This part of GB/T 1251 proposes the perception criteria of dangerous visual signals in the signal receiving area, specifies the safety and ergonomic requirements of dangerous visual signals, the corresponding physical measurement and subjective visual inspection methods, and provides signal design guidelines so that the signals can be clearly perceived. GB/T 1251.2-2006 Ergonomics General requirements, design and inspection of dangerous visual signals GB/T1251.2-2006 Standard download decompression password: www.bzxz.net
This part of GB/T 1251 proposes the perception criteria of dangerous visual signals in the signal receiving area, specifies the safety and ergonomic requirements of dangerous visual signals, the corresponding physical measurement and subjective visual inspection methods, and provides signal design guidelines so that the signals can be clearly perceived.

Ics13.180
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T 1251.2—2006/IS0 11428:1996 replaces GB1251.2--1996
Ergonomics—Visual danger signals--General requirements, design and testing(ISO11428:1996,IDT)
Published on October 9, 2006
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China Administration of Standardization of the People's Republic of China
Implementation on March 1, 2007
GB/T 1251.2--2006/1ISO 11428 :1996 Foreword
Normative referenced documents
Terms and definitions
Safety and ergonomics requirements
Perceptible disturbance
Distinguishability
Duration
5 Physical measurement
Subjective visual inspection
References
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GB/T 1251 is divided into three parts:
- Part 1: Hazard signals in the workplace - Auditory hazard signals GB/T 1251.2—2006/ISO 11428:1996-- Part 2: Ergonomic hazard visual signals - General requirements, design and verification - Part 3: Ergonomic hazard and non-hazardous acoustic and visual signaling systems This part is Part 2 of GB/T 1251.
This part is equivalent to ISO15011428:1996 "General requirements, design and inspection for visual ergonomics of hazardous situations" (English version), and is drafted based on the translation of ISO11428:1996. This part replaces CB 1251.2-1996 "General requirements, design and inspection for visual ergonomics of hazardous situations" GB1251.2-1996. The main changes in this part are as follows: This part is a recommended standard, and GB1251.2-1996 "General requirements, design and inspection for visual ergonomics of hazardous situations" is a mandatory standard;
-This part is equivalent to ISO11428:1996. GB1251.2-1996 is based on ISO/1) IS11428 (1992 edition); - Removed the three terms "brightness", "illuminance" and "contrast" and their definitions in Chapter 3; - The title of Chapter 4 was changed to "Safety and Ergonomics Requirements"; - "Luminous surface" in Chapter 4 was changed to "Surface Light Source"; - Four visual field diagrams were added to Chapter 4, and 4.3.5 was added;
- Chapter 5 "Test Methods" was divided into two chapters: "Physical Test" and "Subjective Observation". This part was proposed by China National Institute of Standardization. This part is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee on Ergonomics Standardization. The reform units of this part: China National Institute of Standardization, General Armament Chemical Defense Research Institute, Tsinghua University, General Armament Aerospace Medical Engineering Research Institute, Air Force Aviation Medical Research Institute.
The main drafters of this part are Ye Sheng, Chen Yuanqiao, Ding Songtao, Ran Linghua, Li Zhizhong, Zhang Xin, Jiang Guohua, and Guo Xiaochao. 1 Scope
GB/T1251.2—2006/1SO11428:1996 Ergonomics Visual Hazard Signals
General requirements, design and inspection
This part of GB/T1251 proposes the perception principle of visual hazard signals in the signal reception area, specifies the safety and ergonomic requirements of visual hazard signals, the corresponding physical measurements to improve the subjective visual inspection method, and provides a signal design guide so that the signal can be clearly perceived. It is different from the relevant content described in 5.3 of GB/T15706.2—1995. This part does not apply to the following types of hazard indicators: presenting information in text or graphics;
- transmitting information with a single light display in data. This part does not apply to situations specified in specific regulations (such as public disasters and public transportation, etc.) 2 Normative references
The provisions in the following documents become the tea clauses of this part through reference in this part of GB/T1251. For any dated referenced document, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this part, however, parties that reach an agreement based on this part are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For any undated referenced document, the latest version applies to this part.
GB/T2893.1—2004 Graphical symbols Safety colors and safety signs (ISO3864-1:2002, MOD) G/T 15706.2-1995 General principles for safety and design of mechanical instruments Part 2: Technical principles and specifications (eqv 1ISO/TR 12100-2:1992)
GB/T18209.12000 Machinery safety indicators, signs and operations Part 1: Requirements for visual, auditory and tactile signals (idtIEC 61310-1:1995)
1Ee 60073:t991 Marking indicators and operating elements with colors and auxiliary methods 3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard. 3.
Visual danger signalVisual danger signalA visual signal indicating that a danger (including risk of personal injury or equipment accident) is about to occur or has occurred, requiring people to respond and eliminate or control the danger, or requiring other emergency measures to be taken. Danger visual signals are divided into two categories: warning visual signals and emergency visual signals. 3.1.1
Visual warning signalVisual warning signalA visual signal indicating that a dangerous situation is about to occur and requiring appropriate measures to be taken to eliminate or control the danger. 3.1.2
Visual emergency signalA visual signal indicating that a dangerous situation has begun or is occurring and requiring emergency measures to be taken. 3.2
Signal reception areaAn area where the intended perceived signal can be detected and responded to. 1
GB/T 1251. 2--2006/1S0 11428: 19963. 3
Field of vision; visual field The physical space that can be reached by the eye at a given position. [ISO 8995:1989,3. 1. 10]
Danger signal light A light source that uses one or more characteristics (such as brightness, color, shape, position and flashing pattern) to convey the presence of a hazard. 4 Safety and ergonomic requirements
4.1 General
The characteristics of a hazard visual signal should ensure that anyone within the signal reception area can perceive, recognize and respond to the signal. The hazard visual signal should:
- be clearly visible under all possible lighting conditions - be distinguishable from general lighting or other visual signals; and have a specific meaning within the signal reception area. Danger warning signals shall take precedence over all other visual signals, and emergency warning signals shall take precedence over all alternative visual signals. Care should be taken to regularly check the effectiveness of the visual danger signals, and whenever a signal (whether or not it is a danger signal) is introduced into the signal receiving area, the effectiveness of the signal should be checked. Note 1: Danger warning signals and audible danger signals should be used in conjunction (unless the two signals conflict with each other due to special circumstances); when the danger signal is an emergency signal, the audible signal and the visual signal should appear at the same time (see GB1251.3, Note 2: Danger visual signals have a relatively low brightness mode (rather than a high brightness warning mode) to show that the signal lights are working normally. 4.2 Perceptibility
4.2.1 Brightness, illumination11 and contrast1)
4.2.1.1 General
Two types of light sources need to be distinguished: surface light sources and point light sources. Surface light sources have a viewing angle greater than 1' in daylight conditions or greater than 10' in dark conditions, otherwise they are point light sources.
4.2.1.2 Surface light sources
In all cases where the light source is not considered to be small (point light source), the evaluation criteria for its perceptibility are surface density, background density and contrast. The brightness ratio (contrast) is not affected by the viewing distance (unless the transmittance is considered, see 4.5), so the specified contrast ratio can be applied to a variety of viewing conditions.
The brightness of the warning visual signal should be at least 5 times the brightness of the background. The brightness of the emergency visual signal should be at least 2 times the brightness of the warning visual signal, that is, at least 10 times the brightness of the background. 4.2.1.3 Point light source
For point light sources, the evaluation index of perceptibility is the contrast between the illuminance generated by the luminous flux on the observer's eye and the background brightness. Figure 1 shows the relationship between the illuminance required to reach the observer's eye and the background brightness. 1) See the definition in GB/T 13379. 2) See the definition in IEC60050(845), 2
Required illumination for the brain hole/x
0 000 1
0, 000 10. 00.
GB/T1251.2—2006/1SO11428:199610 o0
Brightness/(cdrm*)
Figure 1 Relationship between the required illumination for the hole and the background brightness 4.2.2 Flashing signal lights
Flashing signal lights should be used for emergency visual signals. Flashing of signal lights (i.e. the continuous on and off of signal lights) usually improves the perceptibility of signals (the ability to attract attention) and can create a sense of urgency.
Note 1. The flashing frequency should be 2Hz to 3Hz, and the on and off intervals should be roughly equal. 2: The synchronization of flashing and sound is generally not required, but the synchronization of sound can improve the perceptibility of the signal. Note 3: The flashing effect (such as the stroboscopic observation of rotating machinery, etc.) may reduce the perceptibility of flashing signals. 4.2.3 Signal location within the specification
Hazard visual signals should be placed in the immediate vicinity of potential hazards. The source of danger should be located in a suitable position so that all persons in the signal receiving area or about to enter the area can immediately notice it. In addition, it is not excluded that additional visual signals of danger are set in places other than the immediate vicinity of the hazard source, such as the control room or control panel.
The receiving area of ​​the visual signal of danger should be clearly marked in all installation designs and indicate whether it is the signal receiving area, such as the operator's control console, part of the plant area or the entire plant.
The signal lights that directly display danger should be set within the field of vision of the work place (signal receiving area) (see Figure 2, Figure 3 and prEN894-2). GB/T 1251. 2—2006/IS0 11428: 1996C
a) Vertical field of vision
Area A—Recommended;
Area B—www.bzxz.net
Area C—
Acceptable:
-Unsuitable+
S line—Forced vision or,
b) Vertical field of vision
Figure 2 Field of vision when the direction of vision is affected by external task requirementsC
a) Vertical field of vision
Area A—
-Recommended:
Area B—
-Acceptable,
Unsuitable
b) Horizontal field of vision
Sr line—Normal vision (located 15 to 30 degrees below the horizontal line). Figure 3 Field of view when the direction of the line is not affected by external task requirements 15
When the line of sight changes due to work activities or the fields of view of several observers do not overlap, additional signal lights should be installed. The layout of the signal lights should ensure that at least one danger signal can be seen at any point in the signal reception area. 4.3 Distinguishability
4.3.1 Overview
When a danger visual signal is perceived, it is extremely important to take the correct action, so the signal information is transmitted unambiguously. At least two of the following characteristics should be used to achieve differentiation between danger signals. 4
4.3.2 Color of signal lights
Warning visual signals should be yellow or orange-yellow. Emergency visual signals should be red.
GB/T1251.2—2006/IS0 11428:1996 If warning visual signals and emergency visual signals are used in the working area at the same time, and the colors of the two signals are different but not easy to distinguish clearly, the brightness of the emergency signal shall be at least twice that of the warning signal. The color and meaning of signal lights shall be consistent with GB/T2893.1, GB/T18209.1 and IEC60073. For the selection of colors in the hazard hearing and visual system, please refer to CB1251.3. For the color of light signals, please refer to GB/T84174.33 Arrangement
It is advisable to arrange the hazard visual signals as reasonably as possible so that the observer can understand the nature of the hazard in time and correctly and take emergency measures. 4.34 Relative position of signal lights
If two or more signal lights are used in a signal generating device, the red signal light should always be above the yellow signal light. If two red signal lights are used, they should always be arranged in parallel. 4.3.5 Flashing Pattern
Emergency warning signals should use flashing lights. It is advisable to use more than one flashing light in a signal device so as to produce flashes in both time and space patterns.
The perceptibility and distinguishability of the visual hazard signals specified in 4. and 4.3 should not be impaired by glare from other light sources (such as sunlight) in the signal reception area. The visual hazard signals themselves should not become a source of unnecessary glare. 4.5 Distance
In order to increase the illumination or reduce the required light output, the distance between the light source and the observer should be minimized as much as possible. Note! Since the illumination is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, the distance between the light source and the eye determines the light flux reaching the eye. When there is rain, fog, smoke, steam or dust between the light source and the observation point, the light flux of the signal will decrease due to the reduced transmittance of the medium. Sometimes the reflectivity of the medium is so low that the light signal is ineffective. In these cases, more reliance should be placed on auditory hazard signals. 4.6 Duration
After the danger state is detected and correct measures are taken, the emergency level of the signal should be reduced. If the remaining hazards can be ignored or are under control, the warning light should be turned off. Note: When the danger warning signal is no longer needed, the replacement signal can be released according to the provisions of CB1251.3. 5 Physical measurement
The illumination and (or) intensity of the current danger signal should be measured (see 4.2.1) to ensure that the danger signal meets the requirements and recommendations of this part. However, the data of the physical measurement panel should not be used as the only basis for the effectiveness of the danger visual signal. 6 Visual inspection
Due to the extremely complex visual environment in many occasions, In addition, considering the individual and ability differences of different observers, it is advisable to use a representative population sample to test the danger visual signal system. In order to be representative, the test group should include the following people: people over 45 years old; people with visual acuity lower than 0.8; people with color vision deficiency (red and green); people wearing goggles. When the danger visual signal is issued, observe the test group (the test group consists of 5 or less people, and the test subjects are not notified in advance that they will be tested), so as to conduct Subjective visual inspection of visual hazard signals. If all subjects respond with instinctive gestures or comments, the inspection can be terminated. If some subjects do not show any obvious reaction, they should be asked about their visual impressions during the last few minutes of the test immediately after the inspection. Based on the answers obtained, the results of the visual inspection are used as indicators of the effectiveness of the visual hazard signals. Subjective visual inspection should be carried out in various places, under different lighting conditions and with different Repeat the test several times with the test subjects until a representative set of test results is obtained.
If all test subjects respond, the hazard visual signal system is considered to meet the requirements. References
GB/T1251.2—2006/ISO11428:1996［1]GB1251.3—1996 Ergonomics Hazard and Non-hazardous Sound and Light Signal System (egvISO/DIS11429:1992)[2]GB/T8417—2003 Light Signal Color[3]
1S0 8995:1989 Principles of visual crgonomics-The lighting of indoor work systems[4]TFC 60050(845):1987 Inlernatinnal electrotechnical vocabulary-chapter 845:Lighting (identical with CIE 17. 4 international lightiug voeabulary, 4th ed 198?)-51 EN 292-2. i99i/Ai,1995 Safety of machinery-Easy: concepts. General principles for design--Yart 2: Technical principles and specifications (eguivalerr to IS0 12loc-2)[6]prEN 894-2:1992 Safety of machinery-Ergonomics requiresmen1s for the design of displaysand control actuators-Pari2.isplays布朗稚17bzw.cn脆熊布朗干他
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