Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Terms for paper, board, pulp
Part 1
Paper, board, pulp terms (I) This standard explains the terms and vocabulary related to paper, board, pulp, their properties and processes. UDC 676.1/.8
GB 4687—84
This standard refers to the international standard ISO4046—1978 "Paper, board, pulp and related terms - Vocabulary". 1 Pulp - General terms
1.1 Pulp
Fiber material prepared for further processing (generally refers to that derived from natural plants). Note: The term "pulp" is commonly used in many industries. If there is no special explanation, when used in this standard, it only refers to pulp used for papermaking, regenerated cellulose fibers and films and related industries.
1.2 Papermaking pulp
Pulp (see 1.1) for the manufacture of paper (see 4.2) and paperboard (see 4.3). 1.3 Dissolving pulp
Pulp mainly for the manufacture of regenerated cellulose fibers and cellulose chemical derivatives (see 1.1). 1.4 Unbleached pulp
Pulp for papermaking that has not been specially treated to improve its brightness (see 1.2). 1.5 Semi-bleached pulp
Pulp (see 1.1) bleached to medium brightness (see 1.7 and 1.4). 1.6 Bleached pulp
Pulp (see 1.1) that has been bleached (see 2.4) to improve its brightness. 1.7 Fully bleached pulp
Pulp bleached to high brightness (see 1.4 and 1.5) (see 1.1). 1.8 Dry pulp
Pulp with moisture content close to air-dried pulp (see 1.10) (see 1.1). 1.9 Wet pulp
Pulp with moisture content much higher than air-dried pulp (see 1.8), generally refers to pulp that has only been mechanically dehydrated but not dried (see 1.1). 1.10 Air-dry pulp
1.10.1 Technically refers to pulp whose moisture content is in equilibrium with the surrounding environment (see 1.1). 1.10.2 Commercially refers to pulp with a specified moisture content agreed upon between supply and demand (see 1.1). Also known as the commercial specified dryness of pulp (see 1.12).
1.11 Air-dry mass (of pulp) The mass of pulp (see 1.1) when its moisture content is in equilibrium with the surrounding environment. 1.12 Theoretical commercial dryness (of pulp) The theoretical commercial dryness (of pulp) The commercially recognized dryness of pulp, generally 90%. Note: ① If the air-dryness of pulp is 90%, this pulp (see 1.1) contains 90 parts of absolute fiber and 10 parts of water. All are measured by mass. Issued by the National Bureau of Standards on September 29, 1984
Implemented on July 1, 1985
② Internationally, 88% is sometimes used as the commercial dryness. GB 4687-84
1.13 Saleable mass (of pulp) The gross weight multiplied by the absolute dryness, divided by the commercial dryness. 1.14 Invoiced mass (of pulp) The selling mass of pulp marked on the invoice by the supplier (see 1.13). 1.15 Pulp and paper contraries (pulp impurities in North America) Any material considered undesirable in pulp (see 1.1), paper stock (see 5.8), paper or paperboard. 1.16 Shives
The coarse part of the fibrous material present in pulp (see 1.1) or paper. 2 Pulping
2.1 Cooking
The treatment of plant fiber raw materials with water and chemicals. 2.2 Pulp cleaning
The removal of undesirable materials from pulp by physical methods such as gravity cleaning, centrifugal cleaning and through sieves and slits of a certain size. 2.3 Pulp screening
A method of purifying pulp. The separation of crude pulp into coarse residue and acceptable material by one or more screens (see 5.10). 2.4 Bleaching
The removal of colored matter from pulp or the change of pulp color to a certain extent, with the aim of improving the whiteness of pulp (see 4.31). 2.5 Fluorescent whitening The addition of an almost colorless substance to pulp (see 1.1), paper stock (see 5.8), surface sizing or coating, which can excite incident ultraviolet light into visible light, resulting in a significant improvement in the whiteness of paper and paperboard. NOTE: The term "optical bleaching" is not used. 2.6 Chip refining
The mechanical treatment of wood chips through a disc refiner to produce disc mechanical pulp (see 3.24). 2.7 Waste paper
Paper or paperboard that can be recovered and reused in papermaking after use or processing. 2.8 Sorting
2.8.1 Rags or waste paper are sorted by quality for use in paper or paperboard manufacturing. 2.8.2 Various plant fiber raw materials for papermaking are selected by quality or variety according to the requirements of the production process. 2.9 Black liquor
Waste liquor separated from the product of chemical pulp (usually kraft pulp or caustic soda pulping) after cooking (see 2.1). 2.10 Spent sulphite liquor (commonly known as red liquor) Spent sulphite liquor separated from the product of plant fiber cooking (see 2.1) after sulfite pulping. 2.11 Potcher, washer
-A kind of half-pulper (see 2.13). It can be used for washing and bleaching pulp (see 1.1). During washing, the washing drum is partially immersed in the pulp to continuously extract liquid.
2.12 Pulper
Equipment for breaking pulp board or paper.
2.13 Breaker, breaker beater Pulper with or without bottom knife and equipped with a blunt knife roller (see 2.12). Used to break pulp (see 1.1) board, waste paper, broken paper, rags, rags or other textiles into suspension. 19
3 Types of pulp
3.1 Wood pulp
Pulp obtained from wood (see 1.1).
3.2 Softwood pulp
Pulp obtained from softwood (see 1.1). 3.3 Hardwood pulp
Pulp obtained from hardwood (see 1.1). 3.4 Straw pulp
Pulp for papermaking made from rice or wheat straw (see 1.2). 3.5 Reed pulp
Pulp for papermaking made from reed straw (see 1.2). 3.6 Bagasse pulp
Pulp for papermaking made from sugarcane bagasse (see 1.2). 3.7 Amur silver gress pulpPulp for papermaking made from reed straw (see 1.2). 3.8 Miscanthus stalk pulp
Pulp for papermaking made from Miscanthus stalk (see 1.2). 3.9 Dragon beard grass pulp
Pulp for papermaking made from dragon beard grass (see 1.2). 3.10 Bamboo pulp
Pulp made from bamboo stems (see 1.1). 3.11 Rag pulp
GB4687--84
Pulp made from waste textiles or from waste cotton textiles (see 1.1). 3.12 Cotton pulp
Pulp made from cotton linters or waste cotton (see 1.1). 3.13 Flax, hemp, ramie pulp Pulp made from natural or waste flax, hemp, ramie (see 1.1). 3.14 Chemical pulp
Pulp made by removing a considerable portion of non-cellulose components from plant fiber raw materials by chemical treatment, such as cooking (see 2.1) (see 1.1), without the need for subsequent mechanical treatment to achieve fiber separation. 3.15 semi-chemical pulp Pulp (see 1.1) obtained by partially removing non-cellulose components from plant fiber raw materials by chemical treatment, such as cooking (see 2.1), and requiring subsequent mechanical treatment to achieve fiber separation. 3.16 sulphite pulp
Pulp (see 1.1) obtained by cooking plant fiber raw materials with a liquor mainly containing bisulfite (see 2.1). 3.17 neutral sulphite pulp Chemical pulp (see 3.14) obtained by cooking plant fiber raw materials with a liquor mainly containing neutral sulfite (see 2.1). 3.18 alkaline sulphite pulp Chemical pulp (see 3.14) obtained by cooking plant fibers with a liquor consisting of sodium sulfite and sodium hydroxide (see 2.1). 3.19 Sulphate pulp
Pulp (see 1.1) made by cooking plant fiber raw materials with a liquid mainly composed of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide (see 2.1). Note: ① The word "sulfate" is derived from the use of sodium sulfate as a supplementary source of sodium sulfide in the alkali recovery process. ② In a strictly technical sense, the word "kraft pulp" (see 3.20) is more restrictive than "sulfate pulp". In some old countries, this distinction is still maintained in 20
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business, but in many countries, the two words are still regarded as synonyms. 3.20 Kraft pulp
A high-strength unbleached sulfate pulp (see 3.19). Mainly used to make kraft paper or sack paper. 3.21 Soda pulp
Pulp made by cooking plant fiber raw materials with a liquid containing sodium hydroxide as the only active ingredient (see 1.1). 3.22 Mechanical pulp
Pulp for papermaking made from different plant fiber raw materials (mainly wood) completely by mechanical methods (see 1.2). 3.23 Brown mechanical pulp Brown stone-ground wood pulp made from steamed or boiled wood (see 3.26). 3.24 Refiner mechanical pulp Mechanical pulp made by treating plant fiber raw materials (mainly wood chips or sawdust) with a refiner (see 3.22). Note: The term "wood chip refiner pulp" is not used. 3.25 Thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP) Mechanical pulp made by treating plant fiber raw materials (mainly wood chips or sawdust) with a refiner under pressure or atmospheric pressure after wood chips are preheated by steam for a short time (see 3.22).
3.26 Groundwood pulp
Mechanical pulp made by grinding wood by means of an abrasive surface, such as a stone surface (see 3.22). 4 Paper and paperboard -
General terms
4.1 Broke
Paper and paperboard discarded at any stage in the papermaking process, usually for re-pulping. There are two types of broken paper: 4.1.1 Wet broke
Break in the wet end of the paper machine.
4.1.2 Dry broke
Break in the dry end of the paper machine, including the paper edges from the slitting and cutting operations (see 5.6) and the paper or paperboard discarded during reeling, rewinding and paper selection.
4.2 Paper
A uniform sheet (excluding paperboard) made by depositing vegetable, mineral, animal, chemical or a mixture of these fibers from a suspension onto a suitable forming device and drying. Note: ① In a broad sense, the term "paper" can be used to describe paper and paperboard as defined in 4.2 and 4.3 respectively. ② Generally, paper with a basis weight of less than 225 g/m2 is considered paper, and paperboard with a basis weight of 225 g/m2 or more is considered paperboard, but the distinction between paper and paperboard is mainly based on its characteristics and sometimes on its use. Many paperboards with a basis weight of less than 225 g/m2, such as certain folding boxboards, are usually called paperboards; while many paperboards with a basis weight of more than 225 g/m2, such as blotting paper and drawing paper, are usually called "paper". ③ "Nonwoven fabrics" will constitute another separate meaning. 4.3 Paperboard (paper board) A general term for certain papers (see 4.2) with relatively high stiffness. 4.4 Machine direction
The direction of the paper web (see 4.9) that is consistent with the running direction of the paper or board machine. 4.5 Cross direction
The direction perpendicular to the machine direction (see 4.4).
4.6 Top side
The side of the paper or board that is not in contact with the forming wire during forming. Note: This name does not apply to twin-wire paper machines. Wire side
4.7 Wire side
GB 4687-84
The side of the paper or board that is in contact with the forming wire during forming. Note: This name does not apply to twin-wire paper machines. 4.8 Formation
The process by which fibers are dispersed, arranged and interwoven into paper (see 7.9). 4.9 Web
The continuous length of paper or board during manufacturing or processing. 4.10 Reel (of paper or board) Paper or board wound on a core.
Note: In some countries roll is also called reel. 4.11 width (of a reel or roll of paper or board) The dimension of the width (see 4.9) of paper or board measured in the transverse direction (see 4.5). 4.12 length (of a reel or roll of paper or board) The length of a reel or roll of paper or board, usually expressed in metres. 4.13 sheet (of a paper or board) Usually a rectangular sheet of paper or board. 4.14 outturn sheet
A sheet of paper (or board) taken out during manufacture and used as a reference. 4.15 side-run
Usually narrow, but wide enough for uses other than repulping. This is a roll of paper or board that is intentionally produced by the producer to make full use of the width of the paper machine (see 5.68) and is narrower than the specified standard. 4.16 offcut
the portion of a paper or board sheet smaller than a specified size, except for return copying (see 4.13). 4.17 composition (of paper or board) the nature and proportions of the fibrous and non-fibrous components of paper or board. 4.18 fiber composition the proportions of the various fibrous materials in paper or board, usually expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the fibrous materials. 4.19 furnish
the fibrous and non-fibrous materials and their proportions in the stock (see 5.8) for use on the web. 4.20 furnish layer
a layer of paper or board consisting of one or more wet webs of the same furnish (see 4.19) bonded together by pressure without the use of adhesives. 4.21 ply (of paper or board) composition (see 4.17) - a uniform web of fibers formed on the web of a paper or board machine. 4.22 Underliner (of board) A ply (see 4.20) between a ply and a middle ply (see 4.23). 4.23 Middle (of board) A ply (see 4.20) between two plies, or two sub-plies (see 4.22), or a sub-ply and the opposite ply (see 4.20).
4.24 Recto
Of a book: The right-hand page of an open book is the recto, the next page is the verso. Also applies to newspapers, etc. 4.24.1
4.24.2 Postal documents: The side on which the name and address of the recipient are written is the recto. 4.24.3 Processed paper: When a processed sheet is used, the first side is the recto. The term "processed" refers to processing by, for example, a printer or publisher. 4.24.4 Board: The side with the better appearance is the recto. 4.25 Verso (or left page)
The side opposite to the obverse (see 4.24). GB 4687—84
4.26 Linting, dusting, fluffing Mainly composed of single fibers, fillers or sizing particles, or very small aggregates of these substances falling off the surface of paper or paperboard during the printing process, or some fibers forming loose bonds on the surface of the paper. 4.27 Picking
The rupture of the surface of paper or paperboard that occurs during the papermaking or printing process when the external pulling force applied to the paper surface is greater than the cohesive force of the paper or paperboard.
4.28 White
4.28.1 Applied to radiation from a primary light source: radiation with characteristics close to those of daylight. 4.28.2 Applied to objects: diffuse reflectors that do not absorb the visible spectrum. The extended definition refers to a relatively opaque body that can highly diffusely and evenly reflect all wavelengths of the visible spectrum. 4.28.3 Applied to the visual range: any sensation comparable to the visual sensation caused by a white primary light source or the reflected light of a white object illuminated by white light.
4.29 Black black
4.29.1 Applied to objects: A completely black object is one that absorbs all incident light and reflects none of it. The extended definition is one that absorbs indiscriminately and in a high proportion of all the radiation that strikes it. 4.29.2 Applied to the visual range: No light perception exists because the stimulus is below the limit of vision. 4.30 Size (of a sheet) The size of a sheet of paper or board (see 4.13) expressed in terms of width and length, with the narrower side being the width. 4.31 Untrimmed size The size of a sheet (see 4.13) of paper or board sufficient to give the required trimmed size (see 4.32). 4.32 Trimmed size
The finished size of a sheet (see 4.13) of paper or board. 4.33 Paper or board in the flat Commercial paper or board without folds, overlaps, or curls. 4.34 ream
500 identical sheets of paper (see 4.13). Note: Internationally, there are also 480 sheets as one ream. 4.35 quire
One twentieth of the ISO standard ream (see 4.34), i.e. 25 sheets of paper. In my country, the number of sheets per quire varies depending on the type of paper. 5 Papermaking
5.1 filler
Fine pigments, usually white minerals, added to paper stock (see 5.8) during the manufacture of paper or paperboard. 5.2 papermakers alum or alumAlum is a term for different grades of aluminum sulfate used in papermaking. Alum is a complex salt of aluminum sulfate and potassium sulfate. 5.3 slip
Suspension containing pigments.
5.4 Clay slip
A slip with kaolin as pigment and water as liquid (see 5.3). Note: The term white clay or porcelain clay is not used for kaolin. 5.5 Coating slip
A suspension containing pigment (usually fine white minerals) and adhesive (see 5.3). Other additives may also be present, such as dyes, dispersants, viscosity regulators, etc. This slip is used for coating the surface of paper or paperboard. 23
5.6 Trimmings
GB 4687--84
In the paper cutting process, the part of paper or paperboard that is removed except for the part that can be used as small cut paper (see 4.16). 5.7 Waste paper contraries or impurities Any material in waste paper or waste board (see 2.7) that is harmful to the manufacture of paper or board, or that may damage the papermaking equipment, or cause difficulties in re-pulping. 5.8 Stock
A suspension of one or more papermaking pulps (see 1.2) and other materials from the pulping stage to the formation of paper or board web (or sheet). 5.9 Accepted stock
That part of paper stock (see 5.8) that is not removed by purification (see 5.15) and/or screening (see 2.3). Note: It can also refer to "accepted stock" (see 5.10). 5.10 Accepted stock
A general term for any material that is not removed by purification (see 5.15) and screening (see 2.3). 5.11 free stock
stock in which the water in suspension readily separates when drained under gravity (see 5.8). This property of any given stock may be measured and expressed numerically as drainage (see 7.25) or freeness (7.26). 5.12 wet stock
stock in which the water in suspension readily separates when drained under gravity (see 5.8). This property of any given stock may be measured and expressed numerically as drainage (see 7.25) or freeness (see 7.26). 5.13 stock preparation the general term for all treatments of a stock (see 5.8) before it reaches the paper machine. 5.14 slushing
the operation of breaking up pulp or paper in water to produce a suspension of fibers. 5.15 Stock cleaning
The process of removing unwanted impurities from stock (see 5.8) by physical means, e.g. by gravity, centrifugation or by passing through holes or slots of suitable size.
5.16 Beating or refining The mechanical treatment of fibrous material in a beater (see 5.54) or refiner (see 5.53). 5.16.1 Beating: The treatment of stock (see 5.8) by a beater (see 5.54). 5.16.2 Refining: The treatment of stock (see 5.8) by a refiner (see 5.53). 5.17 Fibrillation
The partial breaking of fibres and the production of microfibres by suitable mechanical treatment, e.g. beating (see 5.16). 5.18 sizing
addition of sizing to the paper stock (see 5.8) or application to the surface of the paper or paperboard (surface sizing) in order to improve the surface strength of the paper or paperboard and to improve its ability to resist the diffusion and penetration of aqueous liquids (e.g. writing inks). 5.19 calendering
the operation of passing a paper or paperboard having a certain moisture content through a calender (see 5.74) in order to finish (see 7.1) its surface. This operation can control the thickness of the paper to a certain extent. 5.20 re-reeling
the operation of winding up a paper web on a reel (see 4.9). 5.21 reel-up
the operation of continuously winding up a paper web on a metal reel at the end of a paper machine (see 4.9). 5.22 glazing
the operation of giving a gloss to paper or paperboard by suitable drying methods or mechanical finishing processes. 5.23 Creping wwW.bzxz.Net
GB 4687—84
The operation of producing wrinkles on paper in order to improve its stretch and softness. 5.24 Off-machine creping Wet creping performed as a separate operation (see 5.101). 5.25 On-machine creping Wet or dry creping performed on a paper machine (see 5.100). 5.26 Surface application Any operation performed by applying a suitable material to the surface of paper or paperboard to produce some change in its properties. 5.27 Air-drying
A method used to dry paper. Air-drying of paper sheets (see 4.13) is usually carried out by contact with free-flowing air. Air-drying of paper webs (see 4.9) is usually carried out by contact with hot air in a drying chamber. 5.28 supercalendering calendering (see 5.19) on a supercalender (see 5.78) to produce a high degree of smoothness, density and gloss on paper. 5.29 friction glazing the process of producing a gloss on the surface of paper or paperboard, usually coated (see 5.41), using a friction calender (see 5.79). 5.30 plate glazing the process of producing a smooth and glossy surface on a paper or paperboard using a plate calender (see 5.80). 5.31 splicing the process of joining a web (see 5.97). 5.32 slitting the process of joining a web (see 4.9) (or paperboard web) is divided longitudinally into two or more narrower webs. 5.33 guillotining
cutting one or more sheets (see 4.13) of paper or paperboard with a knife. 5.34 guillotine trimming the operation of cutting off the edge of a stack of paper or paperboard to produce sheets (see 4.13) with clean edges, accurate angles and specific dimensions.
5.35 cutting
cutting a web (see 4.9) into sheets (see 4.13) in the transverse direction (see 4.5). 5.36 squaring
cutting paper or paperboard into sheets of the required size with clean edges and four 90° angles (see 5.34). 5.37 angle cutting
specially for the manufacture of envelopes, etc., cutting paper or paperboard into sheets of the required size with clean edges and no 90° angles. 5.38 Sorting
The operation of checking paper or board one by one and removing defective ones. 5.39 Conditioning of paper or board The operation of bringing the moisture and temperature of paper or board into equilibrium with the given surrounding environment. 5.40 Maturing
The favorable evolution of the properties of paper or board when stored under suitable conditions. 5.41 Coating
The operation of applying a coating (see 5.5) or other fluid material to the surface of paper or board. 5.42 Blade coating: A continuous coating method. After the surface of the paper or board web is coated with the coating (see 5.5), a thin metal scraper is immediately pressed against the coating surface with a backing roller to control the coating amount. 5.43 Roll coating
A continuous coating method. The coating is directly applied to the surface of paper or paperboard through a coating roller with coating (see 5.5) on its surface. The coating roller can rotate in the same direction as the running direction of the paper web or in the opposite direction (reverse roller). 5.44 Gravure coating One of the roller coating methods. The coating is supplied to the coating roller by (or including) a metal roller with small and dense grooves. 5.45 Size press coating A continuous coating method. The coating (see 5.5) is introduced into the nip of two vertical, horizontal or inclined rollers (size press) (see 5.73), and a light amount of coating is applied when the paper and paperboard web passes through the nip. 5.46 Brush coating
A continuous coating method. After the surface of paper or paperboard is coated with coating (see 5.5), the coating is evenly distributed and smoothed by some fixed brushes and some brushes that swing transversely to the paper web. 5.47 Air knife coating A type of roll coating method. After the surface of the paper or paperboard is coated with coating (see 5.5), the excess coating is smoothed and removed by a uniform compressed air flow, which is ejected from a narrow slit arranged transversely on the coating surface of the back roll. 5.48 Smoothing roll coating A continuous coating method. After the surface of paper or paperboard is coated with coating (see 5.5), it is smoothed by some small diameter rolls running in the opposite direction of the paper web. 5.49 Extrusion coating A method of continuously coating paper or paperboard with resin, plastic or similar compounds. The coating is extruded through an extruder located in the nip between the support roll and the cold iron roll and applied to the paper or paperboard. It is usually called extrusion lamination in China. 5.50 Dip coating
A continuous coating process. The paper or paperboard web passes over a roller immersed in a pan containing a suitable material (sometimes a coating, see 5.5). The roller is partially immersed in single-sided coating and fully immersed in double-sided coating. 5.51 Curtain coating A coating process in which the paper or paperboard passes through a chamber through which the coating stream is ejected through a narrow transverse slit provided at the top. 5.52 Hot melt coating A coating process in which solid waxes, resins, polymers or mixtures thereof are heated to a fluid state and applied to a substrate by means of, for example, roll, gravure and extrusion coating and subsequent cooling. 5.53. Refiner
Equipment for treating fibrous material in an aqueous medium to give it the desired properties for paper and pulp. It is usually equipped with a disc or a cone and a housing.
Note: In a refiner this treatment is usually a continuous operation. 5.54 Beater
Equipment for treating fibrous material in an aqueous medium to give it the properties required for paper. It is usually equipped with a bottom knife and a flying knife roll. Note: In a beater this treatment is usually an intermittent operation. 5.55 Sandtable or riffler Grooves or troughs through which a suspension of very thin stock (see 5.8) flows. The heavier impurities are removed from the suspension by gravity. These grooves or troughs are sometimes equipped with appropriately arranged baffles immersed in water. 5.56 Fourdrinier machine Machine in which the stock (see 5.8) is dewatered and formed into a paper or board web (see 4.9) on a Fourdrinier former (see 5.58) and then pressed and dried.
5.57 Vat machine, cylinder machine A board or paper machine. It is composed of one or several round mesh cylinders connected in series. The paper material (see 5.8) is drained through the net on the surface of the round mesh cylinder and forms a paper web (see 4.9) on the net. Then the wet paper web is transferred to the felt cloth pressed on the round mesh cylinder and led to the press section. When multiple round mesh cylinders are used, the wet paper web is composed of multiple layers. 5.58 Fourdrinier former, fourdrinier table, fourdrinier wire part
GB 4687-84
A component of a paper machine or a board machine. It consists of an endless belt-shaped net (usually made of metal wire or synthetic fiber). The upper part forms a flat surface on which the paper web is formed and partially dehydrated. 5.59 Couch
The roller at that part when the wet paper web (see 4.9) leaves the net (see 5.58 and 5.57) that formed it. 5.60 Deckle frame
A movable frame mounted on the screen to prevent the stock (see 5.8) from overflowing when making handmade paper. 5.61 Deckle boards
A fixed device that blocks the stock (see 5.8) on the screen during the initial dewatering process. This device can be adjusted laterally to allow the Fourdrinier former (see 5.58) to obtain the required paper width (see 4.9). 5.62 Deckle straps
A rectangular endless belt that rotates with the Fourdrinier paper machine's net and has the same function as the deckle (see 5.61). 5.63 Deckle of suction box A device installed inside the vacuum box to limit the suction area to a given width of wet paper (see 4.9). It can be adjusted laterally to correspond to a given width of wet paper. 5.64 Edge cutters
A device consisting of two water jets installed in front of a paper machine or paper machine couch roll. It can be adjusted transversely and cuts the wet paper web in the direction of the wire (see 4.9), thereby controlling its width and obtaining a relatively neat edge. 5.65 Machine deckle The width of the wet paper web when it leaves the forming zone.
5.66 Maximum deckle The maximum width that the wet paper web can reach when it leaves the forming zone. 5.67 Untrimmed machine width The width of paper or paperboard that can be produced on a given paper machine, measured when the paper machine is reeled up at the end. 5.68 Machine fill
The nameplate width of a paper or paperboard machine. This width should be close to the maximum finished width of the paper machine (see 5.69). 5.69 Maximum trimmed machine width The maximum finished width of a paper or paperboard web that can be produced on a given paper machine. This width is determined after removing the minimum amount of trim to obtain a clean edge.
5.70 Wet press
A combination of two or more rolls with different surface properties, used to squeeze water out of a wet paper web and to compact the paper web. The wet press is located between the wire section and the drying section of the paper machine.
5.71 Smoothing press
Located at the end of the press section of the paper machine, it consists of two rolls with smooth surfaces. When the paper or paperboard web is not backed by a felt cloth, the surface marks of the felt cloth can be removed by smoothing the press, thereby smoothing the paper surface. 5.72 Marking press
Located in the press section of the paper machine, a rubber-covered roll with a protruding or concave pattern is used together with a press roll to produce a rubber roll impression (see 5.83) on the paper web (see 4.9).
5.73 Size press
Located between two sets of drying cylinders. A paper web (see 4.9) which has reached a certain dryness is passed through the nip of two contacting rotating rolls to apply a flat layer of sizing (see 5.18), coating (see 5.5 and 5.45) or other surface coating (see 5.26). 5.74 Calender
A calender consisting of a number of rolls stacked together, only one of which is the active roll. It is used to smooth or otherwise finish the paper. 5.75 Machine stack
A calender located at the end of a paper or board machine whose rolls are all made of metal (see 5.74). 27
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5.76 Intermittent board machine, wet lap machine A machine for forming board sheets (see 4.13). It consists of a Fourdrinier former or of one or more round wire cages and wire grooves. The wet paper web (see 4.9) is wound around a drum to form a continuous multi-layer board. When the required thickness is reached, the board sheets are cut and peeled from the drum.
5.77 wire mould
A frame with a fine mesh fixed on it, through which the paper stock can drain when making paper by hand. 5.78 supercalender A special type of calender consisting of a number of metal rolls that can be heated and cooled and paper rolls that overlap alternately. The number of rolls is usually greater than that of a paper machine calender (see 5.75), so that the finished paper can obtain a high degree of finish. 5.79 friction glazing calender A special type of calender consisting of a compressible non-metallic roll and a finer metal roll (see 5.74). Its transmission device enables the finer metal roll to have a higher linear speed. 5.80 plate glazing calender a special type of calender (see 5.74) consisting of two cast iron rolls between which a stack of sheets of paper or paperboard is passed back and forth, sandwiched between a sheet of usually polished metal material. 5.81 thickness calender a calender (see 5.74) consisting of two cast iron rolls with an adjustable gap, which imparts a predetermined thickness to paper or paperboard. 5.82 watermark
intentionally made pattern or impression on paper visible to the light, produced by displacement of fibres. Displacement of fibres may be caused by raised or recessed patterns on a screen or cylinder, or by the use of raised or recessed patterns on the surface of a watermark roll rotating in contact with the wet stock on the Fourdrinier wire.
5.83 rubber mark
impression of wet paper by engraving and pressing (see 5.72). 5.84 simulated watermark Impressions similar to watermarks (see 5.82) are produced on paper by mechanical means or by applying appropriate materials. 5.85 laidlines
consist of substantially parallel and continuous strips of watermarks (see 5.82). 5.86 crushing
A paper defect. When a formed wet paper web (see 4.9) is pressed, the structure of the wet paper web is destroyed due to too high a moisture content or poor local dehydration, and is subjected to inappropriately high pressure, and condenses into obvious local block defects on the paper. 5.87 blister
Bubbles are produced by the rapid evaporation of water in the paper sheet, causing visible local deformation of the paper surface or coating. 5.88 blow
Air pockets existing between two layers of ingredients or layers. 5.89 curl
Deformation of a sheet (see 4.13) of paper or paperboard tending to curl up on itself over its entire surface. 5.90 cockle
Deformation of the paper surface which results from uneven shrinkage. 5.91 cockle finish Deliberate process of producing cockle in a web of paper as it is dried in a relaxed (see 6.56) condition due to uneven shrinkage. 5.92 wave, wawiness
Deformation of the paper or paperboard which occurs in a direction generally transverse to the direction of curvature (see 4.5) and which occurs usually at the edges of the web. 5.93 flatness
Condition of paper or paperboard which is free from curl (see 5.89), cockle (see 5.90), or wawiness (see 5.92). 28
5.94 Offshade
GB 4687-84
Term applied to the color difference of paper or paperboard in the same batch whose lightness and shade of color do not conform to the agreed sample. 5.95 Two-sidedness
The difference in surface properties or color between the two sides of paper or paperboard. 5.96 Blackening Blackening is a grayish-looking mark usually produced by partial overwetting of paper during calendering (see 5.74, 5.86). 5.97 Splice
The operation of bonding paper or paperboard webs in the transverse direction (see 4.5) with adhesive or tape to obtain rolls of required specifications, or to connect the end of one roll to the beginning of another roll. 5.98 pasting
the operation of bonding sheets (see 4.13) (or webs, see 4.9) of paper, paperboard or other material together by means of a suitable adhesive. 5.99 gumming
the operation of applying a suitable adhesive to the surface or part of the surface of paper or paperboard. 5.100 dry creping
the creping (see 5.23) of a dry paper web carried out in a paper machine (see 5.25). 5.101 wet creping
the creping (see 5.23) of a wet or partially dry paper web carried out in a paper machine (see 5.25) or outside a paper machine (see 5.24). 5.102 micro-creping micro-creping Process by which a paper web (see 4.9) is passed between a roller and an endless rubber belt, thereby causing the paper surface to contract and become highly extensible. The rubber belt is stretched just before the point of contact with the paper web and returns to its normal state as the web passes through the contact area between roller and rubber belt. Micro-creping can also be accomplished between a set of rollers (two or more) with different linear speeds. NOTE This term should not be confused with creping (see 5.23). 6 Types of paper and paperboard—converted papers 6.1 Light-weight papers Paper with a low basis weight (see 7.3), generally less than 40 g/m2. 6.2 Air-dried paper Paper that has been dried (see 5.27) by exposure to air. 6.3 Wet strength paper Paper that has been specially treated to prevent the paper from losing strength when wet (e.g. by adding a wet strength agent to the pulp). 6.4 Ashless paper
Paper that leaves negligible residue after complete combustion. 6.5 Acid-free paper
Paper that does not contain any free acid in principle. 6.6 Paper or board without finish Paper or board with a rough appearance on both sides. Note: This term implies that the paper or board has not been subjected to any finishing treatment such as a paper machine calender (see 5.75). 6.7 Two-layer paper or board Paper or board made by bonding two wet paper webs of different furnish layers (see 4.20) together during the papermaking process without using an adhesive. 6.8 Three-layer paper or board Three-layer paper or board Paper or board made by bonding three layers of wet paper (see 4.20) together without adhesive during the papermaking process. The two surface layers can be of the same composition.
6.9 Multi-layer paper or board 29
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