ASTM E3024 E3024M-22a Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for General Industry 通用工业用磁粉检测标准惯例英文版

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Designation:E3024/E3024M-22aINTERNATIONAL
StandardPracticefor
Magnetic Particle Testing for General Industryechnical Barriers to Trade (TBT) CommitteeThis standard is issued under the fixed designation E3024/E3024M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements formagnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface orslightly subsurfacediscontinuitiesinferromagneticmaterial.This practice is intended for industrial applications. Refer toPractice E1444/E1444M for aerospace applications.GuideE709 may be used in conjunction with this practice as atutorial.
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detectcracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on ornear the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particletesting may be applied to raw material, billets, finished andsemi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magneticparticle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metalsand alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1for additional information.
1.3 All areas of this practice may be open to agreementbetween the Level III or the cognizant engineeringorganization, as applicable, and the supplier.1.4 Units-The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other, and valuesfrom thetwo systems shall notbe combined1.4.1 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTMstandard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound unitsare included in the same standard, with each system of units tobe regarded separately as standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-IThis practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee EO7 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on LiquidPenetrant and Magnetic Particle MethodsCurrent edition approved March 15, 2022. Published March 2022. Originallyapproved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as E3024/E3024M-22.DOI: 10.1520/E3024_E3024M-22A.ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents
2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice tothe extent specified herein.2.2 ASTM Standards:2
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTesting
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle TestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1444/E1444MPractice for Magnetic Particle Testing forAerospace
E2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources andMeters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic ParticleMethods
E3022 Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteris-tics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used inFluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing2.3 ASNT Documents.3
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.4 SAE-AMS Documents:4.5
AMS 2641 Magnetic Particle Inspection VehicleAMS 3040 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, Dry MethodAMS 3041 Magnetic Particles.Nonfluorescent, Wet
Method, Oil Vehicle, Ready-To-UseAMS 3042 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent. WeMethod, Dry Powder
2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected] Annual Book of ASTMStandards volumeinformation,refer to the standard's Document Summary page onthe ASTM website
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.orgAvailable from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096, http:/www.sae.org
5 Copies of standards, specifications, drawings, and publications required bymanufacturersinconnectionwithspecificationacquisitionshouldbeobtainedfromthe contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1
HpE3024/E3024M-22a
AMS 3043 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent,Wet
Method, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol PackagedAMS 3044 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet MethodDryPowder
AMS 3045 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,Oil Vehicle, Ready-To-Use
AMS 3046 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,Oil Vehicle. Aerosol PackagedAMS 5062 Steel. Low Carbon Bars, Forgings, Tubing,Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.25 Carbon, MaximumAMS I-83387 Inspection Process, Magnetic RubberAS 4792 Water Conditioning Agents for Aqueous MagneticParticle Inspection
AS 5371 Reference Standards Notched Shims for MagneticParticle Inspection
2.5 Federal Standard.5.6
FED-STD-313 Material Safety Data Sheets, Preparation andthe Submission of
2.6 Military Standard.5.7
A-A-59230 Fluid, Magnetic Particle Inspection, Suspension2.7 OSHA Document:3.8
29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication2.8 ISO Documents.5.9
ISO 7810 Identification Cards—Physical CharacteristicsISO 9712 Nondestructive Testing—Qualification and Certi-fication of NDT Personnel
ISO10012 Measurement
Management
Systems
Requirements for Measurement Processes and MeasuringEquipment
2.9 ANSI Documents:10
ANSI/NCSL Z540.1 Calibration Laboratories and Measur-ing Test Equipment - General RequirementsANSI/NCSL Z540.3 General Requirement for CalibrationLaboratories and Measuring Test Equipment2.10 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict betweenthe text of this practice and the referenced documents citedherein, the text of this practice takes precedence.3.Terminology
3.1Definitions-The definitions relating to magnetic par-ticle testing, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall applyto the terms used in this practice.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1magnetometer,
nmechanical instrument used tomeasuremagnetic field strength,in air,adjacentto thepart.6 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732N.Capitol St.,NW,Mail Stop:SDE,Washington,DC 20401,http:/www.access.gpo.gov
7 Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4.Section D,700 Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia,PA 19111-5098,http://dodssp.daps.dla.mil
8 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732N.Capitol St.,NW,Mail Stop:SDE,Washington,DC 20401,http:/www.access.gpo.gov
9Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO),ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org:10 Available from National Conference of Standards Laboratories,1800 3oth St.Suite 305b, Boulder, CO, 80301.2
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Description of Process-Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitablyprepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, andsubseguentlyinterpreting andevaluating anyresulting particleaccumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the dis-continuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to thedirection of magnetic flux in the part.4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for con-trolling the application of the magnetic particle testing method.This practice is written so that it can be specified on theengineering drawing, specification, or contract.It is not adetailed how-to procedure to be used by the examinationpersonnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailedwritten procedurethat conforms to the requirements of thispractice.
5.General Practice
5.1 Personnel Qualification-Personnel performing examinations in accordance with this practice shall be qualified andcertified in accordance with ASNT Recommended Practice No.SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT Standard CP-189, ISO 9712, or asspecified in the contract or purchase order.5.2 Agency Qualification-If specified in the contractualagreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated asdescribed in Specification E543.The applicable edition ofSpecification E543 shall be specified in the contractual agree-ment.
5.3 Written Procedure-Magnetic particle testing shall beperformedin accordance with a written procedure applicable tothe part or group of parts under examination. The procedureshall be in accordance with the requirements of this practice.The process, when conducted in accordance with the writtenprocedure, shall be capable of detecting discontinuities specified in the acceptance criteria. The written procedure may begeneral if it clearly applies to all of the specified parts beingexamined and meets the requirements of this practice. Allwritten procedures, including technique sheets for specificparts, shall be approved by an individual qualified and certifiedat Level III for magnetic particle testing in accordance with therequirements of 5.1. When applicable, procedures shall besubmitted to the cognizant engineering organization for review,or approval, or both, when requested.5.3.1 Elements of the Written Procedure-Thewrittenpro-cedure shall include at least the following elements, eitherdirectly or by reference to the applicable documents:5.3.1.1 Procedure identification number and the date it waswritten;
5.3.1.2 Identification of the part(s) to which the procedureapplies; this shall include the material or alloy, or both;5.3.1.3 For new components, sequence of magnetic particletesting as related to manufacturing process operation (forexample, post-plating, after heat treat, etc.);5.3.1.4 Identification of test parts used for system perfor-mance verification (see 7.1.1 and 7.1.2);5.3.1.5 Process controls (see Table 1); including the defini-tion of “use\ in 7.3.2.2 and 7.4.4;Item
Lighting
Visible light intensity
Ambient visible light intensityUV-A lamp intensity
Battery powered UV-A lamp intensity checkUV-A lamp integrityc
SystemPerformance
Wet particle concentration
Wet particle contamination
Water break test
Equipment calibration check:BAmmeter accuracy
Timer control
Quickbreak
Yoke dead weight check
Yoke dead weight check (battery-powered)UV-A radiometer and visible light photometerHall-Effect Gaussmeter accuracyMagnetometer (Field Indicator)accuracyME3024/E3024M-22a
TABLE1ProcessControlandCalibrationMaximum Time Between VerificationAWeekly
Weekly
Prior to and after each use
8 hours, or every shift change1week
6months
6months
6months
6months
Before and after each use
6months
12months
6months
Paragraph
7.3.1.1,7.3.1.2
7.3.2,7.4.5
7.1,7.1.1,7.1.2
A when the test system is in operation.BThe maximum time between verifications may be reduced or extended when substantiated by actual technical/reliabilty data.C Need not be recorded.
5.3.1.6 Areas of the part to be examined and whereappropriate,identified by a photograph, sketch, or relationshipto adrawing,etc.,to showthearea;5.3.1.7Part preparation required before examination;5.3.1.8 Directions for positioning the item with respect tothe magnetizing equipment;
5.3.1.9 The type of magnetizing current and the equipmentto be used:
5.3.1.10 Method of establishing themagnetization (internalconductor, head, coil, prods, yoke, cable wrap, etc.);5.3.1.11 Directions of magnetization to be used, the order inwhich they are applied, and any demagnetization procedures tobeused between field applications;5.3.1.12 The current level, or the number of ampere turns, tobe used and the duration of its application or a procedure forestablishing proper magnetization;5.3.1.13 Type of magnetic particle material (dry or wet,visible or fluorescent, etc.) to be used and the method andequipment to be used for its application and, for the case of wetparticles,the particle concentration limits:5.3.1.14 Type of records and method of marking parts afterexamination;
5.3.1.15Acceptance requirements, to be used for evaluatingindications and disposition of parts after evaluation; and5.3.1.16 Post-examination demagnetization and cleaning re-quirements.
5.3.1.17 The method and measurement frequency will bedefined for meeting the minimum examination intensity for allUV-A lamps, including battery-powered lamps. Any require-ments for documentation of the measurements will also bedefined.
5.4 Examination Sequence-Perform magnetic particle ex-amination after all operations which might cause or revealdiscontinuities. Such operations include, but are not limited to,forging, heat treating, electroplating, forming, welding,grinding, straightening, machining, and proof loading.3
5.4.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or partdrawing,magnetic particle examination shall be performedprior to shot peening and prior to applying protective finishessuch as priming, painting, plating (see 5.4.3 through 5.4.3.2)or other coatings.
5.4.2In-process examinationsmaynotbe substituted forfinal examination.
5.4.3 Plating and CoatingsThe written procedure shallspecify any limitations or other requirements associated withplating or coatings.
5.4.3.1 Use caution when examining parts with an electro-plated nickel coating as indications may form from theresulting leakage fields within the nickel plating itself.5.4.3.2 For in-service examination, plating or coatings donot require removal prior to examination unless they aredamaged or they interfere with the examination process.NoTe 1—Examination sensitivity decreases as plating/coating thicknessincreases.
5.5 Materials:
5.5.1Dry Particle Requirements-Dry particles shall meetthe requirements of AMS3040.5.5.2 Wet Particle Requirements-Wet particles shall meetthe requirements of AMS3041,3042,3043,3044,3045,or3046, as applicable.
5.5.2.1Dual Response-—Dual response particles are detect-able in visible light and also display fluorescence when viewedunder UV-A or a combination of visible and UV-A light. Use inaccordancewiththemanufacturer's recommendations5.5.2.2 White Background and Black Oxide-A thin whitebackground is applied by aerosol to provide a thin (≤ 2 mil),smooth, high contrast background prior to magnetization andparticle application. After background has dried, magnetizationand particle application follow normal procedures. The highcontrast between the white background and black particlesprovides high sensitivity in visible light conditions. DetailedpE3024/E3024M-22a
application and use instructions of themanufacturer shall befollowedforoptimumresults.
5.5.3 Suspension Vehicles—The suspension vehiclefor thewet method shall be a light petroleum distillate conforming toAMS 2641 (Type D) or A-A-59230, or a suitably conditionedwater that conforms to the requirements of 5.5.4. Whenapproved by the Level III or the cognizant engineeringorganization, as applicable, AMS 2641 (Type II) may be used.When specified, the oil suspension vehicle shall meet thesalient characteristics specified in A-A-59230.5.5.4 Conditioned Water Vehicle-When water is used as asuspension vehicle for magnetic particles, the conditioningagents used shall comply with AS 4792.Proper wetting shallbe determined by a water break test (see 7.2.2). Smoothersurfaces generally require a greater percent of wetting agentthan rough surfaces. Foaming of the bath must be minimized tothe point that it does not interfere with the examinationprocess.
5.5.4.1 Water Vehicle Conditioning Agents-Any agentsadded to the water vehicle for any purpose shall conform to therequirements of the particle manufacturer.5.5.5 Particle Concentration-The concentration of par-ticles in the suspension bath shall be as specified in the writtenprocedure.Particleconcentrationsoutsideoftherangeof O.1to0.4 mL in a 100mL bath sample for fluorescent particles and1.2 to 2.4mL in a 100 mL sample for nonfluorescent particlesshall not be used. Fluorescent particles and nonfluorescentparticles shall not be used together.5.5.5.1 The concentration of dual response particles in thewet-method bath suspension shall be adjusted to best performin the desired lighting environment. Higher particle concentra-tion is used for visible light areas and lower particle concen-tration is used for UV-A areas. Use in accordance with theparticle manufacturer's recommendations.5.6 SafetyThe safe handling of magnetic particles (wet ordry).oilvehicles,waterbaths.andwaterconditionerconcen-trates are governed by the suppliers' Safety Data Sheets (SDS)SDS,conformingto29CFR1910.1200,orequivalent,mustbeprovided by the supplier to any user and shall be prepared inaccordance with FED-STD-313.5.6.1 FlammabilityFlash point of oil vehicles shall be inaccordance with AMS 2641, Type I carriers. The suppliersSDS shall certify the flash point.5.6.2 Personnel Hazards-Precautions against inhalation,skin contact, and eye exposure are detailed in the suppliersSDS. These precautions shall be observed.5.6.3Electrical Hazards—Magnetizing equipment shall bemaintained properly to prevent personnel hazards from elec-trical short circuits.Care must betakentoreduce arcingandthe possible ignition of oil baths.5.6.4 UV-A LampsReplace cracked or broken ultravioletfilters immediately.Broken filters can allow harmful ultravioletenergytobeemittedandmustbereplacedimmediatelySpectacles designed to absorb ultraviolet energy are suggestedfor close, high-intensity UV-A light examination. LED UV-Alamps usedfor evaluation purposes shall comply with PracticeE3022. See 7.3.2.
6.Specific Practice
6.1PreparationofPartsforTesting6.1.1 Pre-examination Demagnetization-The part shall bedemagnetized before testing if prior operations have produceda residual magnetic field that may interfere with the examina-tion.
6.1.2 Surface Cleanliness and Finish-The surface of thepart to be examined shall be essentially smooth, clean, dry, andfree of oil, scale,machining marks, or other contaminants orconditions that might interfere with the efficiency of theexamination.
6.1.3 Plugging and Masking-Plugging and masking isrequired when specified.
6.1.4 All areas on the part where electrical contact is madeshall be sufficiently clean to prevent electrical arcing.6.2MagnetizationMethods:
6.2.1Typesof MagnetizingCurrent-Thetypesof currentsused for magnetic particle testing are full-wave rectifiedcurrent (1 or 3 phase), half-wave rectified current, alternatingcurrent, direct current, and capacitor discharge current. Theequipment used shall fulfill the magnetizing and demagnetizingrequirements adequately, as outlined herein, without damage tothe part under examination, and they shall include the neces-sary features required for safe operation.6.2.2Permanent Magnets-Permanent magnets may beused when approved by the Level III or the cognizant engi-neering organization, as applicable, and when a technique hasbeen developed and approved.6.2.3 Yokes-When using yokes (electromagnetic probes)for magnetic particle testing, they shall meet the requirementsof 7.4.4.
6.2.3.1 When using yokes,thepole pieces shall be posi-tioned in contact with the part surface as flat as possible.6.2.3.2 Yoke leg positioning shall include overlapping shotswith consideration for the banding effects at the leg/polecontactpoints.
6.2.3.3 When examining localized areas on parts with com-plicated geometries, leg spacing shall include consideration forboth field direction and banding effects.6.2.3.4 When using portable equipment that is not timercontrolled, any examination that does not have the magnetizingpower on during both particle application and excess particleremoval is considered a residual examination.6.2.3.5 For weld examinations, one yoke orientation shallbe approximately perpendicular to the weld with the secondorientation set parallel to the weld.6.2.3.6 Battery powered DC yokes may be used whenapproved by the Level III and when a technique has beendeveloped and approved.
(1) The technique must be validated for material thicknessgreater than 3/s in. [9.5 mm](2)Battery powered yokes may not show all surfaceindications for all thicknesses of material, even though therequirements in 7.4.4 have been met or the field strength hasbeen indicated on a shim, or both.Nore 2Use of dry magnetic particles for surface indications is notrecommended when using battery powered DC yokes.pE3024/E3024M-22a
6.2.4Magnetizing CurrentApplication-Full-wave rectifiedcurrent has the deepest penetration and should be used forexamination of sub-surface discontinuities when using the wetmagnetic particle method. Half-wave rectified current may alsobe used for examination of sub-surface discontinuities and dueto the pulsating nature of the waveform, it has the advantage ofincreased particle mobility. Alternating current is to be onlyused for the detection of discontinuities open to the surface.6.2.4.1 Direct Current (DC)Direct Current is produced bybanks of batteries, full-wave rectified AC, or a DC generator.6.2.4.2 Capacitor Discharge (CD) Current-A bank ofcapacitors are used to store energy and when triggered theenergy reaches high amperage with a very short duration(normally less than 25 milliseconds).Because of the shortpulse duration, the current requirements are affected by theamountofmaterialtobemagnetizedaswellastheappliedamperage.The capacitor discharge technique may be used toestablish a residual magnetic field in tubing, casing, line pipe,and drill pipe. For specific requirements, see Appendix X56.2.5 Magnetic Field Directions-Discontinuities are diffi-cult to detect by the magnetic particle method when they makeananglelessthan45otothedirectionofmagnetization.Toensure the detection of discontinuities in any direction. eachpart must be magnetized in a minimum of two directions atapproximately right angles to each other. Depending on partgeometry,this may consist of circular magnetization in two ormore directions,multiple circular and longitudinalmagnetizations, or of longitudinal magnetization in two ormore directions. The pie-field indicator as illustrated in Fig.X4.1, the flexible laminated strips as described in Annex A3, ora properly prepared master part using notched shims may onlybeusedasatooltodemonstratethedirectionoftheexternalmagnetic field. The pie-field indicator or flexible laminatedstrips shall not be used to determine adequate field strength.6.2.6Multidirectional Magnetization-Multidirectionalmagnetization may be used to fulfill the requirement formagnetizationintwo ormoredirectionsifitisdemonstratedthat the technique is effective in all areas requiring examina-tion. Examine parts in accordance with 6.3.1.1 or with shimsmanufactured to the requirements of AS 5371 (Annex A2), oras otherwise approved by the Level III or the cognizantengineering organization, as applicable. When used, the shimsshall be used to verify field direction, strength, and balance inmultidirectional magnetization.Balancing of the combinedmagnetic field is critical and an adequate balance must bevisually demonstrated to beeffectivein all areas requiringexamination. The particle application must be timed so that themagnetization levels reach full value in all directions while theparticles are mobile on the surface under examination.6.2.7 Direct Magnetization-Direct magnetization is accomplished by passing current directlythrough the part underexamination.Electrical contactismadetothepartusingheadand tail stock, prods, clamps, magnetic leeches, or by othermeans. Caution shall be taken to ensure that the electricalcurrent is not flowing while contacts are being applied orremoved and that excessive heating does not occur in any areaof the part. Prods shall not be used for the examination offinished surfaces.
6.2.8 Indirect Magnetization-Indirect part magnetizationuses pre-formed coils, cable wraps, yokes, field (flux) flowfixtures.oran internal conductortoinduceamagneticfieldina part when no direct electrical contact is made.6.2.9 Induced Current Magnetization-Induced currentmagnetization (toroidal or circumferential field) is accom-plished by inductively coupling a part to an electrical coil inordertocreateasuitablecurrent flowwithin thepart asillustratedinFig.X4.2.Thismethod isoftenadvantageous onring-shaped parts with a central aperture and with an L/D ratioless than three, especially where the elimination of arcing orburning is of vital importance.6.2.10 Parallel Current Induced Magnetization-Thismethod of magnetization may occur when a ferromagnetic partis placed alongside and parallel to a current-carrying conduc-tor. This type of magnetization shall only be used whenapproved by the Level III and when an approved technique hasbeen developed for use on solid parts.6.3MagneticFieldStrength:
6.3.1MagneticField StrengthThe appliedmagnetic fieldshall have sufficient strength to produce satisfactoryindications, but it must not be so strong that it causes themaskingofrelevantindicationsbynonrelevantaccumulationsof magnetic particles. Adequate magnetic field strength may bedetermined by one or a combination of the following methods.6.3.1.1 In unidirectional or multidirectional magnetizingapplications, by examining parts having known or artificialdiscontinuities of the type, size, and location specified in theacceptance requirements or by using the notched shims asdefined in Annex Al.
6.3.1.2 In unidirectional magnetizing applications only, byusinganelectronicgaussmetercapableofmeasuringthepeakvalues of the tangential field as described in Annex A4.Tangential-fieldstrengthsshallhaveaminimumvalueof30Gauss (30 × 10-4 Tesla [T]) when measured at the part surfaceusing an electronic gaussmeter as described in Annex A4. Themaximum Gauss value derived is limited by the restrictions of6.3.1.
6.3.1.3For circular magnetization, the written procedureshall specify the amperage requirements for the specific part tobe examined. If the requirements are unknown, the formulas inAppendix X3 may be used as a starting point in developing therequired amperageforspecificparts.6.3.1.4 For longitudinal magnetization, the written proce-dure shall specify the amp-turns, particle mobilitycharacteristics, or external field strength requirements, or acombinationthereof,forthespecificparttobeexamined.Iftherequirements are unknown, the formulas in Appendix X3 inGuide E709 may be used as a starting point in developing therequired amperage for specific parts. The current levels andformulas in Guide E709 provide only a rough guide and shallonly be used in conjunction with either 6.3.1.1, or 6.3.1.2. Insome cases, these formulas may lead to over magnetization ofthe work piece and care should be exercised when using them.6.3.2 LongitudinalMagnetizationUsingCoils-Longitudinal magnetization is often accomplished by passingcurrent through a coil encircling the part, or section of the part,to be examined (that is, by using a coil shot). This produces aApE3024/E3024M-22a
magnetic field parallel to the axis of the coil. The actualeffective distance must be demonstrated based on the particularpart to be examined. For parts longer than these effectivedistances, the entire length shall be examined by repositioningthe part within the coil, allowing for approximately 10 %effective magnetic field overlap. See 6.3.1 for field strengthmethods that can be used in coil magnetization.6.3.3 Magnetizing Current Shots-In a series of magnetiz-ingshots,unlessthereisaninterimdemagnetizationoperation.the amperage value shall proceed from a lower to a higherselection.
6.3.4 Coil Shots-The value of the coil shot expressed inampere-turns (AT) is considered to be the current multiplied bythenumber of coil turns.
6.3.5 The specimen under examination shall have a mini-mum L/D ratio of 2 for proper coil magnetization.6.4 Particle Application
6.4.1 Dry Magnetic Particle Application, ContinuousMethodWhen using dry particles,the flow of magnetizingcurrent shall be initiated prior to application of the magneticparticlesto the surfaceunder examination and terminatedafterparticle application has been completed and any excess blownoff.Precautions shall be taken to prevent any damage to thepart due to overheating.
6.4.1.1 Apply dry powder so that a light, uniform, dust-likecoating settles on the surface of the part under examinationwhile the part is being magnetized. Specially designed powderblowers or shakers using compressed air or hand power shallbe used. The applicators shall introduce the particles into theair in a manner such that they reach the part surface in auniform cloud with a minimum of force.6.4.1.2 After the powder is applied, and before the magne-tizing force is removed, excess powder shall be removed, bymeans of a dry air current with sufficient force to remove theexcess particles, if they interfere with interpretation andevaluation,butnotstrongenoughtodisturbparticlesheldbyaleakagefieldthatisindicativeofdiscontinuities.Inordertorecognize the broad, fuzzy, lightly held powder patterns formedby near-surface discontinuities, the formation of indicationsmust be observed carefully during both powder application andremoval oftheexcesspowder.
6.4.1.3 Dry magnetic particles shall not be reused, unless aprocess for reclamation has been established and approved bythe Level III.
6.4.2 Wet Magnetic Particle Application, ContinuousMethod-Fluorescent or nonfluorescent particles suspended ina liquid vehicle at the required concentration shall be appliedby gently spraying or flowing the suspension over the area tobe examined.
6.4.2.1 Proper sequencing and timing of part magnetizationandapplicationofparticlesuspensionarerequiredtoobtaintheproper formation and retention of indications. This requiresthat the stream of suspension be diverted from the partsimultaneously with, or slightly before, energizing the magnetic circuit.
6.4.2.2 The magnetizing current shall be applied for aduration of at least o.5 second for each application, with a6
minimum of two shots being used. The second shot shallfollow the first while the particles are still mobile on thesurface of the part.
6.4.2.3 Under special circumstances, such as the use ofautomated equipment or for critical parts, the 0.5 secondduration and the two-shot requirement may be waived providedit is demonstrated that the procedure can detect known discon-tinuities in reference parts.6.4.2.4 Care shall be exercised to prevent any damage to thepart due to overheating or other causes. Weakly held indica-tions on highly finished parts are readily washed away, andcare must be exercised to prevent high-velocity flow overcritical surfaces. Surfaces to be examined shall not be handledor contacted until the examination is complete.6.4.2.5 Particle application by continuous immersion shallbe used only when it has been documented that it can detectdiscontinuities or artificial discontinuities in parts under exami-nation.
6.4.3Residual Magnetization Method-In the residual magnetization method, the magnetic particles (dry or wet) areapplied to the part under examination after the magnetizingforce has been discontinued. The residual method is not assensitive as the continuous method. It can be useful onmaterials with high retentivity. When inducing circular fieldsand longitudinal fields in long pieces, residual fields arenormally sufficient to meet magnetizing requirements consis-tent with the requirements of 7.1.1 or 7.1.2. The residualmethod has found wide use examining pipe and tubular goods.For magnetization requirements of oilfield tubulars, refer toAppendix X5. It is also useful for the examination of parts orareas of parts, which because of geometric constraints, cannotbe examined with the continuous method. The residual methodshall be used only when it has been documented that it candetectdiscontinuities or artificial discontinuitiesinparts underexamination and when approved by the Level II or thecognizant engineering organization, as applicable. The testparts shall have the same material and processing steps, andsimilar geometry, to the actual parts being examined.6.4.4 Magnetic Slurry/PaintApplication-Magneticpaintsor slurries are applied to the part with a brush, squeeze bottle.or aerosol can before or during the magnetization operation.This method is for special applications, such as overhead orunderwater examination.
6.4.5MagneticPolymerApplication-Polymerizablematerial containing magnetic particles shall be held in contact withthepartunderexaminationduring theperiodofitscure.Beforecuring takes place, and while the magnetic particles are stillmobile, the part shall be magnetized to the specified level. Thisrequires prolonged or repeated periods of magnetization. Thismethod is for special applications, such as bolt holes whichcannot be examined readily by the wet or dry method. AMS-I-83387 establishes the examination process for magnetic rubber6.5 Evaluation-Following magnetization and particle ap-plicationandbeforedemagnetizing.thepartsshallbeexamined forindications.Allindicationswillbeidentifiedasrelevant or nonrelevant. Relevant indications will be comparedto the proper accept/reject criteria and the parts accepted orrejected accordingly.
ME3024/E3024M-22a
6.5.1 Eye Glasses—When using fluorescent materials, per-sonnel shall not wear eye glasses that are photochromic(transition lenses) or that have permanently darkened lenses.This is not intended to prohibit the use of eyeglasses withlensestreatedtoabsorbultravioletlight.6.5.2 Dark Adaptation-Personnel must wait at least oneminute after entering a darkened area for their eyes to adjust tothelow-levellightingbeforeperformingfluorescentmagneticparticle testing.
6.5.3 Acceptance Requirements-The acceptance require-ments applicable to the part or group of parts shall beincorporated as part of the written procedure either specificallyor by reference to other applicable documents containing thenecessary information.
6.6 Recording of Indications-Whenrequired by thewrittenprocedure,thelocationofallrejectableindicationsshallbemarked on the part, and permanent records of the location,direction, and frequency of indications may be made by one ormoreofthefollowingmethods:
6.6.1 Written Description-By recording the location,length, direction, and number of indications in sketch or tabularform;
6.6.2 Transparent TapeFor dry particle indications,byapplying transparent adhesive-backed tape to which the indi-cations will adhere and placing it on an approved form alongwith information giving its location on the part;6.6.3 Strippable Film-By covering the indication with aspray-on strippable film that fixes the indications in place andplacing the resultant reproduction on an approved form alongwith information giving its location on the part; and6.6.4 PhotographyBy photographing or video recordingthe indications themselves, the tape, or the strippable filmreproduction and placing the photograph in a tabular formalong with information giving its location on the part.6.7 Post-Examination Demagnetization and Cleaning-Allparts shall be demagnetized and cleaned after final examina-tion.Apply corrosion protection as required.6.7.1Demagnetization：
6.7.1.1 When using AC demagnetization, the part shall besubjected to a field with a peak value greater than, and in nearlythe same direction as, the field used during examination. ThisAC field is then decreased gradually to zero. When using anAC demagnetizing coil, the part is passed through the coilwhilethecurrentisflowing.Foreffectivedemagnetization.parts having complex configurations may require rotating ortumbling while passing through the field of the coil prior to thecurrentbeingshutoff.Repeatthisprocessasnecessary.6.7.1.2 When using DC demagnetization, the initial fieldshall be higher than, and in nearly the same direction as, thefield reached during examination. The field shall then bereversed.decreasedinmagnitude,andtheprocessrepeated(cycled) until an acceptably low value of residual field isreached.
6.7.1.3 Whenever possible,parts that have been magnetizedcircularly shall be magnetized in the longitudinal directionbefore being demagnetized.After demagnetization, a calibratedmagnetometer shall not exceed a value agreed upon or asspecified on the engineering drawing or in the contract,1
purchase order, or specification. If an electronic gaussmeter isused for this measurement, the equivalency shall be determinedpriortouse.
6.7.2 Post-Examination Cleaning-Cleaning shall be donewith a suitable solvent, air blower, or by other means.6.7.2.1Parts shall be examined to ensure that the cleaningprocedure has removed magnetic particle residues from allsurfaces, including holes, crevices, passage ways, etc. Suchresiduecould havean adverse effect ontheintended useof thepart.
6.7.2.2Care shall be taken to removeall plugs,masking,orother processing aids that may affect the intended use of thepart.
6.7.2.3 Parts shall be protected from corrosion or damage asrequired.
6.8 Record of Examination-Results of all final magneticparticle examinations shall be recorded. All recorded resultsshall be identified and filed. Records shall provide for trace-ability to the specific part or lot examined. As a minimum, therecords shall include: identification of the procedure useddisposition of the examination; identification of the inspector'sexamination stamp, electronic ID, or signature; and the date ofexamination. Records shall be kept for the duration specified inthepurchase order or contract.6.9 Marking of Accepted Parts-Parts that have been ac-cepted using magnetic particle testing shall be marked inaccordance with the applicable drawing,purchase order, con-tract prior to leaving the testing facility.7. Quality Control
7.1 System Performance Verification-The overall performance of the magnetic particle testing system, including theequipment, materials, and the lighting environment being usedshall be verified initially and at regular intervals thereafter. Therequired verification intervals are stated in Table 1. Records ofthe verification results shall be maintained and retained for thetime period specified in the contract. Establish a system inaccordancewithANSIZ540.1,ANSIZ540.3,orISO10012forcalibration and certification of all current and voltage measur-ing devices, ammeter shunts, timers, visible light photometersUV-A radiometers, gaussmeters, and magnetometers (fieldindicators)usedinverification.7.1.1 Use of Test Parts with Discontinuities-A reliablemethod for system performance verification is the use ofrepresentativereferenceparts containingdiscontinuities of thetype, location, and size specified in the acceptance require-ments and examined in accordance with a written procedure. Ifcorrect magnetic particle indications can be produced andidentified in these representative parts, the overall systemperformance is verified. Parts used for verification will bedemagnetized, cleaned thoroughly following the examinationand checked under UV-A or visible light, as appropriate to theexaminationprocess,to ensurethat residual indications do notremain
7.1.2Fabricated Test Parts with Artificial Discontinuities-When actual production parts withknown discontinuities of thetype, location, and size needed for verification are not availableor are impractical, fabricated test or production parts withHE3024/E3024M-22a
artificial discontinuities or a ring specimen (see Guide E709.Appendix X7) may be used.Artificial discontinuities may befabricated to meet a particular need or may be commerciallyavailable shims as shown in Annex A2. All applicable condi-tions for the use of such reference parts, as described in 7.1.1,shall apply.
7.2 Suspension Vehicle Tests (Not Required for Aerosol CanSuspensions
7.2.1 Concentration/Contamination TestsParticle concen-tration and contamination shall be determined upon start up, atregular intervals thereafter, and whenever the bath is changedor adjusted. The required testing intervals are stated in Table 1.7.2.1.1 Determination of Wet Particle Concentration-Forrecirculation systems, agitate the particle suspension a mini-mum of 30 min to ensure uniform distribution of particlesthroughout the bath. For portable application devices, agitatetheparticlesuspensionforasuficientperiod oftimeto ensureuniform distribution of particles throughout the bath. Place a100 mL sample of the agitated suspension in a pear-shapedcentrifuge tube with a graduated stem in 0.05 mL incrementsforfluorescentbathsandO.1mLfornon-fluorescentbaths(Centrifuge tubes shall be as specified in Guide E709.) De-magnetize the sample and allow the tube to stand undisturbedfor a settling time of at least 60 min if using petroleum distillateor at least 30 min for conditioned water suspension.Read thevolume of settled particles. If the concentration is out of thetolerancestatedinthewrittenprocedureaddparticlesorsuspension vehicle, as required, and re-determine the particleconcentration. If the settled particles appear to be looseagglomerates rather than a solid layer, repeat the process witha second sample.If the second sample also appearsagglomerated, replace the entire bath suspension. Thirty min-ute settling times (for petroleum distillate suspensions), orother accelerated tests, may be used if they have been verifiedto give results equivalent to the procedure described in thisclause
7.2.1.2 Determination of Wet Particle Contamination-Perform the tests specified in 7.2.1.1. Independently examinethe graduated portion of the tube, under both UV-A and visiblelight, for striations or bands which are different in color orappearance.Bands or striations may indicate contamination.Ifthetotalvolumeofthecontaminants.includingbandsorstriations, exceeds 30 % of the total settled volume of magneticparticles and the contaminants, the bath must be adjusted orreplaced. Clouding or fluorescence of the vehicle to the extentthat the markings on the centrifuge tube which are between5 ml and 25 ml, cannot be seen when viewed through thevehicle,thebath must bereplaced.7.2.2 Water Break Test-In this test of water-based vehicles,a clean part with a surface finish the same as the parts to beexamined or an actual production part is flooded with theconditioned water, and the appearance of the surface is notedafter flooding is stopped. Sufficient wetting agent is present ifa continuous evenfilmforms overthe entirepart.If thefilm ofsuspension breaks, exposing bare surface, insufficient wettingagent is present or the part has not been cleaned adequately.8
For adequacy, this visual observation shall be performedindividually under both UV-A or visible light conditions, orboth,as applicable.
7.2.3 Determination of Particle Sensitivity—Appendix X2describes several devices that can demonstrate the sensitivityof either wet-method or dry-method particles. These devicescontainpermanentmagnetizationinsomeformandareindependent of the magnetizing system. They should not bemagnetized or demagnetized before or after use. Such devicescan be useful whenever performance of the particles is subjectto question or needs to be verified.7.3Lighting:
7.3.1 Visible Light-Conduct visible light intensity mea-surements upon initial light installation, or when changes occurthat would cause the light intensity to change and at theintervals specified inTable17.3.1.1 Visible light shall be used when examining withnonfluorescent magnetic particles and for interpretation ofindications found withfluorescent magnetic particles.Amini-mum light intensity of100fc [1076lx] shall beavailable at thesurfaceof thepartundergoing examination or evaluation.7.3.1.2 Ambient Visible Light-Fluorescent magnetic particle examinations shall be performed in a darkened area withamaximumambientvisiblelightlevelof2fc[22lxlmeasuredat the part surface.
7.3.2 UV-A Lamps—UV-A lamps used for evaluation pur-poses shall meet the requirements of 7.4.5. The minimumacceptable intensity is 1000 μW/cm? at the surface beingexamined. UV-A lamps shall be checked for cleanliness andintegrity and shall be cleaned, repaired, or replaced as appro-priate. These checks of cleanliness/integrity need not berecorded.
7.3.2.1 UV-Alamps that use an LED source shall produce apeak wavelength at 360 to370nanometers as measured with aspectroradiometer. When requested, the manufacturer shallprovide a certification thereof.7.3.2.2 Battery-powered UV-A lamps used to examine partsshall have their intensity measured as specified in Table 1, andas defined by the Written Procedure (see 5.3.1). The minimumUV-A irradiance shall be maintained 1000μW/cm2 at thesurface being examined during the period of examination.7.3.2.3UV-A irradiation from LED sources will typicallydecrease as the lamp warms up. Warm-up time as listed by themanufacturer shall be considered when measuring UV inten-sity
NoTE 3More information on UV-A sources,visible lights,radiometers, and light meters can be found in Guide E2297 and PracticeE3022.
7.3.3 Where lamps are physically too large to directlyilluminate the examination surface, special lighting sources.such as UV-A pencil lights, or UV-A light guides, or remotevisual examination equipment shall be used. As specified inTable 1 or prior to use, the light intensity of UV-A pencillamps, UV-A light guides, borescopes, or remote UV-A exami-nation equipment shall be measured at the expected workingdistance and shall provide at least 1000μW/cm?(10 W/m2) atthe intended examination surface.When using a borescope, theE3024/E3024M-22a
image or interpretation area being viewed must have sufficientresolution to effectively evaluate the indication7.4 Equipment Calibration-Magnetic particle testingequipment shall be checked for performance and accuracy atthe time of purchase, at the intervals indicated in Table 1, whenamalfunctionissuspected,orwhenelectricalmaintenancethatmight affect equipment accuracy is performed.7.4.1 Ammeter Accuracy-To check the equipment'sammeter(s), a suitable calibrated shunt test kit with a resolutionequal to or greater than the meter under test shall be connectedin series with the output circuit. Comparative readings shall betaken at a minimum of three output levels encompassing theusable range of the equipment. The equipment meter readingshall not deviate by more than ±10 % or 50 amperes,whichever is greater, from the current value shown by thecalibrated ammeter. (When measuring half-wave rectifiedcurrentthecurrentvaluesshownbythecalibratedFw.Rectified ammeter readings shall be doubled.)The frequencyof the ammeter check is specified in Table 1. Machine outputrepeatability shall not vary more than ±10 % or 50 amperes,whichever is greater, at any setpoint, and the machine undertest shall be marked with the value representing the lowestrepeatable current level.
7.4.2 Timer Control Check-On equipment using a timer tocontrol the current duration, the timer should be calibrated towithin ±0.1 s using a suitable electronic timer. Comparativereadings shall be taken at a minimum of three output levelsencompassing the usable output range of the equipment.7.4.3MagneticFieldQuickBreakCheck-Onequipmentthat uses a quick break feature, proper functioning of thiscircuit shall be verified. The check may be performed using asuitable oscilloscope or other applicable method as specified bytheequipmentmanufacturer.
7.4.4 Dead Weight Check-Yokes shall be dead weightchecked at the interval specified in Table 1. Alternating currentyokes shall be capable of lifting at least 10 Ib [4.5 kg], with a2 to 6 in. [50 to 150 mm] spacing between legs. Direct currentyokes shall be capable of lifting at least 30 lb [13.5 kg], with a2 to 4 in. [50 to 100 mm] spacing between legs, or 50 lb[22.5kg], with a 4 to 6in.[100 to 150mm] spacing.Forbattery powered yokes, the check shall be performed prior toand after eachuse.
7.4.5 UV-A Lamps-UV-A lamps, which are portable, handheld, permanently mounted or fixed, and used to examine parts.shall be checked for output at the frequency specified in Table1 and after bulb replacement.A longer period may be used if aplan justifying this extension is prepared by the NDT facility orits delegate.Minimum acceptable intensity is 1000 μW/cm2 at15 in. [38.1 cm] from the front of the filter to the face of thesensor.Damagedordirtyfiltersshallbereplaced orotherwisecorrected as appropriate.LEDUV lampsused for evaluationpurposes shall comply with Practice E3022.NorE 4Some UV-A sources other than mercury vapor, for examplemicro-discharge, LED,etc., have been shown to have emission charac-teristics such as excessive visible light, and UV-A intensity that may resultin fluorescent fade, veiling glare, etc., all of which can significantlydegrade examination reliability.7.4.6 Hall-effect Gauss/Tesla Meters and Magnetometers(Field Indicators) shall be calibrated and a reading taken at aminimum of three points in each dynamic range and eachpolarity, in addition to zero.7.4.7 UV-ARadiometers and Visible Light Photometers-These meters shall be calibrated at the interval specified inTable 1 in accordance with manufacturers' recommendedprocedures and shall be traceable to the National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST) or other recognized nationalstandards，whereapplicable.
NoTE 5More information on UV-A Radiometers and visible lightPhotometers can be found in Guide E2297.8.Keywords
8.1 dye; flourescent; FP: FPI; magnetic particle: MPI; MT;NDT; nondestructive evaluation; nondestructive examination;nondestructive testing
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1.INSTRUCTIONSFOR THEUSEOFAS 5371 STANDARDNOTCHED SHIMSA1.1 Application of ShimsThe Reference StandardNotched Shims of AS 5371, as shown in Annex A2, requirespecifichandling,attachment,andcareforaccurateindicationof magnetic field strength and direction.To select amperagesettings formulti-directionalmagnetization.theuseofAS5371 shims or parts described in 6.3.1.1 is mandatory.A1.2 Shims 0.002 in. [0.05 mm] thick shall be used oncurved or complex surfaces.
A1.3 Shims are manufactured of low carbon steel and mustbe protected from corrosion when not in use.They may be9
submerged in a solvent such as MEK or naphtha for storage.Beforeattachingthe shimto thepart,boththe shim and partshallbe clean and dry.Priortouse,the protective coating shallbe removed from both faces of the QQI. Care shall be utilizedwhen removing the protective coating. Excessive pressure toremove the coating may imprint the face of the QQI and causenonrelevant indications during technique development.Nore A1.1Polar solvents, such as water, will not break down thecynoacrolate-based adhesives (super glue)commonlyused to apply theseshims.
ME3024/E3024M-22a
A1.4 The shim shall be placed in intimate contact with thepart with the flaw side next to the material to be examined.A1.5 The shim shall be securely fastened to the part byusing an adhesive or tape (such as Scotch Brand 191, 471, or600 series)thatprevents the magnetic particle suspension fromenteringbetweentheshimandpart.Whatevermeansisusedtosecure the shim to the part shall not interfere with the visibilityof the indications.
A1.6 Tape may be used to secure the shim and shall havethe following properties: (1) good adhesion to steel, (2)impervious to the suspension used, and (3) the tape shall benon-fluorescent under UV-A.
A1.7If thetapebecomes loose and allows the suspension toseep under the shim, the tape and shim shall be carefullyremoved from the test piece. The shim and the part shall becleaned and dried, and then the shim shall be reattached to thetestpiece.
A1.8 Re-use of the shims is acceptable, provided they arenot distorted when removed and intimate contact is achievedwhen replaced
A1.9 Determining Field Strength and Direction-Use ofthe circle or cross configuration shims will indicate fields inany direction.
A1.9.1 In developing a magnetic particle procedure, firstdetermine the locations the shims should be placed to ensureadequate coverage to monitor the field strength and direction,and then attach the shims.
A1.9.2 Using the continuous method, begin by starting withthe amperage selection at a minimum level and increasing theamperageslowlyuntiltheshimindicationsarereadilyob-served. When magnetized, one leg of the X will be indicatedperpendicular to the field direction and the circle shim willshow quadrants that are approximately perpendicular to thedirection of the applied field.A1.9.3 In multi-directional magnetization, longitudinal andcircular fields shall be determined separately as follows:A1.9.3.1 Field strength for the first direction shall be deter-mined by slowly increasing the amperage until a satisfactoryindication is observed on each shim.A1.9.3.2 Record the amperage setting and indication re-sults.
A1.9.3.3Demagnetize the part and carefully clean the shimsprior to determining the amperage in the next direction.A1.9.3.4 Field strength for the second direction shall bedeterminedbyincrementallyincreasingtheamperageuntilasatisfactory indication is observed on each shim.A1.9.3.5 Record the amperage setting and indication re-sults.
A1.9.4 Place the selector switch in the multi-directionalmode and magnetize the part at the previously recordedsettings. If the entire circle on the shims is observed, the fieldsare in balance. If any portion of the circle has a weakindication, adjust the amperage accordingly and repeat the fieldverification process until the magnetic fields are balanced.A1.9.5 Use care when applying the suspension to the shims.Proper shim indications may not form unless the suspension isapplied inagentlemanner.
A1.10 The shims are made of a low retentivity and highpermeability material that cannot be used for indicating re-sidual fields when developing magnetic particle testing procedures.
A1.11 In unidirectional applications, the actual fieldstrength measurements can be obtained by placing a Hall Effectprobeadjacenttotheshimoratanearbylocationwhereprobeplacement can easily be replicated.A2.REFERENCE STANDARDNOTCHED SHIMS FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLETESTING INACCORDANCEWITHAS 5371A2.1 The following standard flawed shims are typicallyused to establish proper field direction and ensure adequatefield strength during technigue development in magnetic par50sm
0.250\(TYP)(6.35mm
O0.507\OD
(012.88mm
Shim Type CX-230
(0.18mm)(TYP)
DEPTH -30% 0.0006*
(0.020MM）
NESS0.002
ticle testing. The shims shown in Fig. A2.1 may be used to(19.05mm
0.250\ (TYP) (6.35 m
00.507\OD
(012.88mm）
Shim Type CX-430
FIG.A2.1Shims forMagnetic ParticleTesting10
(0.18mm)(TYP)
DEPTH-30%0.0006*
(0.015MM)
（0.102MM）
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ensure the establishment of fields in the unidirectional magne-tization method and to ensure the establishment and fieldbalance in the multidirectional magnetization method.A2.1.1 Except for shims illustrated in Fig. A2.3, the shimsare available in two thicknesses, 0.002in. [0.05mm] and0.004 in. [0.10 mm]. Thinner shims are used when the thickershims cannot conform to the part surface in the area of interest.A2.1.2 The shims are available in two sizes, 0.75 in.[19 mm] square for Figs. Fig. A2.1 and Fig. A2.2 and 0.79 in.[20 mm] square of Fig. A2.3. The shims of Fig. A2.3 are cut,by the user, into four 0.395 in. [10 mm] square shims for use inrestricted areas.
A2.1.3Shims shallbelow carbon steel,AMS5062 orequivalent.
A2.1.4 Shims shall be used as specified in AS 5371. Shimsare placed in the area(s) of interest with the notches toward thesurface of the part being examined. Use enough shims by0.750\
(19.05mm）
50.507\OD
(@12.88mm)
O0.383”OD
O0.258\OD
(@5.55mm)
(0.18mm)TYP.
(9.35mm)TYP.
NOTCHDEPTH
20%0.0004
(0.010MM)OD
Shim Type 3C2-234
ShimThickness0.002\(0.05mm)0.235\[5.97mm]
0.395\[10.03mm]
(2) PLCS.
0.790\[20.07mm]
(2) PLCS.
0.200\[5.08mm]
O0.255\OD
[06.48mm]
0.006\[0.15mm]
NOTCH DEPTH
30%0.0006\[.015MM]
ShimThickness.002\[0.051mm]ShimTypeCX4-230
FIG.A2.3ShimsforMagneticParticleTestingplacing the shims in multiple areas to ensure proper fielddirections and strengths are obtained.0.750*
（19.05mm）
D0.507\ODbZxz.net
(@12.88mm)
00.383\OD
(09.73mm）
O0.258\OD
Center(05.55mm
(0.20MM)ID
(0.18mm)TYP.
(9.35mm)TYP.
NOTCHDEPTH
20%0.0000
(0.020MM)OD
40%0.0014
(0.040MM)D
Shim Type 3C4-234
Shim Thickness 0.004\(0.102 mm)FIG.A2.2Shims forMagneticParticleTestingA3.FLEXIBLE LAMINATED STRIPS FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTINGA3.1 Flexible laminated strips are typically used to ensureproper field direction during magnetic particle testing. Thelongitudinal axis of the strip should be placed perpendicular tothe direction of themagneticfield of interest in order togenerate the strongest particle indications on the strip.A3.1.1 The strips are available in two types, General Useand Aerospace Use. Both types of strip contain a steel layersandwiched between two brass plates that are 0.0020 in.[0.0508 mm] thick. The bottom brass layer acts as a lift-off of0.0020 in. [0.0508 mm] from the examination surface. Thebrassisnon-magneticandfunctions onlytoprovidelift-offandto protect the steel layer. The entire strip may have a polymericcoating for further protection.A3.1.2 The longitudinal dimension of the strips is 1.95 in.[50 mm], and the width of the strip is 0.47 in. [12 mm].A3.1.3 Both types of strips contain three longitudinal slotsin the center steel layer.
A3.1.3.1 The widths of the slots in the General strip are0.0075 in.[0.1905 mm], 0.009 in.[0.2286 mm], and 0.010 in.[0.254mm].
A3.1.3.2 The widths of the slots in the Aerospace strip are0.003 in. [0.0762 mm], 0.004 in. [0.1016 mm] and 0.005 in.[0.127mm].
A3.1.4 The center steel layer of the strips is made of a high\μ\ magnetic material.
A3.1.5 Strips shall be placed in the area(s) of interest part orsurface being examined. Use enough strips, or place the stripsin multiple areas to ensure that proper field directions areobtained.
FIG.A3.1 The Longitudinal Lines Represent the Location of theSlots Cut into the Center Steel Layer of Either the General orAerospace Flexible Laminated Strips
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