level of materials or structural components that are compatible with the design reliability index specified for structural components of a certain safety level
2.10.2 Initial control; primary controlIn the trial production stage of materials or structural components, according to the specified quality requirements, through trial preparation or trial operation to determine the reasonable raw material composition and process parameters, as well as the statistical parameters of the performance of materials and structural components for production control. 2.1o.3 Production control; manufacture controlIn the formal production stage of materials or structural components, according to the specified quality requirements, in order to maintain the stability of their specified quality, the regular control of the raw material composition and process as well as the performance of materials and components is carried out. 2.10.4 Compliance controlBefore the materials or structural components are delivered for use, the compliance acceptance is carried out to ensure that their quality meets the specified standards.
2.10.4.1 Acceptance lot
acceptance lot
The number of materials or structural components in each inspection lot. 2.10.4.2 Sampling method
method of sampling
The method of extracting test pieces of materials or structural components from each inspection lot. It can be divided into random sampling and systematic sampling.
2.10.4.3 Number of sampling
number of sampling
The number of test pieces of materials or structural components extracted from each inspection lot. 2.10.4.4 Acceptance function
function of acceptance
Various functions of sample data used in acceptance. 2.10.4.5 Acceptance limit
limit of acceptance
The limit value for judging whether the inspection lot is qualified according to the acceptance function. 3 Special terms for concrete structure design
3.1 Structural terms
3.1.1 Plain concrete structure A structure made of concrete without reinforcement or without load-bearing steel bars. 3.12 reinforced concrete structure A structure made of concrete with ordinary steel bars, steel mesh or steel skeletons.
Prestressed concrete structure
prestressed concrete structure A structure made of concrete with prestressed tendons arranged around it and then prestressed by tensioning or other methods.
Pre-teneioned pre
stressed concrete
structure
Pre-teneioned pre
stressed concrete
structure
Prestressed concrete structure A prestressed concrete structure is established by tensioning prestressed tendons on a pedestal and then pouring concrete through the transfer of bonding force.
3.1.3.2 Post-tensioned pre-
stressed
structure
concrete
Prestressed concrete structure is established by tensioning prestressed tendons and anchoring them after the concrete has hardened.
Bonded prestressed concrete structure
bondrd prestresssec
concrete structure
prestressed concrete structure in which the prestressed tendons are bonded to the concrete. It is a general term for prestressed concrete structures and post-tensioned concrete structures in which bonding is achieved by grouting in pipes.
3.1.3.4unbonded prestressed concrete structure
concrete structure
post-tensioned concrete structure in which the prestressed tendons are provided with coating layers and outer coverings but are not bonded to the concrete.
3.1.4cast-in-situ concrete structureconcrete structure that is cast on site and poured as a whole. 3.1.4.1 Cast-in-situ conerete slab.column structure
Structure composed of reinforced concrete slabs or prestressed concrete slabs and columns cast in situ. Heavy column caps may or may not be provided. 3.1.5
Prefabricated concrete structure
Concrete superstructure assembled by prefabricated concrete components or parts through welding, bolting and other connection methods.
Concrete large panel structure Large panel concrete structure Structure composed of large prefabricated reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete slabs and wall panels with a room as a unit.
3.1.6 Assembled monolirhic concrete structure
Structure formed as a whole by prefabricated concrete components or parts connected by steel bars or prestressing and cast in situ. 3.1.6.1 Jift-slab structure The roof slab and floor slab stacked and injected on the ground are lifted into place in sequence by a slab lifter installed on the column, supported by steel pins, and poured with concrete at the nodes to form a slab-column structure integral prefabricated prc-3.1.6.2
stressed concrete slab-col-
umn structure
It is assembled with prefabricated slabs and prefabricated columns with holes, and the friction connection between the slabs and columns is achieved by tensioning the prestressed tendons in the slab joints on all sides of the floor slab to form an integral structure.
3.1.7 Latch-form concrete structure A structure composed of reinforced concrete load-bearing walls cast on site using a large formwork with a room as a unit, and precast floor slabs and precast concrete wall panels or masonry and other enclosure components. It can be divided into cast-in-place and cast-in-place and masonry. 3.1.8 Concrete folded-plate structure A folded-line thin-walled space structure composed of multiple reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete large strip flat plates. It can be divided into polygonal, trough-shaped, V-shaped folded plates and other types. 3.1.9 Steel fiber reinforced concrete structure
steel fiber reinforced concrete structure
A structure made of concrete mixed with steel fibers. It is divided into unreinforced steel fiber, reinforced steel fiber and prestressed steel fiber concrete structure. 3.2 Terms of components and parts
3.2.1 Precast concrete component
precast reinforced concrete member
Precast reinforced concrete member
Precast concrete upper component made in factory or on site. 3. 2. 2 Superposed reinforced concrete flexural member
Superposed reinforced concrete
crete flexural mernber
The upper concrete is poured on the precast concrete component to form an integral flexural member. It is divided into superimposed concrete slab and superimposed concrete beam. 3.2.3 Concrete shallow beam
reinforced concrete
slender beam
Concrete beam with large span-to-height ratio, flat section assumption can be used in normal section calculation, and its stirrups play a major role in shear resistance. It is generally called concrete beam. 3.2.4 Reinforced concrete deep beam A concrete beam with a small span-to-height ratio, in which the assumption of a flat cut surface is not used in the calculation of the normal section, and in which the longitudinal tensile reinforcement and horizontal distribution reinforcement play a major role in shear resistance. 3.2.5 Concrete column A straight vertical concrete member that mainly bears axial force. 3.2.5.1 Double component concrete column A concrete column with two limbs connected by a web. It can be divided into a double-limb column with a horizontal web and an inclined web. 3.2.6 Concrete wall Concrete wall A plane or curved vertical concrete member that bears axial and lateral forces. 3.2.7 Concrete slab A reinforced concrete slab or prestressed concrete slab with main force-bearing reinforcement or prestressed tendons arranged in one direction. It can be divided into solid slab, hollow slab, ribbed slab, etc. 3.2.8 Two-way reinforced (or prestressed) concrete slab
Reinforced concrete slab or prestressed concrete slab with main force reinforcement or prestressed reinforcement in both directions
3.2. 9 Cap of reinforced concrete column
The part with enlarged cross-sectional size at the top of the concrete column to support the floor. 3.2.10 Concrete foundation
Concrete foundation
The concrete part that transfers various actions and self-weight borne by the upper structure to the foundation. It can be divided into extended foundation, shell foundation, box foundation and pile foundation, etc. 3.3 Material terminology
Cement
Finely ground cementitious material with hydraulic properties. 3.3.2 Aggregate
1—3—10
Granular loose material that acts as a skeleton or filler in concrete. It is divided into coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. Coarse aggregate includes pebbles, crushed stones, waste residue, etc., and fine aggregate includes medium and fine sand, fly ash, etc.
3.3.3Mixing water
Water used to mix concrete.
3.3.4 Admixture
General term for chemical preparations added to improve the rheological, hardening and durability properties of concrete. It can be divided into water reducer, early strength agent, retarder, air entraining agent, waterproof agent, quick setting agent, etc.
Normal concrete
Ordinary concrete Concrete made of natural sand, crushed stone or pebble as aggregate, cement, water and admixture (or no admixture) according to the mixing requirements. 3. 3. 6 Lightweight aggregate concrete Concrete made of natural porous lightweight aggregate or artificial ceramsite as coarse aggregate, natural sand or light sand as fine aggregate, silicate cement, water and admixture (or no admixture) according to the mixing ratio requirements.
3.3.7 Fiber concreteFiber concreteConcrete with short fibers such as steel fibers, alkali-resistant glass fibers or polypropylene fibers
3.3.8 Special concrete
Specified concreteConcrete with special properties such as expansion, acid resistance, alkali resistance, oil resistance, heat resistance, wear resistance and radiation resistance
3.3.9 Steel bar
Steel bar in the form of rods or wire rods used in concrete structures. Hot-rolled plain bat
3. 3. 9. 1
Hot-rolied plain bat
Steel bar with a flat surface and a round cross section that is formed by hot rolling and naturally cooled. Hot rolled ribbed bar hot rolled deformed bar:3.3.9.2
A bar that is formed by hot rolling and then cooled naturally and has two longitudinal ribs on its circumferential surface and uniformly distributed transverse ribs along its length. 3.3.9.3 Cold rolled ribbed bar cold-rolled deformed bar A bar that has its diameter reduced by cold rolling or cold drawing and has crescent-shaped transverse ribs rolled on its circumferential surface.
3.3.9.4 Cold drawn bar
cold drawn bar
A bar that has its yield strength increased by tensile strengthening of hot rolled round bars or hot rolled strip bars at room temperature.
Heat treated bar hear tempering bar3.3.9.5
A bar that has been subjected to quenching and tempering heat treatment of hot rolled ribbed bars. 3.3.10 Steel wire
stecl wire
Wire rod for concrete structures3.3.10.1
Round wire
Round wire.
High-quality carbon steel wire rod is quenched in an isothermal lead bath and then cold-drawn to form a steel wire.
3.3.10.2 Indented wireRound wire is drawn and regular indentations are pressed on its surface and then tempered to form a steel wire.
3.3.10.3 Cold drawn wireCold drawn wireThe hot-rolled wire rebar is cold-drawn at room temperature to reduce its diameter. 3.3.11 Strand
A coiled steel wire made by twisting several round steel wires and eliminating internal stress. 3.3.12 Ordinary steel bar General name for various non-prestressed steel bars used in concrete structural members. 3.3.13 Prestressed tendon General name for steel bars, steel wires and steel strands used to apply prestress in concrete structural members.
3.4 Terminology of material properties and component resistance
3.4.1 Strength classes (grades) of concrete
Strength levels divided according to the standard value of concrete cubic compressive strength. 3.4.2 Characteristic value
of cube concrete
compressive
strength
Basic representative value of concrete strength index in structural member design. The compressive strength obtained by the standard test method at the specified age through standard curing according to the concrete cube standard specimen is determined by the probability distribution of mathematical statistics according to the specified quantile.
3.4.3 Characteristic value of concrete compressive
strength
According to the axial compressive strength of the concrete prism standard specimen, it is determined according to the specified probability distribution quantile. Its value is expressed by the standard value of concrete cube compressive strength. And the influence of the difference between the strength of the structure and the standard specimen concrete is considered. 3.4.4 Characteristic value of concrete tensile strength
Characleristic value of con.crete tensile strength
According to the tensile strength of the concrete tension standard specimen or the converted concrete splitting tension specimen, it is determined according to the specified probability distribution quantile. Its value can be expressed by the standard value of concrete cube positive strength, and the influence of the difference between the strength of the structure and the standard specimen concrete is considered.
3.4. s modulus of elasticity of concrete The ratio of the specified compressive stress value obtained by standard test method based on the standard specimen of concrete prism to the corresponding compressive strain value. 3.4.6 shrinkage of concrete The phenomenon that the size of the component decreases with the passage of time during the physical and chemical process of the main solidification and hardening of concrete.
creep of concrete The increase in strain of concrete components under the action of long-term action over time. Carbonation of concrete3. 4. 8
The phenomenon that the alkalinity of concrete decreases due to the penetration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. When the carbonation depth exceeds the concrete cover, it causes corrosion of the steel bars and affects the durability of the concrete structure.
strength classes (grades) of ordinary steel bar strength grades
steel bar
Grades divided according to the standard values of the strength of ordinary steel bars. 3.4.10 Strength classes (grades) of prestressed tendon
Classes divided according to the standard value of prestressed tendon strength. 3.4.11 Characteristic value of strength of steel bar
Basic representative value of steel bar strength in structural member design. Determined according to the yield point or ultimate tensile strength specified in national standards. 3.4.12 Characteristic value of strength of steel wire
or strand
Basic representative value of steel wire and strand strength in structural member design. Determined according to the ultimate tensile strength specified in nati
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