Some standard content:
ICS_01.020
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T 18291—2000
Mongolian terminology work-Principles and methods
Mongolian terminology work-Principles and methods2000-12-11Promulgated
Implementation on 2001-07-01
Promulgated by the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision
GB/T18291-2000
Cited standards
Abbreviations of terms
GB/T18291-2000
To ensure the integrity of this standard, Chapters 3, 4 and 6 of GB/T10112—1999 “Principles and Methods of Terminology Work” are reproduced as Chapters 3, 4 and 7 of this standard. Necessary changes have been made to Chapters 1, 2, 5 and 6 in accordance with the characteristics and habits of Mongolian language and writing. In the text of this standard, the Mongolian examples are followed by Latin phonetic symbols to indicate the written reading. This standard does not include other changes that occur when translating between Mongolian and Chinese.
This standard was proposed by the National Technical Committee for Terminology Standardization. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the Ethnic Affairs Commission of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. This standard was drafted by the Mongolian Terminology Committee of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The main drafters of this standard are: Norkin, Chen Naixiong, Shengmu, and Xiao Yujing. 1 Scope
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Mongolian terminology work-Principles and methods
Mongolian terminology work-Principles and methods GB/T18291-2000
This standard specifies the basic principles and methods for formulating and compiling Mongolian terminology collections in various professional fields, describes the various connections between objects and concepts, and establishes the general principles for constituting references and expressing definitions. This standard is applicable to the terminology standardization work in various professional fields of Mongolian in my country, and can also be used as a reference for other Mongolian terminology work. 2 Referenced standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised, and the parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. GB/T1.6-1997 Guidelines for Standardization Unit 1: Rules for the Drafting and Expression of Standards Part 6: Provisions for the Preparation of Terminology Standards (neqISO10241:1992)
GB/T10112-1999 Principles and Methods of Terminology (neqISO/DIS704:1997)GB/T15237-1994 Basic Vocabulary of Terminology (negISO1087:1990)GB/T16785-1997 Coordination of Concepts and Terminology in Terminology (neqISO860:1996)3 Concepts
3.1 Overview
Concepts are the psychological reflections of objects. The objects referred to in terminology include both objectively existing and observable things (concrete things such as trees and houses, abstract things such as prices and freedom), and things created by imagination (such as mythological characters). Concepts are psychological concepts that people generalize based on the characteristics of objects. The concept formed for an individual object is called an individual concept, which is referred to by a name (such as Li Bai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Earth). Terminology mainly studies the general concept formed by a number of objects based on their common characteristics. The psychological reflection of these common characteristics that form concepts is called characteristics, and their reference is called terminology. This abstract process is called conceptualization. The concepts explored in terminology correspond to the objects studied in a certain knowledge field, and therefore have their own inherent systematicity. In a knowledge field, concepts are described by definitions and given agreed references (i.e., terms). A group of concepts can be constructed into a conceptual system based on the relationship between concepts. Generally speaking, the conceptual system reflects the corresponding knowledge system. 3.2 Characteristics
Any object has many characteristics, and people form a concept based on the common characteristics of a group of objects. The psychological reflection of these common characteristics is called the characteristics of the concept.
3.2.1 Essential characteristics and distinguishing characteristics
Different professional fields have different emphases on the many characteristics of the same object. In a certain professional field, the characteristics that reflect the fundamental characteristics of the object are called essential characteristics. Therefore, the essential characteristics vary depending on the professional field to which the concept belongs, reflecting the different emphases of different professional fields. Example: In chemistry, water is a "compound of hydrogen and oxygen", and the dipole property of water molecules makes water a "good solvent for electrolytes and therefore an important place for electrolyte reactions"; in physics, water is a "liquid with a freezing point of 0°C, a boiling point of 100°C, high specific heat and high surface tension", which is also the result of the dipole property of water molecules; in biology, "life originated from water, and water is a necessary component of living tissues. The State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine approved GB/T18291-2000 on December 11, 2000 and implemented on July 1, 2001. Water participates in major life processes such as respiration and photosynthesis. , water is the main medium for carrying nutrients in and out of the body, and most biochemical reactions are carried out in aqueous solution"; in environmental science, "water is an important factor affecting the weather, water is an important resource that is indispensable to human beings, and water flooding can cause major disasters", in engineering technology, water's huge solubility makes it "the most commonly used detergent", water's high specific heat makes it "an excellent medium for heat storage and heat transfer", and water's fluidity, incompressibility and variability of water level make it "used to transfer and regulate energy", so water is used in cleaning, temperature control, water pressure, water conservancy and other aspects. For these professional fields, the essential characteristics of water are different.
Although a concept has multiple characteristics, for terminology work, the most important one is the characteristic that can distinguish the concept from other concepts. This characteristic is called a distinguishing characteristic (or a distinguishing characteristic). When describing things with a definition, the distinguishing characteristic must be given. Example:
"A rhombus is an equilateral quadrilateral without right angles." Here, "no right angles" is the distinguishing characteristic that distinguishes a rhombus from a square. Note: It should be noted that a distinguishing characteristic is not necessarily an essential characteristic. For example, "birds" is defined as "a group of vertebrates with spotted feathers and forelimbs transformed into wings." Here, feathers and wings are the distinguishing features that distinguish horses from other vertebrates, not the essential characteristics of birds. "Flight" is the essential characteristic of birds. The reason why birds have been able to occupy the airspace for tens of millions of years, migrate long distances to avoid harm and seek benefits, and utilize resources that other animals cannot or find difficult to utilize is mainly because birds can fly. It should be said that from the perspective of evolution, the ability to fly is the essential characteristic that reflects the fundamental characteristics of birds. It is only because the flying ability of individual birds such as ostriches has degenerated, while mammals such as bats can fly, that flight is not used as the distinguishing feature of birds, but certain unique features of birds' flight organs are used as distinguishing features. This situation should be explained in the notes after the definition of "birds."
3.2.2 Connotation and extension
All the characteristics of the object reflected by a concept are called the connotation of the concept. Example:
"Ships are water transportation tools. ”
Here, "water transportation" is the connotation of "ship". The range of objects referred to by a concept is called the extension of the concept. Example:
The extension of the concept of "ship" includes fishing boats, passenger ships, cargo ships, and other forms of ships. Generally speaking, the richer the connotation of a concept, the smaller the extension; conversely, the poorer the connotation, the larger the extension. 3.2.3 Abstraction and division
The psychological process of extracting the common characteristics of things and summarizing them into concepts is called abstraction. This abstract process can be carried out continuously from bottom to top, thereby establishing a multi-level vertical concept system, each of which is called an abstract level. Generally speaking, the higher the level, the fewer the number of concepts, which can be regarded as a bottom-up process. Aggregation process. Conversely, we can also regard this vertical concept system as the product of a top-down division process. The same concept can be divided into several different concept groups based on different classification criteria. For example, tables can be divided differently according to different feature types. According to size, they can be divided into three categories: large, medium, and small; according to color, they can be divided into several types such as yellow, black, and white; according to use, they can be divided into dining tables, desks, computer desks, etc. Each division standard here is called a dimension. 3.3 Relationships between concepts
The concepts discussed in terminology are interconnected in various forms. It is based on these relationships that we can form a concept system with all the concepts in a professional field. 3.3.1 Hierarchical relationship
Based on the inclusion relationship between concepts, concepts can be divided into superordinate concepts and subordinate concepts. Superordinate concepts are called large concepts, and subordinate concepts are called small concepts. Concepts that are divided according to the same standard (same dimension) and are at the same level are called parallel concepts. 3.3.1.1 Genus-species relationship
The genus-species relationship refers to the inclusion relationship of concept extensions. The extension of a small concept (species) is part of the extension of a large concept (genus). In addition to all the characteristics of a large concept, a small concept also has its own unique distinguishing characteristics. Example:
(genus)—tree
(species)—arbor, shrub
3.3.1.2 Whole-part relationship
The whole-part relationship refers to the inclusion relationship between objects. The object corresponding to the small concept is a component of the object corresponding to the large concept. Examples:
(whole) human body
(parts) brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, etc. 3.3.2 Non-hierarchical relations
Non-hierarchical relations also reflect certain relations between objects, and their types are varied, see the various relations listed below. Sequential relations
Spatial (position) relations
Temporal relations
Causal relations
Source-flow relations
Development relations
Associative relations (also known as thematic relations or practical relations) Inference relations (premise-conclusion relations)
Form-content relations
Functional relations (independent variable-dependent variable relations) Object-attribute relations
Structure-function relations
Behavior-motivation (purpose) relations
Behavior-object relations
Producer-product relations
Tool-operation relations
And so on.
3.4 Concept System
A concept system is composed of a group of related concepts. Each concept occupies a specific position in the system. An ideal concept system should have clear levels and reasonable structure, correctly reflect objective things, facilitate definition and standard reference, and facilitate coordination and accommodation of corresponding terminology systems in different languages. Most concept systems are mixed systems. Concept systems are generally based on genus-species relationships, supplemented by whole-part relationships, sequence relationships, and associative relationships in some places. 3.4.1 Multidimensional Classification
For the same object, different professional fields use different theoretical systems and methods to classify it, and study its different aspects from different angles. The various professional fields that study the same object together form a group of related disciplines. 3.4.2 Construction Steps
Constructing a concept system includes a series of interactive operations, and finally compiles a set of terms for use in professional fields. These operations include: collecting concepts in the professional field being studied; analyzing the connotation and extension of each concept;
determining the mutual relationship and position of each concept in the concept system; writing definitions for the concepts based on the concept relationship; 4 Definition
giving each concept a designation.
GB/T18291--2000
4.1 Overview
Definition is a linguistic description of a concept. It points out the exact position of a concept in the concept system and distinguishes the concept from related concepts. In the hierarchical system, except for the highest level concept, the scientific definition model can be adopted, that is; definition = superordinate concept + distinguishing features used to distinguish the defined concept from other parallel concepts. 4.2 Types of definitions
4.2.1 Connotation definition
Connotation definition, especially the connotation definition based on genus-species relationship, is the main definition model used in the concept system. Example 1:
"A cargo ship is a vessel that carries cargo and is powered by machinery." Here, "ship" is a genus concept (superordinate concept), "carries cargo" is a distinguishing feature (i.e., specific difference) used to distinguish cargo ships from other types of ships (parallel concepts, such as fishing boats and passenger ships), and "powered by machinery" is a distinguishing feature used to distinguish ships from non-motorized ships (such as sailboats and boats rowed by humans).
Connotative definitions can also be established on a whole-part relationship or a non-hierarchical relationship. Example 2:
"Leaves are organs that plants use to photosynthesize and produce sugars." This is a connotation definition based on a whole-part relationship. Here, "plant" is the whole (superordinate concept), and "carries photosynthesis and produces sugars" is a distinguishing feature used to distinguish leaves from other parts (parallel concepts, such as roots, stems, and flowers). Example 3:
"Motivation is the psychological explanation of the cause of behavior. "This is an connotation definition based on the causal relationship in a non-hierarchical relationship. Here, "motivation" is the cause and "behavior" is the result. 4.2.2 Extensional definition
If the subordinate concept is well-known and countable, an extensional definition can be adopted. Example:
"The planets in the solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. ”4.3 Requirements for writing definitions
4.3.1 Accuracy
In a concept system based on genus-species relationship, the definition should point out the exact position of the concept in the system and reflect the essential characteristics that conform to this system. The concept to be defined inherits the essential characteristics of the superordinate concept on the one hand, and is effectively distinguished from other parallel concepts with the help of distinguishing characteristics on the other hand. Writing definitions systematically can ensure the coordination between definitions. For example, when writing definitions for the planets in the solar system that have a common superordinate concept, the same distinguishing characteristics should be selected, such as the distance from the sun or the average distance, etc., that is, the text should be written in the same pattern and introduced one by one in the same order. This pattern of description makes it easier to compare the differences between parallel concepts. 4.3.2 Appropriateness
The definition should be appropriate, that is, the definition should be closely linked to the extension of the concept and should not be too broad or too narrow. Example 1:
"A motor vehicle is a vehicle that uses gasoline as fuel and is mechanically driven. "This definition is too narrow, because motor vehicles are not limited to gasoline-fueled vehicles. It excludes thermal-powered motor vehicles fueled by diesel and other energy sources, as well as electric vehicles, etc. Example 2:
"Motor vehicles are mechanically driven vehicles." GB/T18291—2000
This definition is too broad, because it includes ships and airplanes. 4.3.3 Conciseness
The definition should be concise. In addition to indicating the superordinate concept, only the distinguishing features need to be stated. Example:
"Ships are water transportation vehicles that rely on human or mechanical drive." The "rely on human or mechanical drive" here is redundant and should be deleted. 4.3.4 Correct use of negative definitions
Negative definitions can only be used when the concept itself is negative. Example 1:
"Asexual reproduction is a reproduction method in which offspring are directly produced by parents without the combination of reproductive cells. ” This is a correct use of a negative definition.
Example 2:
“A rhombus is not a rectangle.”
This is an incorrect use of a negative definition because “rhombus” is not a negative concept.4.3.5 Avoid using circular definitions
If a concept is defined by a second concept, and the second concept refers to the first concept, the definition written in this way is called a circular definition. This definition is also called tautology. Here, the defined terms are simply broken down and repeated. Circular definitions do not help to understand the concept and should be avoided.
Example 1:
“Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs.”
This is a circular explanation within the same definition.Example 2:
“A work of art is a product that triggers human aesthetic feeling.” and “Aesthetic feeling is the psychological feeling produced when people appreciate works of art. "These two definitions are circular explanations in the same conceptual system. 4.3.6 Follow the habits of the native language
When writing definitions, pay attention to the habits of the native language in choosing words and making sentences. For example, unlike Indo-European languages, Chinese taboos long pre-modifiers. Therefore, if the modifier used to explain the difference is long, it should be placed at the end as appropriate. 4.3.7 Notes and illustrations
Some important but non-distinguishing features, as well as typical examples of extensions, can be written in the notes. Generally speaking, the information included in the notes should help to understand the concept, such as the origin, usage, and other aspects of the concept. Illustrations can be used to illustrate definitions or make them clearer. Illustrations are most effective in explaining the structure of objects. Because illustrations can show the relationship between the whole and the parts (such as a machine and its parts), they are suitable for supplementing the definition of a part of the whole. Diagrams and statistical charts with appropriate language annotations can also express abstract relationships, processes, quantitative changes, etc. Note: Illustrations must be accompanied by explanations, otherwise it is easy for readers to mistake the accidental attributes of special cases for the essential characteristics of the concept. 5 Terminology
5.1 Overview
Terminology is the language designation of concepts in a professional field. 5.2 Relationship between terms and concepts
There should be a one-to-one correspondence between terms and concepts, that is, a term represents only one concept (univocity); a concept has only one reference, that is, it is represented by only one term (mononymity). This should be achieved in related disciplines or at least in one professional field, otherwise heteronymy, polysemy and synonymy will occur.
5.2.1 Synonyms
GB/T182912000
Terms with the same form and/or pronunciation but different meanings (concepts). Example 1: Homophones with the same shape and meaning
Mee7 gool [gol] center / M07 goolEgol] rivereboda「bod] high / boda[bod] objectExample 2: Homophones with different shapes and meanings
dala[dal] seven + / e dalu [dal] shoulder returnem[em] medicine / eme[am] person
Example 3: Homophones with different meanings
67 bal [bal] honey / 6 bel [bal] mountainsideomne darasu[dars] wine / omme deresu[dars]艾菱草5.2.2 Polysemous words
Terms with the same pronunciation and form but multiple meanings. Examples:
Coxodelgegen movement (in philosophy, it refers to the form of material existence); Graknxodelgegen movement (in physics, it refers to the change in the position of an object); Carorn/xodelgegen movement (in sports, it refers to physical exercise activities). Although these three "omm/(xodelgegen, movement)" refer to different concepts, they are all polysemous words generated through analogy and extended meaning. This kind of polysemous word should not be used in the same professional field (that is, it cannot be used to refer to two different concepts in the same professional field). 5.2.3 Synonyms
Represent multiple terms for the same concept.
Example:
trrgos wiktor, zmmge fangy ciglelti xemjigdexin vectoremfiuingkc,thxmmolxargaljaxun function5.3 Requirements for selecting and forming terms
5.3.1 Unisex as much as possible
Before creating a new term, you should first check whether there are any synonyms, and choose a term that meets the following other requirements for the term from among the existing synonyms.
5.3.2 Linguistic Correctness
a) The term must not conflict with the state's regulations on Mongolian language and writing. For example, it must not violate the orthographic and pronunciation standards announced by the government.
b) The term must be suitable for the laws and habits of the development of the native language and must comply with the basic principles of linguistics, such as the rules of lexicology and grammar (including word formation).
5.3.3 Accurate Meaning
The term should be able to accurately and concisely express the essence of the definition, be rigorous, and have a positive meaning. Examples of correctly formed terms:
/gerel sirxegunnebterelgeFiber Optic Communication6
GB/T18291—2000
A communication method that uses light waves to transmit information in optical fibers. me ofomoiomdagu tomoragulugci Amplifier A device that is composed of an audio power amplifier and is used to amplify sound. Incorrect terminology examples:
mxara sambara Blackboard
(Its surface now has a variety of colors, which is inaccurate, but has become common.) 5.3.4 Concise expression
Information exchange requires that terms be as brief and clear as possible, easy to understand, in order to improve efficiency. 5.3.5 Easy to form words
Terms should have strong word-forming ability, be easy to form or derive new terms related to them, and be able to achieve various grammatical changes. Example 1:
Ghfbarimjiya standard (noun) - fme barimjiyajixu standardization (verb) - Shfabarimjiyajil standardization (noun) Grfammomebarimjiyajigulxu standardization (verb) -
- efomoii/barimjiyajigululta standardization (noun) should be able to derive verbs from nouns and nouns from verbs, as in Example 1, and be able to adapt to the specific language environment of the sentence and realize various morphological changes of nouns and verbs without losing their basic concepts. Example 2:
e fizik physics - forcor pymolek ulun fizik molecular physics - wol atomunfizik atomic physics - fizikximi physical chemistry should be able to form phrases well, as in Example 2. 5.3.6 Relatively stable
Terms with high frequency of use, wide range, and already established conventions should not be easily changed without important reasons, even if there are undesirable aspects.
5.4 Terminology System
5.4.1 Elements of Mongolian Terminology
In modern Mongolian, the basic elements of terminology are the index for words, the stem for compound words, and the words and compound words for phrases.
There are two types of morphemes in Mongolian: root morphemes and affix morphemes. Root morphemes are usually called roots. Affix morphemes are also called formation suffixes and formation suffixes. The basic elements of a term composed of words are roots and suffixes. The formation suffixes are attached to the roots to form the stems. The stems are the basic form of words and reflect the basic meaning of the words. The formation suffixes are attached to the stems to form the grammatical variation of the words. The formation suffixes indicate additional grammatical meanings. 5.4.2 Word Formation Methods
Modern Mongolian usually adopts the following word formation methods. 5.4.2.1 Word formation through word meaning
5.4.2.1.1 New words are formed through the development and evolution of word meaning. Example:
orong ortege originally meant "post station", and later it was used to indicate a general station". Mlag originally meant "time", and later it was used to indicate the unit of time "hour" and the "clock" and "watch" used for timing. GB/T18291--2000
5.4.2.1.2 New meanings are given to ordinary words to form terms. Example:
omigmexaldaxu violate → interfere《Physics）Tammesagaraxu relax one epidemic soft《Economics）Cagarig group map one (North Pole map) circle arwlbuse belt one (temperate zone, tropical zone 5.4.2.1.3 Use old and new words to give new meanings and form terms. Examples:
noyan, Nayan, official, lord, lord
Shghatun, queen, lady
mmenomxayaicaxu (lamas) debate on the meaning of the sutra (thesis) defense mmrjanggiya (lamas receive after worshiping the living Buddha) protective knot bow tie 5.4.2.1.4 Use dialect words or related language words to form terms. Examples:
mo/(hderesunxiling line
hpe Hooo ereu xugur violinWww.bzxZ.net
h7sairgal beach
mnol dasigun sweet
5.4.2.2 Phonological word formation
New words are formed by the alternation of sounds within the root and stem. Examples:
ajil work/adal livelihood
Omom7dadxal habit/omm7dasxal homeworkymangnai forehead/manglai pioneer
maesarcigur hoe/mosaligur towelMhrel gasigun bitterneionel gusugun spicyiljara boiled/iljire rotten, corrupt
sirga squeeze/silga exam
aceceg flower/t setig (chicken) crown
5.4.2.3 Morphological word formation
5.4.2.3.1 suffix word formation suffix to form new words 8
Example:
GB/T18291--2000
noun-noun Mami life flamitan animal em medicine-Hsemi doctor
adjective-noun ogor ondor high-ru-/ ondorce height S, baga small 6ml bagacud teenager
verb-noun Crooxoroge cooling-Croacxorogegur refrigerator budu dye-r budug pigment
noun-adjective mhanggi class one mmaanggici class agar air magarsag good air
adjective adjective mxara black mmasxaragi female animal hair color black mome yadagu poor momoi yadagulig goods poor numeral → noun ~ adjective og gurba three-ohw gurbaljin triangle, triangle umghdorbe four gomeldorbed Durbert (tribal name) verb → adjective xi do → ximel artificial marta forget one fhmartamatagai forgetful noun — verb Hogoheew tindisuten nation - ereofogh undusutencile nationalization ma asig benefit mm asigla use || tt || adjective - verb Cee xundu heavy - gon xindule respect oxoxe blue - yxoxere cyan || tt || numeral → verb nige — → or niged rule — oxhgurba three - ogurbala three || tt || verb verb amdaru pressure mdarula oppression || tt || mg xara look — rgmt xaragalja take care of pronoun - verb Tersyogere another ninogerecile reform omk tesi over there - omhh tesile go over there 5.4.2.3.2 Combining different stems to form new words Join another stem after the Mongolian stem to form a compound word. Compound words can be regarded as a special kind of derivative words. They always appear as a written unit.
Example:
ogosusutorogci hydrogen
Gooxuciltorogei oxygen
Chaorne batuyoso theorem
Hmone ileyoso axiom
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