Packaging－Transport packages－Quantitative data for the compilation of performance test schedules
Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Transport packages
Quantitative data for the compilation of performance test schedules
Packaging -- Transport packages-Quantitative data for the compilation of performance test schedules
This standard is equivalent to ISO4180/2-1980 "Complete and fully filled transport packages-Part 2: Quantitative values".
GB/T 4857.18-92
ISO4180/2-1980
General rules for compiling performance test schedules
The test schedule varies with the different transportation routes of the packages, so this standard is the basic principle for formulating applicable test schedules. When compiling the performance test schedule, if necessary, it should be jointly studied and determined by the relevant parties (for example, packaging designers, manufacturers of contents, transportation departments, cargo owners, departments formulating laws and regulations, or any combination of various parties). This standard and GB/T 4857.17 are two independent and complementary standards. 1 Subject content and scope of application
This standard specifies the quantitative data and other quantitative values necessary to determine the test intensity when compiling a performance test outline. This standard is applicable to determining the test intensity quantitative data and other quantitative values when compiling a performance test outline for transport packages in any circulation system.
2 Reference standards
GB3538 Labeling method for various parts of transport packages Series of standards for packaging transport packages
GB48571
GB4122 General terms for packaging
3 Factors that require determination of quantitative values in test methods The test methods selected for hazards in the circulation system and the factors that require determination of quantitative values before conducting the test are shown in Table 1. Approved by the State Bureau of Technical Supervision on November 25, 1992 and implemented on June 1, 1993
Test methods
Adjustment
Stacking test
Vertical impact drop test
Horizontal impact test
(incline test, hanging
pendulum test)
Vibration test
Low pressure test
Pressure test
Stacking using a pressure testing machine
Spray test
Rolling test
Tipping test
Immersion test
Hexagonal roller test
Controlled horizontal impact
National standard
GB/T 4857. 2
GB/T 4857.3
GB/T 4857.5
GB/T 4857.11
GB/T 4857.7
GB/T 4857.10
GB/T 4857.13
GB/T 4857.16
GB/T 4857. 9 | | tt | | GB/T 4857.6 |
4 Test strength value
GB/T4857.18—92
Table 1 Test method and factors that need to determine the value Factors that need to determine the value
Temperature, relative humidity, time, pre-drying conditions (when necessary) load, load duration, package status, atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, number of packages to be tested repeatedly
Drop height, package status\), atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, number of impacts, number of packages to be tested repeatedly
Horizontal impact speed, Condition of the package\, Atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, Shape of the impact surface, Use of additional obstacles (when necessary), Number of packages to be tested repeatedly, Duration of the test, Acceleration value, Condition of the package\, Atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, Load superimposed on the package (when necessary), Number of packages to be tested repeatedly, Pressure, Duration of the decompression test, Temperature in the test chamber, Number of packages to be tested repeatedly, Maximum load that can be withstood, Condition of the package\, Atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, Whether the upper platen is fixed or freely tilted, Number of packages to be tested repeatedly, Applied load, duration of load bearing, condition of package1, atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, number of packages to be tested repeatedly
Duration of water spraying, condition of package\, number of packages to be tested repeatedly Atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, number of packages to be tested repeatedly Atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, condition of package\, number of packages to be tested repeatedly Atmospheric temperature, duration of water flooding, number of packages to be tested repeatedly Equipment model, number of rotations, atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, number of packages to be tested repeatedly Atmospheric temperature and relative humidity, impact waveform, impact acceleration, impact duration (or velocity change), size of check load (when required), condition of package\), impact surface shape, number of impacts, number of packages to be tested repeatedly
4.1 The basic values and ranges of test strengths for road transport, rail transport, water transport, air transport and storage are listed in Table 2. These values are normal for ordinary circulation systems and are based on packages of "average" mass and size (i.e. package mass of 20 kg; dimensions of 400 mm×400 mm×400 mm).
Relative humidity
Low pressure
Duration
Tests affected by equipment installation and environmental factors
Affected by human factors
Duration
Stacking height under vibration load
Basic values
GB/T4857.18—92
Table 2 Basic Test strength value
Basic value
10～60
Basic value
110~60
100～
4.2 In addition to the basic value, the appropriate test strength value should be selected from the preferred series in Table 3 Empty
Basic value
To be studied To be studied
Basic value
National standard
Stacking GB/T4857.3
GB/T 4857.7
GB/T 4857. 11
GB/T 4857. 5
Variable factors
Stacking height
Stacking density
Duration
Duration
Stacking height
(Superimposed load is derived from this height)
Horizontal impact
Drop height
GB/T 4857.18--92
Preferred series of test strength values
Test strength
Applicable to normal hazards
1. 50,1. 80,2. 50,3. 50,
5.00,7.00
Same packages:
Tested package density
Mixed packages:
250, 350, 500, 700,
1 000, 1 400, 2 000
1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28
10, 20, 40, 60
1. 50, 1. 80, 2. 50, 3. 50
1. 5, 1. 8, 2. 2, 2. 7,
3.3,4.0,5.0
100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600.,800,1 000.1 200
Applicable to abnormal or special hazards
Starting from 9.00m, increase in steps of 2m
Same as normal hazards:
1. Same packages; Package density tested
Mixed packages:
250, 350, 500, 700,
1 000,1 400,2 000
Starting from 56th day, increase in intervals of 28 days
Starting from 2h, increase in intervals of 1h
Same as normal hazard:
1. 50,1. 80,2. 50,3. 50
Same as normal hazard:
1. 5,1. 8,2.2,2.7,
3.3,4.0,5.0
Starting from 1500 mm, increase by
300 mm intervals
4.3 When analyzing, comparing or studying transport packages, it is allowed to select test strength values other than those in Table 3. 5 Correction of test strength values
5.1 Correction principles
According to the known characteristics of the circulation system, transport packages and their contents, the basic values of the test strength shall be corrected. The correction principles and correction factors are listed in Table 4.
Test variables Mode of transport
Stacking height
Container
and pallet
Road)
Stacking duration
GB/T4857.18—92
Table 4 Correction of test strength values
Correction of test strength values
Vehicle height: When it is known that the vehicle can allow a stacking height of 3.50m, the stacking height for road transport can be increased from the basic value of 2.50m to 3.50m
Mass and size of packages: According to the mass and size of the packages that make up the stacking, the stacking height limit value can be derived. Taking into account the load-bearing capacity of the vehicle floor and axles, the stacking height may be lower than the 2.50m vehicle height. The basic stacking height for railway transport is 2.50 m. The actual loading stacking height can be up to 3.50 m. The mass and size of the packages: According to the mass and size of the packages that make up the stacking, the stacking height limit can be derived. Considering the load-bearing capacity of the vehicle floor, the stacking height may be lower than 3.50 m. Warehouse height: When it is known that the ship's hold can allow a height of 5 m or 7 m, the basic stacking height for water transportation can be increased from 3.5 m to 5 m or 7 m.
The mass and size of the packages: According to the mass and size of the packages that make up the stacking, the stacking height limit can be derived. b.
Considering the load-bearing capacity of the deck, the stacking height may be lower than 3.50 m. Not applicable.
Warehouse: When it is known that the warehouse allows a higher stacking height, a higher stacking height (5 m, 7 m) can be used. m or higher) see 5.2
Depending on the known actual conditions of the circulation system, the times given in Table 2 may vary by 245
Test variables Mode of transport
Duration of vibration
Time (“)
Bearing water during vibration
Stacking height
Container
And pallet
Horizontal impact
Impact velocity
Horizontal impact
Number of impacts
GB/T485 7.18—92
Continued Table 4
Correction of test intensity value
Distance length: For road transport distance within 1000~1500km, the vibration duration should be 40min+For road transport distance over 1500km, the vibration duration should be 60min; For road transport distance less than 1h, the vibration duration should be 10min
Transport under adverse conditions: If the transport road surface is known to be poor, some old vehicles are used, or other conditions are known to be adverse during the journey, the distance length of item a should be halved, and the test duration remains unchanged. Distance length: For railway transport distance within 3000~4500km, the vibration duration should be 40min; For transport distance greater than 4500km, the vibration duration should be 60min; For transport time less than 3h, the vibration duration should be 10 min
Transport under adverse conditions: When it is known that the line conditions are poor or the technical condition of the vehicles used is poor, the distance in item a should be halved and the vibration duration remains unchanged. To be studied
To be studied
Same as \stacking height\
See 5.2
For known poor loading conditions, the impact speed should be 2.7m/s. According to the corresponding known conditions in a given railway network, the horizontal impact speed of railway transportation can be selected within the range of 1.5~5.0m/s
Not applicable
Not applicable
In the test outline, the horizontal impact times carried out at the appropriate stage The number of horizontal impact hazards that may occur in the circulation system is related to the number of horizontal impact hazards that may occur in the circulation system.
Not applicable
Not applicable
Test variables Transportation mode
Vertical impact,
Drop height
Packaging mass
GB/T4857.18-92
Continued Table 4
Test intensity
Drop height should be adjusted as follows with the mass of the package and the mode of transportation: Package mass
10～20
50～100
Loading and unloading equipment
Drop height
The equipment conditions for loading and unloading packages must be considered. If the loading and unloading equipment is very suitable for the package, the test intensity can be reduced in sequence. If the loading and unloading equipment is not suitable, the test intensity is increased and the mechanical loading and unloading degree is high, and the test intensity is reduced. As the degree of manual loading and unloading increases, the test intensity is increased. The increase or decrease in the test intensity value should be limited to one level within the preferred series of drop height values, see Table 3247
Test variables Mode of transport
Vertical impact,
Drop height
Container
and pallet
Highway,
Vertical impact, iron
Number of drops
Highway)
State of package Iron
(Applicable to all tests for water transport) Air transport
GB/T 4857.18---92
Continued Table 4
Test intensity value
The transportability of the package (including size, shape, loading and unloading aids, etc.) The transportability of the package (including size, shape, loading and unloading aids, etc.) may affect the degree of hazard. Packages that are difficult to load and unload may increase hazards, whereas packages that are easy to handle may reduce hazards. Bags may increase hazards
The appearance (including markings), structure, materials and fragility of the package may cause an increase or decrease in strength. The amount of increase or decrease should be limited to one level within the preferred series of drop height values, see Table 3
Dangerous, slowly corrosive or valuable contents Packages containing dangerous goods must comply with various mandatory laws and regulations, performance requirements or special shipping requirements, and provide additional assurance for the integrity of the contents. The test intensity used should usually include these requirements. If the contents are corrosive (for example: easy to contaminate other packages) or valuable, additional assurance must also be provided for the integrity of the contents, and the test intensity should be increased accordingly. See Section 5.2
The number of vertical impacts performed at appropriate stages in the test outline is related to the vertical impact hazards that may occur in the circulation system. The state of the package during the test is mainly determined by the state of the package that may occur in normal conditions or when the relevant hazards occur. If the above conditions do not exist, the condition of the weakest part of the package that is easy to judge should be used. Note: 1) The influence of the vibration test can usually be manifested within the normal duration. However, when it is necessary to measure significant changes in the package or its contents, the vibration test duration can be extended.
GB/T4857.18-92
5.2 Correction of test strength values when using pallets or containers 5.2.1 Correction of test strength values when using pallets During the service life of the package, the packages are assembled on a pallet or similar device to form a unit load, and then the unit load is transported by mechanical equipment to the user. This can change the size of the hazard to which the package is exposed. Mainly vertical impact and stacking hazards. 5.2.1.1 Vertical impact
When palletizing manually, the direct impact strength of a single package is similar to the vertical impact strength when these packages are directly loaded on the transport vehicle. However, when palletizing mechanically, the vertical impact hazard to the package is very small. When loading and unloading mechanically, the vertical impact on the packaged product is usually smaller than that caused by manual operation when entering and leaving the warehouse, loading and unloading, see Table 2 and Table 4.
Palletization, equipped with a circulation system suitable for loading and unloading pallets, the strength value in the drop height optimization series can be reduced by one level or more, see Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4.
5.2.1.2 Stacking
The capacity of mechanical equipment to lift unit loads is usually higher than that of manual methods, and the stacking of packages is also higher. In addition, the design of the pallet and certain stacking forms may also increase the local stress on the package. Therefore, special considerations are required when doing stacking tests. With high-rise inventory technology, the unit load is placed on the pallet rack, and the stacking height will not be increased. The packages only need to be stacked to the height of the unit load. The use of column pallets and box pallets can also avoid high stacking on the packages. Palletization, equipped with equipment and facilities suitable for loading and unloading pallets, can choose a higher or lower stacking height than the stacking height listed in Table 2, see Tables 3 and 4.
5.2.2 Correction of test strength values when using containers From the manufacturer's loading of packages into containers for unit transportation to the user, certain hazards to the packages can be reduced. These hazards are mainly vertical impact and stacking, as well as the load superimposed on the packages when they are gripped. 5.2.2.1 Vertical impact
When packages are manually loaded into containers, the packages are subjected to vertical impact similar to that when they are loaded onto transport vehicles. When a unit load consisting of packages is loaded into a container, the packages are subjected to less vertical impact damage. Regardless of how the mode of transport is changed (for example: containers are transferred from road to rail, from rail to water, from water to road), the packages in the container are no longer subject to vertical impact damage caused by loading and unloading operations. Moreover, regardless of where the containers are loaded and unloaded, the loading and unloading hazards associated with handling at the dock and moving in and out of the ship can be avoided. Therefore, when using containers, the drop height values of the packages can be reduced by more than one level within the preferred series, see Tables 2, 3 and 4. 5.2.2.2 Stacking
The internal height of the container is about 2.2 meters, which effectively limits the stacking height to less than 2 meters. This is particularly important when considering that the packages must withstand superimposed loads during vibration testing. For ocean transport of non-bulk units, a stacking height equivalent to 7 m may be used.
Therefore, when using containers, a smaller quantitative value than the stacking height listed in Table 2 may be selected, see Table 3 and Table 6. Examples of preparation of performance test outlines
For examples of preparation of performance test outlines, see Appendix A (reference). 249
GB/T 4857.18--92
Appendix A
Examples of preparation of performance test outlines
(reference)
Examples illustrate the principle of preparing performance test outlines. A1 Test outline 1
A1.1 Package and circulation system
The package made of cardboard (containing refrigerated medicines) has a mass of 25 kg and a box size of 600 mm×400 mm×300 mm. The distribution system is road transport by refrigerated trucks under warm temperate climate conditions, with the longest distance from the manufacturer to the retail store being 500 km. The packages are loaded onto pallets by the manufacturer to form unit loads: the unit loads are then broken down into individual packages and transported to the retail store by covered vehicles. All storage is carried out under refrigerated conditions. Note: 1) In this example, the so-called warm temperate climate refers to a daily average temperature not exceeding 32°C, or not less than -15°C, and a relative humidity within the range of 65% to 100%.
A1.2 Hazard and test requirements table
According to the principles given in Chapter 12 of GB/T4857.17, the corresponding hazards and test requirements are listed in Table A1. Table A1 Example of test outline preparation
Related hazards
Links of the distribution system
Mechanical
a. Manually packing the packages on pallets
b. Transporting the unit load on the pallet to the warehouse
c. Storing the unit load in the warehouse (placed on the pallet rack
d. Transporting the unit load on the pallet from the warehouse to the main transportation vehicle
Climate conditions
Temperate zone
Warm temperate zone
Refrigerated temperature: 8℃
Tests involved 1) ||t t||Pre-test conditioning
Mechanical
Relative humidity: 50%
Regulation treatment or necessary
climatic test (equivalent)
Temperature: 5℃
Relative humidity: 85%
Test outline 1
Basic value of test strength
Stacking height: 3.50m
Stacking duration: 1 d
Correction factor
Pallet rack
Ultimate test strength value
Stacking height: 1.50m
Stacking duration: 1d
Related hazards
Parts of the distribution system
Mechanical
Climatic conditions
e. Road transport
Maximum distance
f. Transporting the pallet unit
Refrigerated temperature: 8℃
load from the vehicle
to the warehouse
Putting the unit load
on the pallet
rack for storage
h. Manually loading the single
package
on the covered
transport vehiclebzxZ.net
i. Transport to retail store by covered truck
j. Retail store
Manual unloading
GB/T 4857.18-92
Continued Table A1
Tests involved 1)
Pre-test conditioning or mechanical
Relative humidity: 50%
Warm temperate conditions,
Refrigerated packages
Refrigerated temperature: 8℃
Relative humidity: 50%
Required climatic test (equivalent)
Center temperature: 5℃
Relative humidity: 85%
Center temperature: 5℃
Relative humidity: 85 %
Degree 5℃
Relative humidity: 85%
Warm temperate conditions, cold
Storage package
Refrigerated temperature: 8℃
Relative humidity: 50%
Warm temperate conditions,
Cold cut package
Degree: 5℃
Relative humidity: 85%
Basic value of test strength
Stacking height: 2.50m
Vibration duration: 20min
Stacking height: 2.50m
Stacking duration: 1 d
Degree:1.5m/s
Drop height:500mm
Degree:5℃
Relative humidity:85%
Degree:5℃
Relative humidity:85%
Degree:5℃
Relative humidity:85%
Degree:5℃
Relative humidity:85%
Degree:5℃
Stacking height: 3.50m
Stacking duration: 7d
Drop height: 500mm
Stacking height: 2.50m
Correction factor
Pallet unit
Unit load
Pallet rack
Vibration duration: 20min
Stacking height: 2.50m
Stacking duration: 1 d
Relative humidity: 85%
Centerology: 5℃
Relative humidity: 85%
Note: 1) Testing is only required when those hazards reach a certain significant level. A1.3 Test sequence and test intensity
Speed: 1.5 m/s
Drop height: 500 mm
Short distance
Final test strength value
Stacking height: 2.50 m
Vibration duration: 20 min
Stacking height: 2.50 m
Stacking duration: 1 d
Speed: 1.5 m/s
Drop height: 100 mm
Stacking height: 1.50 m
Stacking duration: 7 d
Drop height: 500 mm
Stacking height: 2.50 m
Vibration duration: 10 min
Stacking height: 2.50 m
Stacking duration: 1 d
Degree: 1.5m/s
Drop height: 500mm
GB/T 4857.18-92
After determining the hazards and test requirements, follow GB/T4857.17 Section 7.The provisions of Article 2 determine the required test sequence and test intensity as follows:
Condition the package in accordance with GB/T4857.2 and place it at a temperature of 5°C and a relative humidity of 85% for 24 hours. a.
Before this, the package is placed in a drying oven at a relative humidity of 25% and 23°C for 24 hours. b.
Conduct a stacking test in accordance with GB/T4857.3, with a stacking height of 1.5m and a stacking duration of 7d. Conduct a vertical impact test in accordance with GB/T4857.5. The drop height is 500mm, and each package is tested twice. Climate treatment (test method to be formulated). Conduct a vibration test in accordance with GB/T4857.7. The vibration stacking height is 2.5m and the vibration duration is 20min. e.
Condition a stacking test in accordance with GB/T4857.3. The stacking height is 2.5m and the stacking duration is 1d. f.
Perform horizontal impact test in accordance with GB/T4857.11, with an impact speed of 1.5m/s. The state of the package during the test should be close to the state during transportation.
The number of packages to be tested repeatedly should be determined by the manufacturer and the tester. For packages produced in large quantities, a larger number of packages should usually be tested to ensure that the packages can withstand various hazards in the circulation system. A2 Test Outline 2
A2.1 Packages and circulation system
The package consists of a wooden box with a machine tool inside, which has mechanical and climatic protection. The total mass is 2000kg; the dimensions are 3.0m×2.5m×2.0m.
The circulation system is 200km of road transportation, 7000km of ocean transportation and 200km of railway transportation, from China to Africa. A2.2 Hazards and test requirements table
According to the principles given in Chapter 12 of GB/T4857.17, the corresponding hazards and test requirements are listed in Table A2. Table A2 Example of preparing a test outline
Related hazards
Links of the circulation system
Tests involved 1)
Pre-test conditioning
Mechanical climatic conditions Mechanical
treatment or required climate
Test (equivalent)
a. Packages are stored in
warehouses
b. Packages are loaded
onto highway
vehicles
Warm temperate zone
Warm temperate zone
Temperature 40℃\, relative
humidity 85% and temperature
18℃-relative humidity
Temperature 40\, relative
humidity 85% and temperature
-18℃-relative humidity
-Test outline 2
Basic value of test strength
Stacking height: 3.50m
Stacking duration: 1d
Drop height: 500mm
Correction factor
Mass scale of package
Conservation and
Loading and unloading
Final test strength value
Stacking height: 3.50m
Stacking duration: 1 d
According to the mass of the package,
Drop height is 100mml
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