GB 1251.2-1996 General requirements for design and inspection of ergonomic hazard visual signals
Some standard content:
GB 1251. 2---1996
Foreword
This standard is formulated based on the International Organization for Standardization ISO/DIS11428 "General Requirements for Design and Inspection of Ergonomic Hazard Visual Signals" (1992 edition). It is equivalent in terms of technical content and writing rules. The main differences are: 1. The provision "This standard is applicable to" has been added to the "Scope" chapter; 2. For the convenience of use of this standard, explanations for three names such as brightness have been added and listed in the "Definitions" chapter; 3. Because this standard belongs to Signal, its color standard should refer to GB8417 "Light Signal Color", replacing ISO3864 "Safety Colors and Safety Signs".
This standard is consistent with the already implemented standards GB1251.1 "Danger Signals in the Workplace and Hazard Audible Signals", GB12800 "Acoustic Emergency Evacuation Auditory Signals" and the "Ergonomics of Hazard and Non-Danger Sounds" that were formulated simultaneously with this standard. "Optical Signal System" is the same series of standards.
In this way, our country will follow the series of standards formulated by the Workplace Signal and Language Communication Working Group of the Labor Environment Sub-Technical Committee of the International Ergonomics Standardization Technical Committee and integrate with relevant international standards as soon as possible. Effective from October 1, 1996, the design and inspection of all hazard visual signals shall comply with the general requirements of this standard. wwW.bzxz.Net
This standard is proposed and managed by the China Institute of Standardization and Information Classification and Coding. This standard was drafted by: China Institute of Standardization and Information Classification and Coding. Drafter of this standard: Zhang Mingxu
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0 Introduction
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Danger Visual Signal
Ergonomics
General requirements, design and testing
Ergonomics-Visual danger signals--General requirements, design and testing
GB 1251.2—1996
Criteria for detecting visual signals of danger within an area. 1 Scope
This standard specifies the safety requirements and ergonomics requirements of hazardous visual signals as well as related inspection methods. It also specifies the design guidelines for the signal. The signal must comply with the requirements of 5.3 in GB/T15706.2. This standard is applicable to workplaces, and is especially suitable for communicating dangers with auditory signals in high-noise environments. This standard does not apply to hazard displays that are presented in text or graphics, nor to hazard displays that are transmitted through data display units. Except for special provisions, requirements on pollution and public transportation are not restricted by this standard. 2 Referenced standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard by being quoted in this standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision and parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest version of the standard listed below. GB1251.3-1996 Ergonomics Dangerous and non-dangerous sound and light signal system GB8417-87 Light signal color
GB/T15706.2-1995 General principles of mechanical safety basic concepts and design Part 2: Technical principles and specifications 3 Definitions
This standard adopts the following definitions.
3.1 Visual danger signal visual danger signal indicates the precursor of a dangerous state or the possibility of occurrence, and requires people to make visual signals to eliminate or control the danger response. The hazard must include risk of personal injury or equipment accident. According to the urgency and possible consequences of danger to people, visual signals of danger are divided into two categories: warning visual signals and emergency visual signals.
3.1.1 Visual warning signal A visual warning signal indicates that appropriate measures need to be taken to eliminate or control the possibility and precursor of a dangerous situation. 3.1.2 Emergency visual signal visual emergency signal is a signal that indicates that a danger involving the risk of personal injury has begun or has actually occurred and that measures need to be taken. 3.2 Signal reception area signal reception area is the area where people detect and respond to signals. State Bureau of Technical Supervision approved 266 on March 26, 1996 | Location, the range of space visible to the eye. 3.4 Danger signal lights are light sources that use one or several parameters to indicate the existence of danger using brightness, color, shape, configuration and instantaneous diagram of signal changes over time. 3.5 Luminance
The physical quantity that produces visual stimulation, expressed by the luminous intensity per unit area from the luminous surface or the translucent surface or the reflective surface in a given direction = (usually towards the observer), it It is equal to the luminous intensity emitted or reflected from a surface element in a given direction divided by the area of ??the surface element projected into the same direction.
Symbol: L
Unit: candelas per square meter (cd/m2) Note: The brightness L of an ideal diffuse reflective surface is given by the following formula, and the unit is candelas per square meter; L| |tt||yuan
Where: E-illuminance, unit is lux (1x);·Reflectance of the illuminated surface.
3.6 illuminance
The density of luminous flux (@) incident on a point. In practice, the average illuminance of a given illuminated surface is calculated by dividing the luminous flux falling on the illuminated surface by the illuminated surface area (A) [see Figure 1(a)) E=Q/A||tt ||Symbol: E
Unit: Lux (1x)
(1 lx=1 lm/m°)
Note: According to the luminous intensity of the light source in a given direction 1 and For the incident angle, the following formula can be used to calculate the illumination of a specific point P at a given distance d [see Figure 1(b)}E
(a)
1 × cos*?
Q
(b)
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of illumination calculation
3.7 Contrast
contrast
This term is used for both subjective and objective aspects.
a) Subjective meaning: the subjective evaluation of the apparent difference between two parts seen simultaneously or successively in the field of view (thus: brightness contrast, color contrast, simultaneous contrast, sequential contrast). b) Objective meaning: Quantitatively it is usually defined as the brightness ratio L2/L (often used for subsequent comparison); or expressed by the following formula (used for simultaneous comparison):
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where: L ,Background brightness,
L2—object brightness.
GB 1251.2—1996
L2 L
L
When the area sizes of different brightnesses are similar, if you want to determine the average value, the following formula can be used instead: L, L
0. 5(L2 + L,)
4 Safety requirements
4.1 General rules
The characteristics of the visual signal of danger must be that it is within the signal receiving area Any person can detect, recognize and respond to the signal. The intended visual signal of danger should be:
Easily visible under all possible lighting conditions; -Easily distinguishable from other lights and light signals ;The signal should have a specific meaning within the signal receiving area. In terms of the signal's detectability, distinguishability and clear meaning, the danger visual signal must be superior to all other visual signals, and the emergency visual signal must be superior to all warning visual signals. At regular intervals or every time a new signal is used in the signal receiving area, attention should be paid to checking the effectiveness of the visual hazard signal. Note
1 The visual signal of danger should usually be accompanied by the auditory signal of danger: when the danger signal is an emergency signal, the auditory and visual signals should be presented at the same time (see GB 1251.3).
2 Key Hazard lights should preferably be equipped with an indicator light source to indicate that they are functioning properly. 4.2 Perceptibility
4.2.1 Luminous surface and point light source
4.2.1.1 Luminous surface
When it is a non-point light source, the criteria for determining the main perceptual parameters are: surface brightness, background brightness and the ratio between the two. The brightness ratio (contrast) is not affected by the viewing distance (unless the transmittance is taken into account, see 4, 5), so an appropriate brightness ratio can be specified for various viewing conditions.
The millidegree of the warning visual signal should be at least 5 times the background brightness. The intensity of the emergency visual signal should be twice that of the warning signal, that is, at least 10 times the background brightness. 4.2.1.2 Point light sources
The minimum scale for treating a signal light as a point light source is a visual angle of 1' in daylight conditions and 10° in darkness. Under these conditions, the evaluation index for visibility is related to the illuminance reaching the observer's eyes and the background brightness. Figure 2 shows the relationship between the required illuminance and the background brightness. 268
4.2.2 Flashing signal lights
.
0.01
0.00
1001
GB 1251.21996
.01 0.1
0.001
10100
Background brightness
10 000 cd/m12
Figure 2 Relationship between required illuminance and background brightness Bright and dim flashing signals usually increase the perceptibility of the signal and can create a sense of urgency. As a visual signal of danger, it is recommended to use flashing lights as emergency warning lights. The flashing frequency should be 2 to 3 Hz, and the interval between light and dark should be roughly equal.
4.2.3 Configuration and field of view
In order to make all people in the signal receiving area immediately aware of the visual signal of danger, the signal should be set close to the potential danger source or the place where the area is about to enter. It is not excluded to set auxiliary visual signals of danger in places other than the emergency danger source, such as the control room or the control panel.
The receiving area of ??the visual signal of danger should be clearly targeted, such as the control console of an independent operator, a part of the factory or the entire factory.
The signal lights that directly display the danger signal should be set within the field of view of the work place (signal receiving area). In the vertical direction, the field of view is 45° upward and 20° downward from the visual axis of the eye (the axis is 15° downward from the horizontal line). In the horizontal direction, the field of view is greater than ±90°, but for color-coded signals, the field of view shall not deviate from the visual axis by more than ±50°. When the direction of the eyes changes due to work activities, or when the fields of vision of several people cannot overlap, auxiliary signal lights should be installed so that at least one danger signal can be seen at any point in the signal reception area. 4.3 Distinguishability
4.3.1 General
When a danger visual signal is perceived, it is extremely important to take correct measures, so the signal meaning needs to be clearly conveyed. The discrimination of danger visual signals should be determined based on one or more of the following parameters. 4.3.2 Color of signal lights
Danger visual signals should be yellow or red. Emergency visual signals should be red; warning visual signals should be yellow or red, depending on the degree of urgency. If it is necessary to distinguish emergency signals from red warning signals, the emergency signal should: have a light intensity at least twice that of the warning signal; 269
Flash;
GB 1251.2-1996
-It is best to use two identical signal lights, and flashing coded signals can also be obtained. The colors of indicator lights and their meanings are described in GB8417. Note: For the selection of colors in the hazard and non-hazard sound and light signal system, see GB1251.3. 4.3.3 Configuration
In order to enable the observer to understand the nature of the hazard promptly and correctly and take emergency measures, hazard visual signals should be set as much as possible. 4.3.4 Relative configuration of signal lights
If two or more signal lights are used in a signal device, the red signal light should be above the yellow signal light; if two red signal lights are used, they should be arranged horizontally as described in 4.3.2. 4.4 Glare
The perceptibility and distinguishability of the hazard visual signals required by 4.2 and 4.3 should not be impaired by glare from other light sources in the signal receiving area, such as sunlight. The hazard visual signal itself should not become a glare source. 4.5 Distance
In order to increase the effective illumination or reduce the necessary light output, the distance between the light source and the observer should be minimized as much as possible. Note: The luminous flux reaching the eye is closely related to the distance between the light source and the eye, because the illumination is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. When there is fog, rain, snow or smoke, steam and dust between the light source and the observer, the transmittance of the medium is low, which reduces the illumination of the signal. In some cases, the transmittance can be so low that the light signal is ineffective, so more reliance must be placed on the warning auditory signal. 4.6 Duration
After the dangerous situation is perceived and the correct action is taken, the signal should normally be changed to a less urgent state. If the remaining hazard is insignificant or under control, the warning signal should be turned off. Note: When the dangerous visual signal is no longer required, the "all clear" signal can be used in accordance with GB 1251.3. 5 Test methods
5.1 Measurements
Measurements of illuminance and/or brightness should be made to verify that the dangerous visual signal meets the requirements. However, this physical data should not be used as the sole basis for the qualification of the dangerous visual signal.
5.2 Visual inspection
In view of the complexity of the visual environment in many occasions, especially the individual differences of observers, the dangerous visual signal system cannot be considered effective before it is tested on a representative sample of the population. Visual inspection steps: First, a group of 5 or less people observe the visual signals of danger without prior notice. If the observers respond with spontaneous gestures or discussions, the test can be ended. If some people do not show any obvious gestures, they should be immediately asked about their visual impressions during the last minute or minutes of the test, and the effectiveness of the visual signals of danger will be judged based on the final answers. The subject group should include the following people:
People aged 45 to 55;
People with visual acuity of 0.8 to 1.0;
People with color vision defects (red-green color blindness);
People wearing goggles.
The visual inspection procedure is repeated multiple times in various places, with various people and under different lighting conditions until a representative set of observation results is obtained. If all people respond to the signal, it is considered that the visual signal system of danger meets the requirements. 270
2-1996
- It is best to use two identical signal lights, and flash coded signals can also be obtained. The colors and meanings of the indicator lights are described in GB8417. Note: In the dangerous and non-dangerous sound and light signal systems, see GB1251.3 for the selection of colors. 4.3.3 Configuration
In order to enable observers to understand the nature of the danger timely and correctly and take emergency measures, it should be as much as possible Set up visual signals of danger. 4.3.4 Relative arrangement between signal lights
If two or more signal lights are used in a signaling device, the red signal light should be above the yellow signal light; if two red signal lights are used, as specified in 4.3.2 , they should be arranged horizontally. 4.4 Glare
The detectability and resolvability of visual signals of danger required by 4.2 and 4.3 shall not be impaired by glare from other light sources in the signal receiving area, such as sunlight. The visual signal of danger itself should not become a source of glare. 4.5 Distance
In order to increase the effective illumination or reduce the necessary light output, the distance between the light source and the observer should be reduced as much as possible. NOTE: The luminous flux reaching the eyes is closely related to the distance from the light source to the eyes, since illuminance is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. When there is fog, rain, snow or smoke, steam and dust between the light source and the observer, the transmittance of the medium is low, which reduces the illumination of the signal. In some cases, the transmittance can be so low that light signals are ineffective, so greater reliance must be placed on warning audible signals. 4.6 Duration
After detecting a dangerous situation and taking corrective action, the signal should usually be changed to a less urgent state. If the remaining hazard is negligible or controllable, the warning light should be turned off. Note: When the visual signal of danger is no longer needed, the "alarm clear" signal can be used in accordance with GB1251.3. 5 Test Methods
5.1 Measurement
Measurement of illuminance and/or brightness should be carried out to verify whether the visual signal of danger meets the requirements. However, this physical data should not be used as the sole basis for qualifying a hazard visual signal.
5.2 Visual inspection
In view of the complexity of the visual environment in many situations, and especially the individual differences of observers, it is important to consider the visual inspection of dangerous situations without testing a representative population sample. The signaling system is considered valid. Visual inspection steps: First, a team of 5 people or less observes visual signals of danger without prior notice. If the observer responds with spontaneous gestures or comments, the trial can be terminated. If some people do not display any obvious gestures, immediately ask them what their visual impressions were during the last minute or minutes of the trial, and judge the effectiveness of the visual hazard signal based on the final responses. The subject group should include the following people:
People aged 45 to 55 years old;
People with visual acuity 0.8 to 1.0;
People with color vision deficiency (red-green color blindness) Those who;
those who wear goggles.
The procedure of visual inspection is repeated many times in various places, with various people and under different lighting conditions, until a representative set of observations is obtained. If all persons are satisfied with the signal If all respond, the hazard visual signal system is deemed to meet the requirements. 270
2-1996
- It is best to use two identical signal lights, and flash coded signals can also be obtained. The colors and meanings of the indicator lights are described in GB8417. Note: In the dangerous and non-dangerous sound and light signal systems, see GB1251.3 for the selection of colors. 4.3.3 Configuration
In order to enable observers to understand the nature of the danger timely and correctly and take emergency measures, it should be as much as possible Set up visual signals of danger. 4.3.4 Relative arrangement between signal lights
If two or more signal lights are used in a signaling device, the red signal light should be above the yellow signal light; if two red signal lights are used, as specified in 4.3.2 , they should be arranged horizontally. 4.4 Glare
The detectability and resolvability of visual signals of danger required by 4.2 and 4.3 shall not be impaired by glare from other light sources in the signal receiving area, such as sunlight. The visual signal of danger itself should not become a source of glare. 4.5 Distance
In order to increase the effective illumination or reduce the necessary light output, the distance between the light source and the observer should be reduced as much as possible. NOTE: The luminous flux reaching the eyes is closely related to the distance from the light source to the eyes, since illuminance is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. When there is fog, rain, snow or smoke, steam and dust between the light source and the observer, the transmittance of the medium is low, which reduces the illumination of the signal. In some cases, the transmittance can be so low that light signals are ineffective, so greater reliance must be placed on warning audible signals. 4.6 Duration
After detecting a dangerous situation and taking corrective action, the signal should usually be changed to a less urgent state. If the remaining hazard is negligible or controllable, the warning light should be turned off. Note: When the visual signal of danger is no longer needed, the "alarm clear" signal can be used in accordance with GB1251.3. 5 Test Methods
5.1 Measurement
Measurement of illuminance and/or brightness should be carried out to verify whether the visual signal of danger meets the requirements. However, this physical data should not be used as the sole basis for qualifying a hazard visual signal.
5.2 Visual inspection
In view of the complexity of the visual environment in many situations, and especially the individual differences of observers, it is important to consider the visual inspection of dangerous situations without testing a representative population sample. The signaling system is considered valid. Visual inspection steps: First, a team of 5 people or less observes visual signals of danger without prior notice. If the observer responds with spontaneous gestures or comments, the trial can be terminated. If some people do not display any obvious gestures, immediately ask them what their visual impressions were during the last minute or minutes of the trial, and judge the effectiveness of the visual hazard signal based on the final responses. The subject group should include the following people:
People aged 45 to 55 years old;
People with visual acuity 0.8 to 1.0;
People with color vision deficiency (red-green color blindness) Those who;
those who wear goggles.
The procedure of visual inspection is repeated many times in various places, with various people and under different lighting conditions, until a representative set of observations is obtained. If all persons are satisfied with the signal If all respond, the hazard visual signal system is deemed to meet the requirements. 270
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