GB/T 15706.1-1995 Basic concepts and general principles for mechanical safety Part 1: Basic terminology and methodology
Some standard content:
GB/T15706.1—1995
This standard is formulated based on ISO's Type 2 technical report ISO/TR12100—1:1992 "Safety of Machinery—Basic Concepts, General Design Principles Part 1: Basic Terms, Methodology", and is equivalent to it in terms of standard technical elements; in terms of overview elements, general elements and supplementary elements, the following changes have been made according to domestic conditions: 1. The foreword of EN292-2 has been deleted, because the foreword only states the drafting unit of the subject matter, and the introduction only explains the classification of European machinery safety standards and the relationship between various standards, which are not very relevant to the technical content of this standard, so they have been deleted. 2. All European standards and draft standards listed in the original "Referenced Standards" chapter have been deleted, because corresponding national standards will be formulated in succession for these standards and draft standards. Therefore, corresponding modifications have been made to the text descriptions of the places in the body of this standard that reference these standards or draft standards.
3. The original Appendix B \ "The alphabetical index of the terms used in EN292 in three countries (English, German and French)" has been deleted. ISO/TR12100-1:1992 is equivalent to the European standard EN292-1:1991, and has now been sent to ISO/TC199 member countries for trial use. According to the provisions of ISO Class 2 technical reports, a review will be conducted three years after the date of publication. If the review is passed, it will be converted into a formal ISO standard. If it fails, it will be extended for another three years and then reviewed again. If it fails again, the project will be withdrawn. This standard is under the general title of "Basic Concepts and General Design Principles for Machinery Safety", including the following two parts: Part 1: GB/T 15706.1—1995 Basic terminology, methodology Part 2: GB/T15706.2--1995 Technical principles and specifications Appendix A of this standard is a prompt appendix.
This standard shall come into effect on June 1, 1996. This standard is proposed by the Ministry of Machinery Industry.
This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Machinery Safety Standardization. The responsible drafting unit of this standard: Machinery Standardization Research Institute of the Ministry of Machinery Industry: Participating drafting units: Beijing No. 1 Machine Tool Plant, Dongfeng Motor Corporation.
The main drafters of this standard: Ma Xianzhi, Li Qin, Chen Yannan, Hu Tianxi, Wang Xingxian, Wang Yuanchao. 729
GB/T 15706. 1-1995
ISOForeword
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards organizations (ISO member organizations). The development of international standards is usually carried out by ISO technical committees. Each member organization has the right to submit a proposal to the committee if it is interested in the topics of the technical committee. International organizations, governments and non-governmental organizations can contact ISO and participate in its work. In all aspects of electrical standardization, ISO and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) work closely together. The main task of ISO technical committees is to develop international standards. In special circumstances, the technical committee may recommend the publication of one of the following types of technical reports:
Category 1: When it cannot be published as an international standard in the short term and it is necessary to persist and make repeated efforts; Category 2: When the project is still in the technical development stage Category 3: When a technical committee collects different types of data from publications that are regularly published as international standards (e.g. "Scientific Developments"). Category 1 and 2 technical reports are reviewed within three years of publication to determine whether they can be converted into international standards. Category 3 technical reports do not need to be reviewed until they are no longer valid or applicable. ISO/TC199 "Technical Committee on Safety of Machinery" in its 6th resolution of November 1991 has approved the content of the European standard EN292-1:1991 drafted by CEN/TC114, and further recommended that this European standard be published as an ISO Category 2 technical report, first implemented through ISO/IEC and promoted as widely as possible. This document is published as a series of Category 2 technical reports (according to Part 1 of the ISO/IEC Directives) as a "provisional future standard" in the field of machinery safety, because there is an urgent need for guidance on how to formulate machinery safety standards to meet the needs of unification. This document cannot be regarded as an international standard. It can only be provided for temporary application so that information and experience can be collected in actual use. Comments on the content of this document should be sent to the ISO Central Secretariat. The review of Type 2 technical reports should not be later than three years after publication, which can be extended for a further three years. They should be converted into international standards or withdrawn. ISO/TR12100, under the general title of "Safety of machinery - basic concepts, general principles for design", consists of the following two parts: Part 1: Basic terms, methodology
Part 2: Technical principles and specifications
Appendices A and B to this part of ISO/TR12100 are suggestive appendices. 730
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Basic concept of machinery safety and general principles for design
Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology
Safety of machinery-Basic concept,general principles for designPart 1: Basic terminology ,methodology1Scope
GB/T15706.1-1995
This standard gives the basic terms and definitions of machinery safety and specifies the general design methods for achieving machinery safety. This standard applies to the design of various types of mechanical products and also to the design of other technical products with similar hazards. 2 Referenced standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard by reference in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised, and parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. GB/T15706.2-1995 Basic concepts and general design rules for mechanical safety Part 2: Technical principles and specifications 3 Basic terms and definitions
This standard adopts the following definitions
3.1 Machinery (machine) machinery (machine) is composed of a number of parts and components, at least one of which is movable, and has appropriate machine actuation mechanisms, control and power systems, etc. Their combination has a certain application purpose, such as material processing, handling, handling or packaging. The term machinery also includes a combination of several machines that are arranged and controlled to perform their functions like a complete machine for the same application.
For a graphical representation of a machine, see Appendix A.
3.2 Reliability reliability
The ability of a machine, component or device to perform the required function without failure under specified conditions and within a specified period. 3.3 Maintainability of a machine The ability to carry out the required maintenance activities on a machine in accordance with the actual situation by adopting specific methods so that it can achieve or restore the functional state under the conditions of intended use (see 3.12).
3.4 Safety of a machine The ability of a machine to perform its functions under the conditions of intended use (see 3.12) specified in the instruction manual (sometimes within the period given in the instruction manual) and not cause damage or health hazards during transportation, installation, adjustment, maintenance, disassembly and handling. 3.5 Hazard
The origin of possible damage or health hazards.
Note: The word "hazard" is generally used in conjunction with other words to define its origin and the nature of its expected damage to the body or health hazards, such as electric shock hazard, crushing hazard, shearing hazard, entrapment hazard, etc. (See Chapter 4 for various hazards caused by machinery). 3.6 Hazardous situation Approved by the State Administration of Technical Supervision on September 22, 1995, and implemented on June 1, 1996
GB/T 15706. 1—1995
A situation that exposes people to one or more hazards. 3.7 Risk
The combination of the probability and degree of possible damage or harm to health in a hazardous situation. 3.8 Risk assessment A comprehensive assessment of the probability and degree of possible damage or harm to health in a hazardous situation in order to select appropriate safety measures. Note: For risk assessment, see Chapter 6.
3.9 Hazardous machine function A machine function that produces a hazard during operation. 3.10 danger zone an area in and/or around a machine that exposes people to risk of injury or health. NOTE The hazards that give rise to the risks envisaged in this definition may be present either permanently during the intended use of the machine (movement of dangerous moving parts, arcs during welding, etc.) or may occur unexpectedly (unexpected start-up, etc.). 3.11 design of a machine The design of a machine includes the following activities: a) Study of the machine itself, taking into account the following stages of its "life": 1) Manufacture. 2) Transport and commissioning: Assembly, installation; Adjustment. 3) Use: Setting, teaching/programming or process changeover; - Operation; - Cleaning, fault finding; Repair. 4) Taking out of service, disassembly and disposal from a safety point of view. b) Prepare instructions for the above aspects of the machine's life (except manufacturing) (see 5.5 of GB/T 15706.2-1995). 3.12 Intended use of a machine The reasonable use of a machine based on the information provided by the manufacturer or on its design, structure and function. The intended use shall be consistent with the technical description in the operating manual and due consideration shall be given to foreseeable misuse. Note: Regarding foreseeable misuse, the following behaviors should be paid special attention to in risk assessment: Foreseeable incorrect behavior is caused by general carelessness rather than intentional abuse of the machine; - Human reflex behavior in the case of malfunction, error, failure, etc. when the machine is in use; - Behavior caused by taking the least laborious method during operation Foreseeable behavior of some machines (especially machines used by non-professionals) and some people (such as children or people with no ability to work). 3.13 Safety functions 3.13.1 Safety critical functions Machine functions whose failure will immediately increase the risk of injury or health hazard. There are two main safety functions: bzxz.net
a) Safety-specific functions Safety-specific functions are main safety functions that are intended to achieve specific safety. For example: - Functions to prevent accidental start-up (interlocking devices used in conjunction with protective devices, etc.); - Single-cycle functions;
Two-hand operation functions, etc.
GB/T 15706. 1—1995
b) Safety-related functions Safety-related functions are main safety functions other than specific safety functions. For example: Manual control of dangerous mechanisms by bypassing (inhibiting) safety devices during setting; - Speed or temperature control that keeps the machine within safe operating limits. 3.13.2 Back-up safety functions Machine functions that do not immediately cause danger when a failure occurs, but will reduce the degree of safety. Particularly obvious is the automatic monitoring of a certain main safety function (such as the monitoring of the correct operation of limit switches belonging to interlocking devices). Note: See 3.7.6 of GB/T15706.2-1995. 3.14 Automatic monitoring Automatic monitoring Auxiliary safety function that ensures the activation of safety measures when the ability of a component or part to perform its function is impaired or when a change in processing conditions creates a danger.
Automatic monitoring is of the following two types:
Continuous automatic monitoring, with which safety measures can be activated immediately when a machine fails;
Non-continuous automatic monitoring, with which safety measures are activated during the next cycle when a machine fails. 3.15 Unexpected (or unintended) start-up A type of start-up that poses a risk to people due to its unpredictability. 3.16 Failure to danger A type of failure that produces a dangerous state in a machine or its power source. 3.17 Fail-safe condition (minimized failure to danger) An ideal state in which the safety function of a machine remains unchanged when the power source or a component of the machine fails. In practice, this state is achieved more closely when the effect of a fault on the safety function under consideration is reduced. 3.18 Risk reduction by design Safety measures include:
- Avoiding or reducing certain hazards as far as possible by appropriately selecting design structures; if hazards cannot be adequately avoided or reduced, limiting the exposure of operators to hazards by minimizing the need for operators to intervene in the danger zone.
Note: For detailed provisions on risk reduction by design, see Chapter 3 of GB/T15706.2--1995. 3.19 Safeguarding
Safety measures that use specific technical means called safety guards (protective devices, safety devices) to prevent people from being exposed to various hazards that cannot be properly avoided or adequately limited by design. Note: For relevant safety guards, see Chapter 4 of GB/T15706.2--1995. 3.20 Information for use Safety measures consisting of various communication links, such as text, signs, signals, symbols or diagrams, which can be used alone or in combination to convey information to users in order to guide professional and (or) non-professional users. Note: For information on use, see Chapter 5 of GB/T15706.2-1995. 3.21 Operator Personnel who installs, uses, adjusts, maintains, cleans, repairs or transports machinery. 3.22 Guard Part of a machine that is specifically designed to provide protection by means of physical obstacles. Depending on its structure, the guard can be a shell, cover, screen, door, closed guard, etc.
Note 1; The function of a guard can be:
Act alone and is effective only when it is closed: - Act in conjunction with an interlocking device with or without a guard lock, in which case the guard can ensure the protective function regardless of its position. Note 2: “Closed\” for fixed guards means “kept in place”. 733
3.22.1 Fixed guard fixed guard GB/T15706.1--1995
A guard that is kept in place (i.e. closed) in the following manner: - permanently fixed (such as welded, etc.);
- or fixed with fasteners (screws, bolts, etc.) and cannot be removed or opened without tools. 3.22.2 Movable guard movable guard A guard that is generally connected to the machine frame or adjacent fixed elements by mechanical means (such as hinges, slides) and can be opened without tools.
3.22.3 Adjustable guard adjustable guard A fixed or movable guard in which the entire device is adjustable or has an adjustable part. The adjustment part remains fixed during a specific operation. 3.22.4 Interlocking guard interlocking guard A protective device used in conjunction with an interlocking device (see 3.23.1), whereby: the dangerous machine functions “inhibited” by it cannot be executed before the guard is closed; when the dangerous machine functions are being executed, if the guard is opened, a stop command is given; when the guard is closed, the dangerous machine functions “inhibited” by it can be executed, but the guard closing itself cannot start their operation.
3.22.5 Interlocking guard with guard locking A protective device with an interlocking device (see 3.23.1) and a guard locking device, whereby: the dangerous machine functions “inhibited” by it cannot be executed before the guard is closed and locked; the guard remains closed and locked until the risk of injury from the dangerous machine functions has passed; when the guard is closed and locked, the dangerous machine functions “inhibited” by it can be executed, but the guard closing and locking itself cannot start their operation.
3.22.6 Controllable guard control guard A protective device with an interlock (with or without a guard lock) whereby: before the guard is closed, the "inhibited" dangerous machine function cannot be executed; when the guard is closed, the dangerous machine function begins to operate. 3.23 Safety device safetydevice
A single device or a device used in conjunction with a guard (not a guard) that eliminates or reduces a risk. 3.23.1 Interlocking device (interlock) Mechanical, electrical or other type of device that prevents machine parts from operating under certain conditions (generally as long as the guard is not closed). 3.23.2 Enabling (control) device An additional manual control device that is used with the starting control and can only operate the machine when it is continuously operated. 3.23.3 Hold-to-run control device A control device that can only start and keep the machine running when the manual control is actuated. When released, the manual control can automatically return to the stop position.
3.23.4 Two-hand control device A hold-to-run control device that requires at least two manual controls to be actuated simultaneously to start and keep the machine or its components in operation. This control device can provide a protective measure for the person operating the manual control. 3.23.5 Trip device A device that stops the machine or its parts (or ensures another safe state) when a person or a part of his body exceeds a safe limit.
Automatic stop devices can be:
a) Mechanically driven: such as trigger wire, retractable probe, pressure sensitive device, etc.; b) Non-mechanically driven: such as photoelectric device, capacitor device, ultrasonic device, etc. 734
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3.23.6 Mechanical restraint device A device that introduces mechanical obstacles (such as molds, pillars, struts, stop rods, etc.) into the mechanism to prevent certain dangerous movements (such as falling due to failure of the normal holding system of the hammer) by its own strength. 3.23.7 Limiting device A device that prevents the machine or machine elements from exceeding the design limits (such as space limits, pressure limits, etc.). 3.23.8 Limited movement control device A control device that only allows machine parts to move within a limited stroke. Before the control device has the next separation action, the machine parts cannot move further, which can minimize the risk as much as possible. 3.24 Deterring/impedeing device An object obstacle that does not completely prevent entry into the danger zone, but reduces the probability of entry into the danger zone by providing an obstacle to free entry. 4 Hazards caused by machinery
4.1 Overview
The purpose of this chapter is to identify and describe the various hazards that may be caused by machinery (according to their nature and the consequences caused by them) in order to simplify hazard analysis, especially when conducting:
machine design;
-when formulating relevant machinery safety standards;
risk assessment.
4.2 Mechanical hazards
Mechanical hazards are a general term for various physical factors that may cause harm due to the mechanical action of machine parts, tools, workpieces or splashing solid or fluid substances.
4.2.1 The basic forms of mechanical hazards are: - squeeze hazard,
-shear hazard;
-cutting or severing hazard;
-entanglement hazard!
- Hazard of inhalation or entrapment;
Hazard of impact
- Hazard of stabbing or puncturing,
Hazard of friction or wear;
Hazard of high-pressure fluid injection.
4.2.2 Mechanical hazards caused by machine parts (or workpieces) are conditional and are mainly caused by the following factors: Shape: cutting elements, sharp edges, angular parts, even if they are stationary; Relative position: The relative position of areas where extrusion, shearing, entanglement, etc. may occur when machine parts move; Mass and stability: Potential energy of parts that may move under the influence of gravity; - Mass and speed: Kinetic energy of parts in controllable or uncontrollable motion; Acceleration;
Insufficient mechanical strength: May cause dangerous fractures or ruptures; - Potential energy of elastic elements (springs) or potential energy of liquids or gases under pressure or vacuum, 4.2.3 Hazards of slipping, tipping and falling related to machinery should also be included in Article 4.2. 4.3 Electrical hazards
Hazards such as electric shock or burns. This type of hazard may cause injury or death. Electrical hazards may be caused by the following reasons: a) contact between the human body and the following elements:
live (voltage) parts (direct contact);
GB/T 15706-1—1995
parts that become live under fault conditions, especially live parts caused by insulation failure (direct contact). b) proximity of the human body to live parts, especially in the high voltage range. c) inadequate insulation for the intended conditions of use. d) electrostatic phenomena, such as contact between the human body and charged parts. e) thermal radiation or thermal phenomena, such as the spraying of molten particles, short circuits and overload chemical effects. It is also possible that a person falls due to shock (or falls due to the human body knocking over objects). 4.4 Thermal hazards
Thermal hazards may cause:
burns or scalds caused by contact with extremely high temperature objects or materials, flames or explosions and radiation from heat sources; - the health-damaging effects of overheated or overcooled working environments. 4.5 Noise Hazards
Noise may cause the following consequences:
-Permanent hearing loss;
-Tinnitus,
Fatigue, mental depression, etc.;
Other effects: such as loss of balance, loss of consciousness, etc.; interference with language communication and auditory signals, etc.
4.6 Vibration Hazards
Vibration may be transmitted to the whole body, especially the hands and arms (using handheld machinery). The most severe vibration (or less severe vibration for a long time) may produce serious physiological disorders (blood disorders, such as white fingers; nerve disorders; bone and joint disorders, low back pain and sciatica, etc.). 4.7 Radiation hazards
Radiation hazards are generated by various radiation sources and may be generated by ionizing or non-ionizing radiation: - low frequency;
- radio frequency and microwaves;
- infrared:
- visible light;
- ultraviolet rays,
- X-rays and rays:
- alpha, beta rays, electron beams or ion beams; neutrons.
4.8 Hazards from materials and substances
The various materials and substances processed, used or discharged by the machinery and the various materials used to construct the machinery may generate the following different hazards:
Hazards caused by contact with or inhalation of harmful, toxic, corrosive and (or) irritating liquids, gases, mists, fumes and dusts; - Fire and explosion hazards;
- Biological (such as mold) and microbiological (virus or bacteria) hazards. 4.9 Hazards arising from neglect of ergonomic principles in the design of machines The lack of coordination between machinery and human characteristics and capabilities may result in the following hazards: physiological effects, such as unhealthy postures, hazards caused by extreme or repeated force; psycho-physiological effects, hazards caused by excessive psychological burden or insufficient preparation, tension, etc. caused by operating, monitoring or maintaining the machine within the limits of its intended use (see 3.12); various human errors.
GB/T 15706. 1-1995
4.10 Combined hazards
Some single hazards seem insignificant, but when they are combined, they amount to serious hazards. 5 Countermeasures for selecting safety measures
Safety measures include measures at the design stage and measures that need to be supplemented by the user. In any case, the designer should follow the following sequence of work: specify the limitations of the machine (see 5.1); identify the hazards and assess the risks (see 5.2); eliminate the hazards or limit the risks to the maximum extent possible (see 5.3); design protective devices and/or safety devices (safety guards) for certain residual risks (see 5.4); inform and warn the user about certain residual risks (see 5.5); - consider certain additional precautions that may be necessary (see 5.6). NOTE The countermeasures recommended in this clause are iterative and it may sometimes be necessary to apply the procedure shown in Figure 11 several times in succession (separated by test phases) in order to obtain satisfactory results. This process should be carried out taking into account in order: the safety of the machine; the ability of the machine to perform its function and to be adjusted and maintained; the cost of manufacturing and using the machine. Certain measures that can be included in the design phase should take precedence over measures taken by the user (see Figure 2)2. It is the responsibility of the user to consider measures to minimize the residual risks: measures to reduce residual risks are not within the scope of this standard. In order to ensure the continued safe operation of the machine, the safety measures taken must make the machine easy to use without affecting its intended use. Failure to do so may result in the avoidance of safety measures in order to achieve the maximum effectiveness of the machine (see also 5.7.1). 5.1 Specification of machine limitations
The design of a machine (see 3.11) should start with the determination of the following limitations: - Usage limitations: determination of the intended use of the machine (see 3.12), etc. - Space limitations: range of motion of the machine, required installation space, relationship between "operator-machine" and "machine-power source", etc. - Time limitations: determination of the foreseeable "life limit" of the machine based on its intended use and/or certain of its components (tools, wearing parts, electrical devices, etc.).
5.2 Systematic evaluation of hazardous conditions (see 3.6) Having identified the hazards that may arise from the machine (see Chapter 4), the designer should try to foresee the hazardous conditions that may lead to injury and health hazards. To this end, the designer should consider: 5.2.1 Interaction between man and machine at various stages of the "life" (as listed in 3.11a). 5.2.2 Possible states of the machine:
a) The machine performs the intended function (the machine operates normally); Due to various reasons, the machine cannot perform the intended function (failure), which include: b)
Changes in the properties or dimensions of the processed material or workpiece; - Failure of one (or more) parts (components) or the use function of the machine; - External interference (such as impact, vibration, electromagnetic field); - Design error or defect (such as software error); Power source interference;
Adoption instructions:
17 The original standard is Table 2.
2) The original standard is Table 1.
GB/T15706.1—1995
- The operator loses control of the machine (especially hand-held machinery). 5.2.3 Foreseeable machine misuse may occur (see the example in 3.12). 5.3 Elimination of hazards or limitation of risks (risk reduction by design) This objective can be achieved by completely eliminating or minimizing, either separately or simultaneously, each of the two factors that determine the risk (see 6.2).
All technical measures that make it possible to achieve this objective belong to risk reduction by design (see Chapter 3 of GB/T 15706.2-1995).
5.4 Safety protection against hazards that cannot be avoided or adequately limited according to 5.3 (see Chapter 4 of GB/T 15706.2-1995). 5.5 Notice and warning to users about residual risks Notice and warning to users about residual risks are necessary. The so-called residual risks are those risks for which risk reduction by design and the use of safety protection techniques are ineffective or incompletely effective (see Chapter 5 of GB/T 15706.2-1995). The instructions for use and warnings should describe the procedures and operating modes intended to overcome the relevant hazards, indicate whether special training is required, and, if necessary, make provisions for personal protective equipment (see 5.1.1 and 5.1.3 of GB/T 15706.2--1995). 738
Determine the limits: intended use, space control, time limit Identify the hazards and evaluate all hazardous conditions, and select: 1. Machine relationship (see 5.2.1)
-Machine possible state (see 5.2.2)
Foreseeable misuse < 5.2.3]
After starting, for each hazardous state, follow the steps in 5.3 to 5.5 and the following solutions
It is avoidable
It can be reduced
Protection is feasible
*) "Is it sufficiently safe? \ Meaning:
Has the required safety level been achieved?
GB/T 15706. 1-1995
Reducing risks through design
Safety protection
(see Chapter 3 of GB/T 15076
Safety protection
(see Chapter 4 of GB/T 15076. 2
)
Use value information
(see Chapter 5 of GB/T 15076. 2-1995
)
In addition to the above, find the necessity and effectiveness of additional environmental protection measures when necessary
(see GB/T 15076.2--Chapter 3 of GB/T 15706.2--1995)
一 Is it certain that an equivalent level of safety cannot be obtained more easily?
一 Is it certain that the measures taken will not unduly reduce the ability of the machine to perform its function and/or will not create new unforeseen hazards or problems?
一 Are all operating conditions and adjustment procedures addressed? (See 5.7.1)
一 Are the various solutions compatible with each other?
一 Do these solutions endanger the working conditions of the operator?
1) Table 2 in the source standard and the title is placed at the top. 739
Risk reduction by design
(See Chapter 3 of GB/T 15706.2--1995)
GB/T 15706.1—1995
Specify safety measures taken by the designer
(not within the scope of this standard)
Safety protection
(see Chapter 4 of GB/T 15706. 2—1995)
Provide information on the use of personal protective equipment
(see Chapter 5 of GB/T 15706.2—1995)
Safety work procedures
Various work systems allowed
Safety measures taken by the user
(not within the scope of this standard)||t t||Figure 2 Responsibilities between the designer and the user
Additional precautions
(See Chapter 6 of GB/T 15706.2-1995)
5.6 Additional precautions
In this step, the designer should determine whether additional measures related to emergency situations or that may improve safety as an auxiliary effect of its basic functions are required. For example, making the machine easy to repair (maintainability) is also a safety factor. 5.7 Notes
5.7.1 The designer should determine the different machine operation modes and undesirable procedures for the operator as comprehensively as possible, and then select safety measures related to these modes and procedures to prevent the operator from adopting dangerous operation models and intervention techniques due to technical difficulties. 5.7.2 If the safety measures taken by the designer according to the above requirements cannot fully meet the basic safety requirements, this must be compensated by the user through safety training, setting safe work procedures, supervision, and establishing permitted work systems. These are not part of this standard. 5.7.3 The design of the machine (safety measures, including information, to be taken by the designer) should take into account in advance the fact that no prior training and/or guidance will be provided in the case of use by non-professionals (see 5.1.1 of GB/T 15706.2-1995). 6 Risk assessment
6.1 Overview
The purpose of this chapter is to reveal how and to what extent the process (usually based on experience) of designers to evaluate the risks in specific situations can be made more reasonable, in order to improve the selection of safety measures for each form of hazard. Note 1: It must be assumed that when a hazard exists on the machine, if safety measures are not taken, sooner or later it will lead to injury or harm to health. Note 2: The machine must be safe in the sense of 3.4 of this standard. However, absolute safety is impossible to achieve. The highest possible level of safety is achieved under the technological conditions considered.
The existing technological level is determined by the actual structure of the machine and various constraints related to its use (including cost constraints). Measures used to achieve safety goals are feasible according to the state of the technology at a specific time, but are no longer feasible when it is allowed to develop the next generation of safer machines or to design another safer machine for the same purpose.
Note 3: The concept of risk assessment is to help designers and safety engineers determine the most appropriate safety measures based on the existing technological level and the various constraints caused by it, so that the highest safety level can be achieved. Risk assessment based only on accident data indicating that accidents are rare or of a minor nature cannot be used to determine the necessary safety level of the machine. In particular, when there is no historical accident data, it is not allowed to make assumptions about low risk levels and it is not allowed to adopt lax safety measures. 7406) Systematic evaluation After identifying the various hazards that may be generated by the machine (see Chapter 4), the designer should try to foresee the various hazardous conditions that may lead to injury and health hazards. To this end, the designer should consider: 5.2.1 The interaction between man and machine at various stages of "life" (such as listed in 3.11a). 5.2.2 Possible states of the machine:
a) The machine performs the intended function (the machine operates normally); due to various reasons, the machine cannot perform the intended function (failure), these reasons include: b)
Changes in the properties or dimensions of the processed material or workpiece; - Failure of one (or more) parts (components) of the machine or its use function; - External interference (such as impact, vibration, electromagnetic field); - Design error or defect (such as software error); Power source interference;
Adoption instructions:
17 The original standard is Table 2.
2) The original standard is Table 1.
GB/T15706.1—1995
--Operator loses control of the machine (especially hand-held machines). 5.2.3 Foreseeable misuse of the machine may occur (see 3.12 for example). 5.3 Elimination of hazards or limitation of risks (risk reduction by design) This objective can be achieved by completely eliminating or minimizing, either separately or simultaneously, each of the two factors that determine the risk (see 6.2).
All technical measures that make it possible to achieve this objective belong to risk reduction by design (see clause 3 of GB/T15706.2-1995).
5.4 Safeguarding against hazards that cannot be avoided or adequately limited in accordance with 5.3 (see clause 4 of GB/T15706.2-1995). 5.5 Notice and warning to the user about residual risks Notice and warning to the user about residual risks are necessary. The so-called residual risks refer to those risks for which risk reduction by design and safety protection technology are ineffective or incompletely effective (see Chapter 5 of GB/T15706.2-1995). The instructions and warnings should state the procedures and operating modes for overcoming the relevant hazards, indicate whether special training is required, and, if necessary, specify personal protective equipment (see 5.1.1 and 5.1.3 of GB/T15706.2-1995). 738
Determine the limits: intended use, space control, time limit Identify the hazards and evaluate all hazardous conditions, and select: 1. Machine relationship (see 5.2.1)
-Machine possible state (see 5.2.2)
Foreseeable misuse < 5.2.3]
After starting, for each hazardous state, follow the steps in 5.3 to 5.5 and the following solutions
It is avoidable
It can be reduced
Protection is feasible
*) "Is it sufficiently safe? \ Meaning:
Has the required safety level been achieved?
GB/T 15706. 1-1995
Reducing risks through design
Safety protection
(see Chapter 3 of GB/T 15076
Safety protection
(see Chapter 4 of GB/T 15076. 2
)
Use value information
(see Chapter 5 of GB/T 15076. 2-1995
)
In addition to the above, find the necessity and effectiveness of additional environmental protection measures when necessary
(see GB/T 15076.2--Chapter 3 of GB/T 15706.2--1995)
一 Is it certain that an equivalent level of safety cannot be obtained more easily?
一 Is it certain that the measures taken will not unduly reduce the ability of the machine to perform its function and/or will not create new unforeseen hazards or problems?
一 Are all operating conditions and adjustment procedures addressed? (See 5.7.1)
一 Are the various solutions compatible with each other?
一 Do these solutions endanger the working conditions of the operator?
1) Table 2 in the source standard and the title is placed at the top. 739
Risk reduction by design
(See Chapter 3 of GB/T 15706.2--1995)
GB/T 15706.1—1995
Specify safety measures taken by the designer
(not within the scope of this standard)
Safety protection
(see Chapter 4 of GB/T 15706. 2—1995)
Provide information on the use of personal protective equipment
(see Chapter 5 of GB/T 15706.2—1995)
Safety work procedures
Various work systems allowed
Safety measures taken by the user
(not within the scope of this standard)||t t||Figure 2 Responsibilities between the designer and the user
Additional precautions
(See Chapter 6 of GB/T 15706.2-1995)
5.6 Additional precautions
In this step, the designer should determine whether additional measures related to emergency situations or that may improve safety as an auxiliary effect of its basic functions are required. For example, making the machine easy to repair (maintainability) is also a safety factor. 5.7 Notes
5.7.1 The designer should determine the different machine operation modes and undesirable procedures for the operator as comprehensively as possible, and then select safety measures related to these modes and procedures to prevent the operator from adopting dangerous operation models and intervention techniques due to technical difficulties. 5.7.2 If the safety measures taken by the designer according to the above requirements cannot fully meet the basic safety requirements, this must be compensated by the user through safety training, setting safe work procedures, supervision, and establishing permitted work systems. These are not part of this standard. 5.7.3 The design of the machine (safety measures, including information, to be taken by the designer) should take into account in advance the fact that no prior training and/or guidance will be provided in the case of use by non-professionals (see 5.1.1 of GB/T 15706.2-1995). 6 Risk assessment
6.1 Overview
The purpose of this clause is to reveal how and to what extent the process (usually based on experience) of designers to evaluate the risks in specific situations can be made more reasonable, in order to improve the selection of safety measures for each form of hazard. Note 1: It must be assumed that when a hazard exists on the machine, if safety measures are not taken, sooner or later it will lead to injury or harm to health. Note 2: The machine must be safe in the sense of 3.4 of this standard. However, absolute safety is impossible to achieve. The highest possible level of safety is achieved under the technological conditions considered.
The existing technological level is determined by the various constraints (including cost constraints) related to the actual structure and use of the machine. Measures used to achieve safety goals are feasible according to the state of the technology at a specific time, but are no longer feasible when it is allowed to develop the next generation of safer machines or to design another safer machine for the same purpose.
Note 3: The concept of risk assessment is to help designers and safety engineers determine the most appropriate safety measures based on the existing technological level and the various constraints caused by it, so that the highest safety level can be achieved. Risk assessment based only on accident data indicating that accidents are rare or of a minor nature cannot be used to determine the necessary safety level of the machine. In particular, when there is no historical accident data, it is not allowed to make assumptions about low risk levels and it is not allowed to adopt lax safety measures. 7406) Systematic evaluation After identifying the various hazards that may be generated by the machine (see Chapter 4), the designer should try to foresee the various hazardous conditions that may lead to injury and health hazards. To this end, the designer should consider: 5.2.1 The interaction between man and machine at various stages of "life" (such as listed in 3.11a). 5.2.2 Possible states of the machine:
a) The machine performs the intended function (the machine operates normally); due to various reasons, the machine cannot perform the intended function (failure), these reasons include: b)
Changes in the properties or dimensions of the processed material or workpiece; - Failure of one (or more) parts (components) of the machine or its use function; - External interference (such as impact, vibration, electromagnetic field); - Design error or defect (such as software error); Power source interference;
Adoption instructions:
17 The original standard is Table 2.
2) The original standard is Table 1.
GB/T15706.1—1995
--Operator loses control of the machine (especially hand-held machines). 5.2.3 Foreseeable misuse of the machine may occur (see 3.12 for example). 5.3 Elimination of hazards or limitation of risks (risk reduction by design) This objective can be achieved by completely eliminating or minimizing, either separately or simultaneously, each of the two factors that determine the risk (see 6.2).
All technical measures that make it possible to achieve this objective belong to risk reduction by design (see clause 3 of GB/T15706.2-1995).
5.4 Safeguarding against hazards that cannot be avoided or adequately limited in accordance with 5.3 (see clause 4 of GB/T15706.2-1995). 5.5 Notice and warning to the user about residual risks Notice and warning to the user about residual risks are necessary. The so-called residual risks refer to those risks for which risk reduction by design and safety protection technology are ineffective or incompletely effective (see Chapter 5 of GB/T15706.2-1995). The instructions and warnings should state the procedures and operating modes for overcoming the relevant hazards, indicate whether special training is required, and, if necessary, specify personal protective equipment (see 5.1.1 and 5.1.3 of GB/T15706.2-1995). 738
Determine the limits: intended use, space control, time limit Identify the hazards and evaluate all hazardous conditions, and select: 1. Machine relationship (see 5.2.1)
-Machine possible state (see 5.2.2)
Foreseeable misuse < 5.2.3]
After starting, for each hazardous state, follow the steps in 5.3 to 5.5 and the following solutions
It is avoidable
It can be reduced
Protection is feasible
*) "Is it sufficiently safe? \ Meaning:
Has the required safety level been achieved?
GB/T 15706. 1-1995
Reducing risks through design
Safety protection
(see Chapter 3 of GB/T 15076
Safety protection
(see Chapter 4 of GB/T 15076. 2
)
Use value information
(see Chapter 5 of GB/T 15076. 2-1995
)
In addition to the above, find the necessity and effectiveness of additional environmental protection measures when necessary
(see GB/T 15076.2--Chapter 3 of GB/T 15706.2--1995)
一 Is it certain that an equivalent level of safety cannot be obtained more easily?
一 Is it certain that the measures taken will not unduly reduce the ability of the machine to perform its function and/or will not create new unforeseen hazards or problems?
一 Are all operating conditions and adjustment procedures addressed? (See 5.7.1)
一 Are the various solutions compatible with each other?
一 Do these solutions endanger the working conditions of the operator?
1) Table 2 in the source standard and the title is placed at the top. 739
Risk reduction by design
(See Chapter 3 of GB/T 15706.2--1995)
GB/T 15706.1—1995
Specify safety measures taken by the designer
(not within the scope of this standard)
Safety protection
(see Chapter 4 of GB/T 15706. 2—1995)
Provide information on the use of personal protective equipment
(see Chapter 5 of GB/T 15706.2—1995)
Safety work procedures
Allowed various working systems
Safety measures taken by the user
(not within the scope of this standard)||t t||Figure 2 Responsibilities between the designer and the user
Additional precautions
(See Chapter 6 of GB/T 15706.2-1995)
5.6 Additional precautions
In this step, the designer should determine whether additional measures related to emergency situations or that may improve safety as an auxiliary effect of its basic functions are required. For example, making the machine easy to repair (maintainability) is also a safety factor. 5.7 Notes
5.7.1 The designer should determine the different machine operation modes and undesirable procedures for the operator as comprehensively as possible, and then select safety measures related to these modes and procedures to prevent the operator from adopting dangerous operation models and intervention techniques due to technical difficulties. 5.7.2 If the safety measures taken by the designer according to the above requirements cannot fully meet the basic safety requirements, this must be compensated by the user through safety training, setting safe work procedures, supervision, and establishing permitted work systems. These are not part of this standard. 5.7.3 The design of the machine (safety measures, including information, to be taken by the designer) should take into account in advance the fact that no prior training and/or guidance will be provided in the case of use by non-professionals (see 5.1.1 of GB/T 15706.2-1995). 6 Risk assessment
6.1 Overview
The purpose of this clause is to reveal how and to what extent the process (usually based on experience) of designers to evaluate the risks in specific situations can be made more reasonable, in order to improve the selection of safety measures for each form of hazard. Note 1: It must be assumed that when a hazard exists on the machine, if safety measures are not taken, sooner or later it will lead to injury or harm to health. Note 2: The machine must be safe in the sense of 3.4 of this standard. However, absolute safety is impossible to achieve. The highest possible level of safety is achieved under the technological conditions considered.
The existing technological level is determined by the various constraints (including cost constraints) related to the actual structure and use of the machine. Measures used to achieve safety goals are feasible according to the state of the technology at a specific time, but are no longer feasible when it is allowed to develop the next generation of safer machines or to design another safer machine for the same purpose.
Note 3: The concept of risk assessment is to help designers and safety engineers determine the most appropriate safety measures based on the existing technological level and the various constraints caused by it, so that the highest safety level can be achieved. Risk assessment based only on accident data indicating that accidents are rare or of a minor nature cannot be used to determine the necessary safety level of the machine. In particular, when there is no historical accident data, it is not allowed to make assumptions about low risk levels and it is not allowed to adopt lax safety measures. 7403 Foreseeable misuse of the machine may occur (see example in 3.12). 5.3 Elimination of hazards or limitation of risks (risk reduction by design) This objective can be achieved by completely eliminating or minimizing, either separately or simultaneously, each of the two factors that determine the risk (see 6.2).
All technical measures that make it possible to achieve this objective belong to risk reduction by design (see clause 3 of GB/T 15706.2-1995).
5.4 Safeguarding against hazards that cannot be avoided or adequately limited according to 5.3 (see clause 4 of GB/T 15706.2-1995). 5.5 Notice and warning to the user about residual risks Notice and warning to the user about residual risks are necessary. Residual risks are those risks for which risk reduction by design and the use of safety protection techniques are ineffective or incompletely effective (see clause 5 of GB/T 15706.2-1995). The instructions for use and warnings should describe the procedures and operating modes intended to overcome the relevant hazards, indicate whether special training is required, and, if necessary, make provisions for personal protective equipment (see 5.1.1 and 5.1.3 of GB/T 15706.2--1995). 738
Determine the limits: intended use, space control, time limit Identify the hazards and evaluate all hazardous conditions, and select: 1. Machine relationship (see 5.2.1)
-Machine possible state (see 5.2.2)
Foreseeable misuse < 5.2.3]
After starting, for each hazardous state, follow the steps in 5.3 to 5.5 and the following solutions
It is avoidable
It can be reduced
Protection is feasible
*) "Is it sufficiently safe? \ Meaning:
Has the required safety level been achieved?
GB/T 15706. 1-1995
Reducing risks through design
Safety protection
(see Chapter 3 of GB/T 15076
Safety protection
(see Chapter 4 of GB/T 15076. 2
)
Use value information
(see Chapter 5 of GB/T 15076. 2-1995
)
In addition to the above, find the necessity and effectiveness of additional environmental protection measures when necessary
(see GB/T 15076.2--Chapter 3 of GB/T 15706.2--1995)
一 Is it certain that an equivalent level of safety cannot be obtained more easily?
一 Is it certain that the measures taken will not unduly reduce the ability of the machine to perform its function and/or will not create new unforeseen hazards or problems?
一 Are all operating conditions and adjustment procedures addressed? (See 5.7.1)
一 Are the various solutions compatible with each other?
一 Do these solutions endanger the working conditions of the operator?
1) Table 2 in the source standard and the title is placed at the top. 739
Risk reduction by design
(See Chapter 3 of GB/T 15706.2--1995)
GB/T 15706.1—1995
Specify safety measures taken by the designer
(not within the scope of this standard)
Safety protection
(see Chapter 4 of GB/T 15706. 2—1995)
Provide information on the use of personal protective equipment
(see Chapter 5 of GB/T 15706.2—1995)
Safety work procedures
Various work systems allowed
Safety measures taken by the user
(not within the scope of this standard)||t t||Figure 2 Responsibilities between the designer and the user
Additional precautions
(See Chapter 6 of GB/T 15706.2-1995)
5.6 Additional precautions
In this step, the designer should determine whether additional measures related to emergency situations or that may improve safety as an auxiliary effect of its basic functions are required. For example, making the machine easy to repair (maintainability) is also a safety factor. 5.7 Notes
5.7.1 The designer should determine the different machine operation modes and undesirable procedures for the operator as comprehensively as possible, and then select safety measures related to these modes and procedures to prevent the operator from adopting dangerous operation models and intervention techniques due to technical difficulties. 5.7.2 If the safety measures taken by the designer according to the above requirements cannot fully meet the basic safety requirements, this must be compensated by the user through safety training, setting safe work procedures, supervision, and establishing permitted work systems. These are not part of this standard. 5.7.3 The design of the machine (safety measures, including information, to be taken by the designer) should take into account in advance the fact that no prior training and/or guidance will be provided in the case of use by non-professionals (see 5.1.1 of GB/T 15706.2-1995). 6 Risk assessment
6.1 Overview
The purpose of this clause is to reveal how and to what extent the process (usually based on experience) of designers to evaluate the risks in specific situations can be made more reasonable, in order to improve the selection of safety measures for each form of hazard. Note 1: It must be assumed that when a hazard exists on the machine, if safety measures are not taken, sooner or later it will lead to injury or harm to health. Note 2: The machine must be safe in the sense of 3.4 of this standard. However, absolute safety is impossible to achieve. The highest possible level of safety is achieved under the technological conditions considered.
The existing technological level is determined by the various constraints (including cost constraints) related to the actual structure and use of the machine. Measures used to achieve safety goals are feasible according to the state of the technology at a specific time, but are no longer feasible when it is allowed to develop the next generation of safer machines or to design another safer machine for the same purpose.
Note 3: The concept of risk assessment is to help designers and safety engineers determine the most appropriate safety measures based on the existing technological level and the various constraints caused by it, so that the highest safety level can be achieved. Risk assessment based only on accident data indicating that accidents are rare or of a minor nature cannot be used to determine the necessary safety level of the machine. In particular, when there is no historical accident data, it is not allowed to make assumptions about low risk levels and it is not allowed to adopt lax safety measures. 7403 Foreseeable misuse of the machine may occur (see example in 3.12). 5.3 Elimination of hazards or limitation of risks (risk reduction by design) This objective can be achieved by completely eliminating or minimizing, either separately or simultaneously, each of the two factors that determine the risk (see 6.2).
All technical measures that make it possible to achieve this objective belong to risk reduction by design (see clause 3 of GB/T 15706.2-1995).
5.4 Safeguarding against hazards that cannot be avoided or adequately limited according to 5.3 (see clause 4 of GB/T 15706.2-1995). 5.5 Notice and warning to the user about residual risks Notice and warning to the user about residual risks are necessary. Residual risks are those risks for which risk reduction by design and the use of safety protection techniques are ineffective or incompletely effective (see clause 5 of GB/T 15706.2-1995). The instructions for use and warnings should describe the procedures and operating modes intended to overcome the relevant hazards, indicate whether special training is required, and, if necessary, make provisions for personal protective equipment (see 5.1.1 and 5.1.3 of GB/T 15706.2--1995). 738
Determine the limits: intended use, space control, time limit Identify the hazards and evaluate all hazardous conditions, and select: 1. Machine relationship (see 5.2.1)
-Machine possible state (see 5.2.2)
Foreseeable misuse < 5.2.3]
After starting, for each hazardous state, follow the steps in 5.3 to 5.5 and the following solutions
It is avoidable
It can be reduced
Protection is feasible
*) "Is it sufficiently safe? \ Meaning:
Has the required safety level been achieved?
GB/T 15706. 1-1995
Reducing risks through design
Safety protection
(see Chapter 3 of GB/T 15076
Safety protection
(see Chapter 4 of GB/T 15076. 2
)
Use value information
(see Chapter 5 of GB/T 15076. 2-1995
)
In addition to the above, find the necessity and effectiveness of additional environmental protection measures when necessary
(see GB/T 15076.2--Chapter 3 of GB/T 15706.2--1995)
一 Is it certain that an equivalent level of safety cannot be obtained more easily?
一 Is it certain that the measures taken will not unduly reduce the ability of the machine to perform its function and/or will not create new unforeseen hazards or problems?
一 Are all operating conditions and adjustment procedures addressed? (See 5.7.1)
一 Are the various solutions compatible with each other?
一 Do these solutions endanger the working conditions of the operator?
1) Table 2 in the source standard and the title is placed at the top. 739
Risk reduction by design
(See Chapter 3 of GB/T 15706.2--1995)
GB/T 15706.1—1995
Specify safety measures taken by the designer
(not within the scope of this standard)
Safety protection
(see Chapter 4 of GB/T 15706. 2—1995)
Provide information on the use of personal protective equipment
(see Chapter 5 of GB/T 15706.2—1995)
Safety work procedures
Various work systems allowed
Safety measures taken by the user
(not within the scope of this standard)||t t||Figure 2 Responsibilities between the designer and the user
Additional precautions
(See Chapter 6 of GB/T 15706.2-1995)
5.6 Additional precautions
In this step, the designer should determine whether additional measures related to emergency situations or that may improve safety as an auxiliary effect of its basic functions are required. For example, making the machine easy to repair (maintainability) is also a safety factor. 5.7 Notes
5.7.1 The designer should determine the different machine operation modes and undesirable procedures for the operator as comprehensively as possible, and then select safety measures related to these modes and procedures to prevent the operator from adopting dangerous operation models and intervention techniques due to technical difficulties. 5.7.2 If the safety measures taken by the designer according to the above requirements cannot fully meet the basic safety requirements, this must be compensated by the user through safety training, setting safe work procedures, supervision, and establishing permitted work systems. These are not part of this standard. 5.7.3 The design of the machine (safety measures, including information, to be taken by the designer) should take into account in advance the fact that no prior training and/or guidance will be provided in the case of use by non-professionals (see 5.1.1 of GB/T 15706.2-1995). 6 Risk assessment
6.1 Overview
The purpose of this clause is to reveal how and to what extent the process (usually based on experience) of designers to evaluate the risks in specific situations can be made more reasonable, in order to improve the selection of safety measures for each form of hazard. Note 1: It must be assumed that when a hazard exists on the machine, if safety measures are not taken, sooner or later it will lead to injury or harm to health. Note 2: The machine must be safe in the sense of 3.4 of this standard. However, absolute safety is impossible to achieve. The highest possible level of safety is achieved under the technological conditions considered.
The existing technological level is determined by the various constraints (including cost constraints) related to the actual structure and use of the machine. Measures used to achieve safety goals are feasible according to the state of the technology at a specific time, but are no longer feasible when it is allowed to develop the next generation of safer machines or to design another safer machine for the same purpose.
Note 3: The concept of risk assessment is to help designers and safety engineers determine the most appropriate safety measures based on the existing technological level and the various constraints caused by it, so that the highest safety level can be achieved. Risk assessment based only on accident data indicating that accidents are rare or of a minor nature cannot be used to determine the necessary safety level of the machine. In particular, when there is no historical accident data, it is not allowed to make assumptions about low risk levels and it is not allowed to adopt lax safety measures. 7401-1995
Reducing risks through design
Safety protection
(see Chapter 3 of GB/T 15076
Safety protection
(see Chapter 4 of GB/T 15076. 2
)
Use value information
(see Chapter 5 of GB/T 15076. 2-1995
)
In addition to the above, find the necessity and effectiveness of additional environmental protection measures when necessary
(see GB/T 15076.2 - ——
Chapter 1)
- Is it certain that an equivalent level of safety cannot be obtained more easily? - Is it certain that the measures taken will not unduly reduce the ability of the machine to perform its function and/or will not create new unforeseen hazards or problems? Can all operating conditions and adjustment procedures be solved? (See 5.7.1) Are the various solutions compatible with each other? - Will these solutions not endanger the working conditions of the operator? Figure 11 Schematic diagram of the selection of safety measures in the design Explanation of the use:
1) Table 2 in the source standard, and the title is placed at the top. 739
Reduce risks by design
(See Chapter 3 of GB/T 15706.2--1995)
GB/T 15706.1—1995
Specify safety measures taken by the designer
(Scope of this standard)
Safety protection
(See GB/T 15706. 2—
—-1995
Chapter 4)
Provide
information
on||use
of||personal
protective||equipment||(See
Chapter 5
of||GB/T 15706.2—1995)
Safe||working||procedures
permitted
safe||measures
taken||by||the||user
(not within the scope of this standard)||t t||Figure 2 Responsibilities between the designer and the user
Additional precautions
(See Chapter 6 of GB/T 15706.2-1995)
5.6 Additional precautions
In this step, the designer should determine whether additional measures related to emergency situations or that may improve safety as an auxiliary effect of its basic functions are required. For example, making the machine easy to repair (maintainability) is also a safety factor. 5.7 Notes
5.7.1 The designer should determine the different machine operation modes and undesirable procedures for the operator as comprehensively as possible, and then select safety measures related to these modes and procedures to prevent the operator from adopting dangerous operation models and intervention techniques due to technical difficulties. 5.7.2 If the safety measures taken by the designer according to the above requirements cannot fully meet the basic safety requirements, this must be compensated by the user through safety training, setting safe work procedures, supervision, and establishing permitted work systems. These are not part of this standard. 5.7.3 The design of the machin
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