Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
International System of Units and its Application
SI units and recommendations for the useof their multiples and of certain other unitsGB 3100—93
Replaces GB3100—86
This standard equivalently adopts the international standard ISO1000:1992 "Recommendations for the use of SI units, their multiples and of certain other units", and refers to the International System of Units (SI) (Sixth edition, 1991) of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. This standard is one of a series of national standards on quantities and units that have been formulated so far. The standards are: GB 3100 International System of Units and Its Application; GB 3101 General Principles of Quantities, Units and Symbols; GB 3102.1 Quantities and Units of Space and Time; GB 3102.2 Quantities and Units of Periods and Related Phenomena; GB 3102.3 Quantities and Units of Mechanics; GB 3102.4 Quantities and Units of Thermodynamics; GB 3102.5 Quantities and Units of Electricity and Magnetism; GB 3102.6 Quantities and Units of Light and Related Electromagnetic Radiation; Quantities and Units of Acoustics; GB 3102.7 GB 3102.8 Quantities and Units of Physical Chemistry and Molecular Physics; GB 3102.9 Quantities and Units of Atomic Physics and Nuclear Physics; GB 3102. 10
Quantities and units of nuclear reactions and ionizing radiation; GB 3102. 11
Mathematical symbols used in physical science and technology; GB3102.12
Characteristic numbers;
GB3102.13Quantities and units of solid physics. The International System of Units is the basis of my country's legal measurement units, and all units belonging to the International System of Units are my country's legal measurement units. Unless otherwise specified, the measurement units given in this standard are all my country's legal measurement units. 1 Question content and scope of application
This standard lists the composition system of the International System of Units (SI), stipulates the units that can be used in conjunction with the International System of Units and the rules for the use of measurement units.
This standard applies to occasions where measurement units are used in all fields such as national economy, science and technology, culture and education. 2 Composition of the International System of Units
2.1 The International System of Units (Le Systeme International d'Unités) and its international abbreviation SI were adopted at the 11th International Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960.
2.2 Composition of the International System of Units
Approved by the State Administration of Technical Supervision on December 27, 1993 and implemented on July 1, 1994
International System of Units (SI)
SI units
GB3100-93
SI basic units (see Table 1)
(SI derived units with special names including SI auxiliary units
SI derived units (see Table 2 and Table 3)
(Combined SI derived units
Multiple units of SI units
2.3 SI units are those units in the International System of Units that are composed of basic units and derived units. Except for mass, they do not have SI prefixes (mass The SI unit of quantity is dry gram). For a detailed description of the consistent unit system, please refer to GB3101 "General Principles of Quantity, Units and Symbols".
2.4 The units of the International System of Units include SI units and multiples of SI units. 2.5 Multiples of SI units include decimal multiples and fractional units of SI units. 3 SI units
3.1 SI basic units
The International System of Units is based on the seven basic units in Table 1, and their definitions are shown in Appendix B (reference). Table 1 SI basic units
Name of quantity
Thermodynamic temperature
Amount of substance
Luminous intensity
Unit name
Kilogram (kg)
Ampere| |tt||Kelvin
Mole
Candela
1 The name in the parentheses is a synonym of the name before it, the same below. Unit symbol
2 The name of the quantity and the unit name without square brackets are all full names. The words in square brackets can be omitted without causing confusion or misunderstanding. Removing the words in square brackets is the abbreviation of its name. The same below.
3 Unless otherwise specified, the symbols referred to in this standard refer to the symbols specified in my country's legal measurement units and international symbols, the same below. 4 In people's lives and trade, mass is usually called weight. 3.2 SI derived units
Derived units are units expressed in algebraic form using basic units. The multiplication and Except for the use of mathematical symbols. For example, the SI unit of speed is meter per second (m/s). Units of this form are called combined units. Some SI derived units have special names and symbols adopted by the International Conference on Weights and Measures, see Tables 2 and 3. It is often more convenient and accurate to use these special names and use them to represent other derived units. For example, the unit of heat and energy is usually joule (J) instead of newton meter (N·m), and the unit of resistivity is usually ohm meter (Q·m) instead of volt meter per ampere ((V·m/A). The SI units radian and steradian are called SI auxiliary units, which are derived units of dimension one quantities with special names and symbols. In many practical situations, it is convenient to replace the number 1 with the special names radian (rad) and steradian (sr), respectively. For example, the SI unit of angular velocity can be written as radians per second (rad/s).
GB 3100-93
Table 2 Names of SI derived units with special names including SI supplementary units
[Plane] angle
Pan-body angle
Pressure, pressure, stress
Energy, work, heat
Power, radiant energy flux
Charge
Voltage, electromotive force, potential, (potential) capacitance
Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction
Celsius temperature
Luminous flux
[ Illuminance
steradian
hertz
newton
pascal
joule
watt
coulomb
volt
farad
ohm
siemens
weber
tesla
henry
degrees Celsius
lumen
lux
expressed in SI base units and SI derived units1 rad=1 m/m-1
1 sr=1 m2/m\=1
1Hz=1 s-1
1N=1 kg-m/s2
1 Pa=1 N/m2
1W=1 J/s
1C=1A·s
1 V=1 W/ A
1 F-1 C/V
1Q=1V/A
1 Wb-1 Vs
1 T=1 Wb/m2
1 H=1 Wb/A
1℃=1
1 lm=l cd·sr
1lx=1 lm/m2
Table 3 Names of SI derived units with special names determined due to the needs of human health and safety protection
[Radioactive] activity
Absorbed dose
Specific energy
Specific kerma
Dose equivalent
Becquerel
Gray
Sievert
Expressed with SI basic units and SI derived units 1Bq=1s-1
1Gy=1 J/kg
1 Sv1 J/kg
Units expressed in algebraic form using SI basic units and SI derived units with special names or (and) SI auxiliary units are called combined SI derived units.
3.3 SI unit multiple units
Table 4 gives the name, abbreviation and symbol of S1 prefixes (the abbreviation of the prefix is the Chinese symbol of the prefix). Prefixes are used to form multiple units (decimal multiple units and fractional units), but they cannot be used alone. GB3100-93
The prefix symbol and the unit symbol immediately following it should be treated as a whole. They together form a new unit (decimal multiple or fractional unit) and have the same power, and can also form a combined unit with other units. Example 1: 1 cm2=(10-2m)3=10-6m2
Example 2: 1 μs-1=(10- s)-1-10° s-1Example 3: 1 mm\/s=(10-3 m)2/s=10-6 m\/sExample 4: 10-3tex can be written as mtex
Overlapping prefixes shall not be used, such as only nm can be written, but not mum. Note: Due to historical reasons, the SI unit name of mass "dry gram" already contains the SI prefix "thousand", so the multiple unit of mass is formed by adding the prefix before "gram". For example, milligram (mg) should be used instead of microdry gram (μkg). Table 4 SI prefixes
Prefix name
10·24
Yao[it]
Ze[it]
Ai[kosa]
Pai[[it]
Tara]
Ji[ka]
Nano[no]
Pi[ko]
Fei[mto]
At[to]
[Pto]
[Koto]
1) The term unit symbol here refers only to SI base units and SI derived units, not to the combined units as a whole. Symbol
4 Application of SI units and their multiples
GB 3100- 93
4.1 Multiples of SI units are selected based on the principle of convenience. Through appropriate selection, the value can be within the practical range. 4.2 The selection of multiple units should generally make the value of the quantity between 0.1 and 1000. Example 1: 1.2×104N can be written as 12kN
Example 2: 0.00394m can be written as 3.94mm
Example 3: 1401Pa can be written as 1.401kPa
Example 4: 3.1×10s can be written as 31ns
In some cases, the units used in common use may not be subject to the above restrictions. For example, most mechanical drawings use millimeters as units, wire cross-sectional areas use square millimeters, and territorial areas use square kilometers. In the numerical table of the same quantity, or in the article describing the same quantity, for the convenience of comparison, when the same unit is used, the numerical range is not limited.
The prefix h (hundred), da (ten), d (minute), c (centimeter) are generally used for some length, area and volume units. 4.3 Multiple units of combined units generally use only one prefix, and try to use it as the first unit in the combined unit. The prefix of the combined unit formed by multiplication is usually added before the first unit. For example: the unit of torque kNm should not be written as N·km. The prefix of the combined unit formed by division, or the combined unit formed by multiplication and division, should generally be added before the first unit in the numerator, and the prefix is generally not used in the denominator, but the mass unit kg is an exception. Example 1: The unit of molar thermodynamic energy kJ/mol should not be written as J/mmol. Example 2: The mass energy unit can be kJ/kg. When the denominator of the combined unit is a length, area and volume unit, some prefixes can be selected in the denominator to form a multiple unit. For example: The unit of volume mass can be g/cm. It is not common to use prefixes in both the numerator and denominator of a combined unit. 4.4 For convenience in calculations, it is recommended that all quantities be expressed in SI units, with prefixes replaced by powers of 10. 4.5 Some units outside the International System of Units can be used as multiples of SI prefixes, such as MeV, mCi, mL, etc., but they do not belong to the International System of Units. See column 6 of Appendix A (Supplement). The Celsius temperature unit Celsius, the angle units degree, minute, second, and the time units day, hour, minute, etc. cannot be used as multiples of SI prefixes. 5 Unit Names
5.1 Tables 1 to 3 specify the names of the units and their abbreviations. They are used for oral descriptions and can also be used in narrative texts. 5.2 The names of combined units are in the same order as their symbolic representations. The multiplication sign in the symbol has no corresponding name, and the corresponding name for the division sign is "each". No matter how many units are in the denominator, the word "each" only appears once. For example, the unit symbol of mass heat capacity is J/(kg·K), and its name is "joule per gram Kelvin", not "joule per dry gram Kelvin" or "joule per kilogram per Kelvin". 5.3 The order of unit names in exponential form should be the exponent name first and the unit name second. The exponent name is composed of the corresponding number plus the word "power".
For example, the unit symbol of the second moment of area is m\, and its name is "fourth power meter". 5.4 When the second and third powers of length represent area and volume respectively, the corresponding exponent names are "square" and "cubic", and in other cases they should be "quadratic" and "cubic". For example, the unit symbol of volume is m\, and its name is \cubic meter", while the unit symbol of section coefficient is also m, but its name is "cubic meter".
5.5 When writing the name of a combined unit, do not add the multiplication or (and) division symbol or (and) other symbols. For example, the unit symbol of resistivity is 2 ㎡, and its name is "Ohm-meter", not "Ohm-meter", "[Ohm-meter]", etc.
6 Unit symbols
GB3100—93
6.1 Rules for the use of unit symbols and Chinese symbols of units 6.1.1 Unit and prefix symbols are used in formulas, data tables, graphs, dials, product nameplates, etc. where clarity is required, and are also used in narrative literature.
6.1.2 The abbreviations of the unit names given in the tables of this standard can be used as the Chinese symbols of the units (abbreviated as "Chinese symbols"). Chinese symbols are only used when necessary in primary and junior high school textbooks and general books and periodicals. 6.1.3 Unit symbols do not have plural forms, and no other marks or symbols shall be attached to the symbols (see 3.2.1 of GB3101). 6.1.4 The symbol ℃ for degrees Celsius can be used as a Chinese symbol. 6.1.5 Unit symbols and Chinese symbols should not be used simultaneously in combined units; for example: speed units should not be written as km/hour. 6.2 Writing of unit symbols and Chinese symbols Rule 6.2.1 Unit symbols shall all be in traditional Chinese characters. Except for the first letter of the unit symbol derived from a person's name, which must be capitalized, the rest shall be lowercase letters (with the exception of the symbol for liter, I).
Examples: meter (m);
second (s);
candela (cd);
ampere (A); pascal (Pa); weber (Wb), etc. 6.2.2 When a combined unit is formed by the multiplication of two or more units, the combined unit may be written in one of the following forms:
Note: The second form may also be written without leaving spaces between unit symbols. But It should be noted that when the unit symbol is also a prefix symbol, it should be placed on the right side as much as possible to avoid confusion. For example, mN means millinewton rather than meternewton. When a combined unit is formed by dividing units, its symbol can be in one of the following forms: m/.ms-\
In addition to adding brackets to avoid confusion, there should not be more than one slash (/) in the unit symbol. In complex cases, negative exponents can also be used. 6.2.3 A combined unit formed by the multiplication of two or more units has a dot in the middle between the two unit symbols, for example: Newton. · meter.
A combined unit formed by the division of units Combined units, the Chinese symbol can be in one of the following forms: */粉：*·移
6.2.4 The unit symbol should be written after the entire value, and leave an appropriate space between it and the value. 6.2.5 SI prefix symbols should all be in traditional Chinese letters, and no space should be left between the SI prefix symbol and the unit symbol. 6.2.6 Both the unit name and the unit symbol must be used as a whole and must not be separated. For example, the unit symbol for Celsius is ℃. 20 degrees Celsius cannot be written or read as 20 degrees Celsius or 20 degrees, nor can it be written as 20°C, but can only be written as 20℃. 7 Legal measurement units of my country that can be used in conjunction with international units 7.1 Due to their extensiveness and importance in practical application, the legal measurement units of my country that can be used in conjunction with the units of the International System of Units are listed in Table 5. Name of quantity
[plane] angle
Rotation speed
Linear density
GB 3100-93
Table 5 Legal measurement units of my country that can be used in conjunction with the units of the International System of Units Unit name
[hour] hour
Day, (day)
[angle] minute
[angle] second
Atomic mass unit
Revolution per minute
Electron volt
Te[kes]
Unit symbol
Plane angle unit The symbols for degrees, minutes, and seconds should be in the form of (\), (\), (\) in the combined unit. For example, use ()/s instead of /s.
2 In the symbol for liter, the lowercase letter 1 is a spare symbol. 3 The internationally accepted symbol for the common term is ha
1min=60 s
Relationship with SI units
1 h 60 min ==3 600 s
1 d=24 h=86 400 s
1°(yuan/180) rad
1'=(1/60)°(yuan/10 800) rad
1\(1/60)\=(π/648 000) rad1 L=1 dm2= 10-3 m3
1 t=103kg
1 u1. 660 540×10-27 kgbZxz.net
1 r/min(1/60) s-1
1 n mile =1 852 m
(for navigation only)
1 kn=1 n mile/h=(1 852/3 600) m/s (for navigation only)
1 eV~1. 602 177 X10-19 J
1 tex=10-' kg/m
1 hm2 104 m2
7.2 According to custom, in some cases, the units in Table 5 can be combined with the units of the International System of Units. For example, kg/h, km/h. See columns 5 and 6 of Appendix A (Supplement). 7.3 According to the principle of "In some scientific and technological fields, if there are special needs, some non-legal measurement units can be used, but they must also be consistent with the names and symbols stipulated by relevant international organizations" in the "Opinions on Comprehensively Promoting China's Legal Measurement Units", other units that can be temporarily used proposed by ISO1000 and ISO31 are listed in GB3102 and Appendix A (Supplement) of this standard. GB 3100--93
Appendix A
Decimal multiples and fractional units of SI units and examples of certain other units that can be used
(Supplement)
This appendix gives examples of decimal multiples and fractional units of SI units of most commonly used quantities and certain other units that can be used. It only gives selection and is not a restriction. It is certainly beneficial to express the value of quantity in the same way in various technical fields. For some needs (for example, applications in science and education), the selection of decimal multiples and fractional units of SI units has greater flexibility than the examples in the following table.
Due to the importance in practical use or due to
In GB 3102.1
→3102. 13
SI units
Selection of multiple units of SI units
Part 1: GB 3102.1 "Quantities and units of space and time" 1-1 "Plane angle
angle,
plane angle
solid angle
(radian)
steradian
SI units in specialized fields to be recognized by CIPM
Units other than
(5) column multiples
(5)
°(degree),
180raud
(minute),
1 -(1/60)°
\(second),
1\=(1/60)
Numerical units
Remarks and introduction to units used in specialized fields
When degree is not applicable, it is recommended to use gon (gon=grade)
and its fractional units.
gon(gon),
200 rad
1 In the SI unit column, the English name of the unit is in brackets. Item number in GB 3102.1 to 3102.13 Length Volume SI unit Meter GB 3100—93 Selection of multiple units of SI units Units other than SI recognized by CIPM due to their importance in practice or due to the needs of specialized fields (5) Multiples in column L, (1) (liter), 1 L - 10-3 m2 -- digital unit 1 hL10-1 m2
1 cL=10-5 m2
Remarks and introduction to units used in special fields
I n mile
1852m (accurate value)
hm2 (hectare),
1 hm2- 10' m2
The international symbol for hectare is
In 1964, the International Conference on Weights and Measures announced that liter (L) can be used as the special
name of
cubic decimeter (dm2), and recommended that liter should not be used when high precision
In GB3102.1
3102. 13 Item number in
Angular
angular
velocity
velocity
acceleration
acceleration
SI unit
second(second)
GB 310093
Choice of multiples of SI units
due to their importance in practical use or due to the needs of specialized fields
Units other than SI recognized by CIPM
|times in column (5)
d (day),
1 d=24 h
(exact value)
h (hour),
1 h=60 min
(exact value)
min(minutes),
1 min=60 s
(exact value)
units
km/h,
1 km/h=
remarks and introduction to units used in special fields
other units, such as week, month and year (a) are the units commonly used
1 kn=1.852 km/h
(exact value)=
0. 514 444 m/s
For hours, see 1-7
in GB 3102. 1
~|3102.13
SI unit
GB 3100-
Due to the importance in practice or due to the selection of units of
multiples of
SI units
Part 1: GB3102.2 "Quantities and units of period and related phenomena" 2-3.1
frequency
rotational
frequency
angular
frequency
Hertz
(Hertz）
1) Refer to International Electrotechnical Commission Publication 27-1 (1971) Part I: GB3102.3 《Quantities and Units in Mechanics》 3-1
(kilogram)
Volumetric mass
Yolumic mass,
[Mass]density
density,
mass density
Mg/m' or
kg/dm or
units other than SI units that need to be recognized by CIPM in specialized fields
(5) times
t(ton),
1 t=103 kg
t/m2 or
number of units
Remarks and introduction to units used in specialized fields
Revolutions per minute (r/min) and revolutions per second (r/s) are widely used in rotating machinery\.
For points, see 1-7
For liters, see 1-6
In GR3102.1
~3102.13,
item numbers
lineic mass,
linear density
linear density
moment of
inertia
momentum
moment of
momentum,
angular momentum
momentum
moment of
SI units
kg?m/s
(newton)
kg * m2/s
GB 3100--93
Selection of units other than SI recognized by CIPM due to their importance in practical use or due to the needs of specialized fields of SI units
μN·m
(5) Multiple units in column
Remarks and introduction to units used in specialized fields
1 tex=10- kg/m
The unit tex is used in the textile industry
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