General-purpose flat pallets for through transit of goods—Performance requirements and selection of tests
Some standard content:
ICS55.180.20
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T4995—2014
Replaces GB/T4995—1996
General-purpose flat pallets for through transit
Performance requirements and selection of tests
General-purpose flat pallets for through transit of goods-Performance reguirements and selection of tests(1SO8611-2.2011,PalletsformaterialshandlingFlatpalletsPart 2:Performance requirements and selection of tests 2014-09-03 Issued
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China Standardization Administration of China
2014-12-01 Implementation
GB/T4995—2014
2 Normative Reference Documents
Terms and Definitions
Performance Requirements
Test Conditions
Wooden Pallets
Metal Pallets
Plastic Pallets
Paper Pallets
Artificial Board Pallets
6 Number of Test Samples
7 Test Selection
Intended Use of Pallets
7.2 Pallets for Shelf Access and Stacking
Pallets Only for Stacking and Not for Shelf Access 7.3
7.4 Pallets Neither for Shelf Access nor for Stacking 7.5 Other uses
8 Test load
Strength test load
Ultimate load, U·
Stiffness test load
Rated load
9 Duration of static stiffness test
Number of impacts in dynamic test
Appendix A (informative)
References
Typical force-deformation relationship curve reflecting the deformation under the action of ultimate load U in the pallet test Foreword
Under the general title of "Intermodal General Flat Pallets", the following three standards are included: GB/T2934 "Main dimensions and tolerances of intermodal general flat pallets" GB/T4995 "Performance requirements and test selection of intermodal general flat pallets" GB/T4996 "Test methods for intermodal general flat pallets" This standard was drafted according to the rules given in GB/T1.1-2009. GB/T4995—2014
This standard replaces GB/T4995—1996 "Performance requirements for general-purpose flat pallets for intermodal transport". Compared with GB/T4995-1996, the main technical changes are as follows, except for editorial changes:
Added content on the selection of pretreatment environmental conditions (see Chapter 4); Modified pallet performance requirements (see Chapter 6, Chapters 46 and 7 of the 1996 edition); Added test selection principles (see Chapter 7); Added content on the method of determining test loads (see Chapter 8, 6.1 and 7.1 of the 1996 edition). This standard is prepared by the redrafting method with reference to ISO8611-2:2011 Material handling pallets Flat pallets Part 2: Performance requirements and test selection", and the degree of consistency with ISO8611-2:2011 is non-equivalent. This standard is proposed and managed by the National Technical Committee for Logistics Standardization (SAC/TC269). This standard was drafted by: University of Science and Technology Beijing, Ministry of Transport Research Institute, China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing Pallet Committee, Wuxi Qiancheng Packaging Engineering Co., Ltd., All Asia Supply Chain Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Ministry of Railways Standard Metrology Institute, China Packaging Federation, China International Marine Containers (Group) Co., Ltd., Dalian CIMC Logistics Equipment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Baoxing Wood Products Factory, Suzhou Dasen Plastic Industry Co., Ltd., Shandong Liyang Plastic Co., Ltd. The main drafters of this standard are: Tang Ying, Xiong Caiqi, Wu Qingyi, Xu Ping, Sun Yan'an, Zhang Jin, Wang Li, Ni Jiansheng, Yang Chengshuang, Chang Hong, Han Qingxun. This standard was first issued in 1985, revised for the first time in 1996, and this is the second revision. 1 Scope
Intermodal general-purpose flat pallets
Performance requirements and test selection
This standard specifies the performance requirements and test selection principles for intermodal general-purpose flat pallets. This standard applies to the design, production, inspection and use of intermodal general-purpose flat pallets for roads, railways and waterways. 2 Normative references
GB/T4995—2014
The following documents are essential for the application of this document. For all references with dates, only the versions with dates apply to this document. For all references without dates, the latest versions (including all amendments) apply to this document. GB/T3716-2000 Pallet Terminology (ISO445:1996.IDT) GB/T4996-2014 Test method for general flat pallets for intermodal transport (ISO8611-1:2011, MOD) GB/T18354-2006 Logistics Terminology
IS08611-32011 Pallets for handling goods
3 Terms and Definitions
Flat pallets
Part 3: Maximum working load
The terms and definitions defined in GB/T3716GB/T18354 and GB/T4996-2014 and the following terms and definitions apply to this document 3.1
Safety factor
safetyfactor
The ratio of the limit load to the rated load.
4 Performance requirements
For the performance requirements of tests 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 in GB/T4996-2014, see Table 1. The maximum measured value of the test should be compared with the performance requirements in Table 1.
Table 1 Performance requirements for general-purpose intermodal flat pallets Detailed table Loading operation or
Test number
Test item
Bending test
Bending strength test·
Bending stiffness test"
Test purpose
Shelf access
Test load level
Rated load test
Ultimate load (U) or load that causes
deflection of L (L)×6%
≤UX50%
Performance limit
The lifting height under load is L (L,)×
2%, and the deflection after unloading is L
(L2)X0.7%
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Clause
GB/T4995—2014
Test No.
Test Item
Fork-lifting Test
Bending Strength Test"
Bending Rigidity Test"
Block or Longitudinal Beam Compression Test
Block or Longitudinal Strength Test
Block or Longitudinal Rigidity Test
Stacking Test
Plattening Strength Test
Plattening Rigidity Test
Bottom Plate Bending Test| |tt||Bending strength test
Bending stiffness test.
Bending test for wing pallets
Bending strength test:
Bending brush test
Bending stiffness test
Loading operation or
Test purpose
Forklift and pallet
Forklift fork lifting
Any
operation of squeezing pads or
longitudinal beams, including
Double track conveyor
Suitable lifting
Table 1 (continued)
Test load level
Ultimate load (U,)
≤U.×5 0%
Ultimate load U of each pad, or
or the load (U) that causes 10% deformation in y direction
≤UX50% of each pad
Effective load
Ultimate load (U) of top and bottom decks, or the load that causes L
(L.)×6% of the deflection
≤U.×50%
Ultimate load (U,) or the load (U,) that causes L (L:)×6% of the deflection
≤U×50%
Ultimate load (U.) or the load (U,) that causes L (L.)X6% deflection
load (U.)
GUX50%
Maximum working load test
Shelf access
Performance limit
The deflection angle under load is 20mm or
The deflection angle is less than 4.5%, which leads to the smaller deflection:
The deflection after unloading is 7mm
The deformation under load is 4mm, and the deformation after unloading is 1.5mm
Under load The lifting height is LL:)X
2%, the lifting height after unloading is L
The deflection under load is 15mm, the deflection after unloading is 7mm
The deflection under load is LL)X
2%, the deflection after unloading is L
The effective load or air bag loading
The effective load
The lifting height should not exceed the degree when loading 1/2
U
The provisions of GB/T49962014
t||Test No.
Test Item
Airbag Bending Test
Bending Strength Test
Bending Stiffness Test"
Fork Lifting Test
Bending Stiffness Test
Stacking Test
Decking Stiffness Test
Bottom Decking Bending Test
Bending Measurement Test"
Wing Pallet Anti-lifting Test
Bending Measurement Test"
Static Shear Test
Corner Drop Test Test
Shear impact test
Top deck edge impact test
Block impact test
Static friction coefficient test
Sliding angle test
Loading operation or
Test purpose
Rack access
Forklift and pallet
Forklift lift
Double track conveyor
Sling lift
Deformation resistance
Impact resistance
Deformation resistance
Table 1 (Continued)
Test load level
Ultimate load (U,) or
Load causing
LI(L2)×6% deflection (U.)
Payful load
Payful load
Payful load
Payful load
Durability test
Empty pallet
Resistance to fork impact
Resistance to fork
Fork head impact
Fork anti-slip
Load anti-slip
Performance limit|| tt||GB/T4995—2014
GB/T49962014
Terms
The deflection when loading 1/2
U.
The deflection when loading 1/2
U,
The deflection when loading 1/2
U.
The deflection under load is 15mm, and the deflection after unloading is 7mm
The deflection should not exceed the deflection when loading 1/2
U.
Comparison test
h=.0.5m drop D,≤
4%. No breakage or damage that affects the performance or
function of the pallet
Comparison test
Comparison test
Comparison test
Comparison test
Comparison test
Note: The performance requirements for tests 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of GB/T4996-2014 are not listed in the table. These performance requirements will be finally determined after more data is accumulated through the above tests.
The pallet should be tested in the direction of its shelf access (see Appendix A), and the deformation rate in the stiffness test should gradually decrease. The handling operation of the squeezed pallet pad refers to the stacking operation of the pallet, regardless of whether the pallet is with or without superstructure or columns and rigid heavy loads. 4 If the pallet is damaged by stress concentration at the loading head during the test, the test shall be terminated and the pallet shall be replaced and retested. The pallet top board shall remain flat during the test
+ As described in ISO8611-3-2011, test 4b determines the maximum working load of the pallet by hand. The angle is obtained by measuring the angle between the straight line formed by the edge of the support beam to the edge of the pallet in the horizontal plane before loading and the straight line formed by the edge of the support beam to the same point on the edge of the pallet after loading. 3
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5 Test conditions
5.1 Overview
The test conditions shall be determined according to the pallet material with reference to 4.2 to 4.6 and shall remain unchanged during the test. If the pallet is made of multiple different materials, the humidity and temperature conditions during the test shall be determined according to the material that has the greatest impact on the performance. 5.2 Wooden pallets
The base moisture content is 20%±2%. If the pallet needs to be used under a higher moisture content, the pallet should be tested under the higher moisture content and the moisture content value should be recorded in the test report. 5.3 Metal pallets
The humidity and temperature conditions do not apply to metal pallets. 5.4 Plastic pallets
5.4.1 The rated load test, maximum working load test and durability test of plastic pallets shall be carried out under the following conditions in accordance with GB/T4996-2014:
Tests 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b.6a.6b, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13: 23℃±2℃ Maximum working load test Apply effective load: 40℃±2℃ Test 9: 23℃2℃ and -10℃±2℃
5.4.2 If the plastic pallet is to be used under certain specified conditions or extreme conditions, the test conditions of the maximum working load test and test 9 in GB/T4996-2014 shall be determined by negotiation between the supplier and the purchaser. 5.5 Paper pallet
5.5.1 The rated load test, maximum working load test and durability test of paper pallet shall be carried out under the following conditions in accordance with GB/T4996-2014:
Tests 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a.4b5a.5b, 6a.6b.8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13: 23℃±2℃ and 50%RH±5%RH
- Maximum working load test Apply effective load: 23℃±2℃ and 90%RH±5%RH5.5.2 If the paper pallet is to be used under certain specified conditions or more extreme conditions, the test conditions of the maximum working load test and test 9 in GB/T4996-2014 shall be determined by negotiation between the supplier and the purchaser. 5.6 Artificial board pallets
5.6.1 The rated load test, maximum working load test and durability test of artificial board pallets shall be carried out under the following conditions in accordance with GB/T4996-2014:
Tests 1a, 1b, 2a.2b, 3a3b.4a, 4b.5a.5b, 6a.6b.8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13: 23℃±2C and 50%RH±5%RH
Maximum working load test: 23℃±2℃ and 90%RH±5%RH5.6.2 If the pallet will be exposed to water in its circulation environment, the specimen pallet shall be completely immersed in water at a temperature of 20℃±5℃ for 24h during the test
5.6.3 For particle board pads, if the pads have been tested in accordance with national certification standards, the humidity and temperature of the specimen shall not be adjusted. 5.6.4 If the wood-based panel pallet is to be used under certain specified conditions or extreme conditions, the test conditions of the maximum working load test and test 9 in GB/T4996-2014 shall be determined by negotiation between the supplier and the purchaser. 4
6 Number of test samples
For each pallet test, at least 3 test samples shall be used for repeated tests. 7 Test selection
7.1 Intended use of pallets
7.1.1 The following four types of pallets shall be tested: a) Pallets used for shelf access and stacking; b) Pallets used only for stacking but not for shelf access: cargo pallets that are neither used for shelf access nor for stacking; d) cargo pallets used in other situations. GB/T4995-2014
7.1.2 The test items required for pallets for different purposes are shown in Table 2. The test item numbers correspond to GB/T4996-2014 Table 2 Test items required for pallets for different purposes Rated load test
Handling method
Shelf access
Bottom board support
Lifting wing plate
For shelf access
and stacking
la and 1b
2a and 2b
3a and 3b
4a and 4b
For stacking only and not
for shelf Storage and Retrieval
2a and 2b
3a and 3b
4a and 4b
Neither for rack storage
Nor for stacking
2a and 2b
3a and 3b
Conveyors
5a and 5b
Special Cases
6a and 6b
7.1.3 Pallets for general use intended for handling or transport shall be tested in accordance with 7.2, and pallets for special use intended for handling and transport within a limited range shall be tested in accordance with 7.3 or 7.4.
NOTE: In addition to the tests listed above, other tests may be required to test the pallet and its design performance. 7.2 Pallets for rack access and stacking
Pallets for rack access and stacking shall be subjected to tests 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a and 5b of GB/T4.996-2014. Note: Tests 5a and 5b cover the use of pallets on chain and roller conveyors or other support conditions. 7.3 Pallets used only for stacking and not for rack access Pallets used only for stacking and never for rack access shall be subjected to tests 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a and 4b of GB/T4996-2014. Note: The fork lifting test is a necessary bending test because the fork lifting option may limit the use of some pallets. 7.4 Cargo pallets used neither for rack access nor for stacking Cargo pallets used neither for rack access nor for stacking shall be subjected to tests 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b of GB/T4996-2014. 5
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7.5 Other uses
7.5.1 Pallets for automatic handling or conveyors
In some special applications, such as when pallets are used on chain and roller conveyors, the strength and rigidity of the pallet bottom deck may be the weakest link of the pallet. In this case, tests 5a and 5b in GB/T4996-2014 need to be carried out. 7.5.2 Pallets for sling lifting
Pallets used for sling lifting operations should be subjected to tests 6a and 6b in GB/T4996-2014, see Table 2. 7.5.3 Pallets with high impact resistance requirements
If it is necessary to understand the durability of pallets used under special conditions, tests 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 in GB/T4996-2014 should be selected according to the purpose of the pallet.
7.5.4 Pallets with friction performance requirements
If it is necessary to compare the relationship between different types of pallets and the transported goods or handling equipment, tests 13 and 14 in GB/T4996-2014 should be carried out.
8 Test load
8.1 Strength test load
Except for tests 10 and 11 in GB/T4996-2014, the test load for strength test shall have no fixed value. 8.2 Ultimate load, U
As described in Chapter 7, tests to determine the ultimate load capacity of pallets (tests 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a or 6a in GB/T4996-2014) shall be carried out according to the different uses of the pallets and the ultimate load values of the pallets Ur, Uz, UU.U, or U. shall be determined accordingly. 8.3 Stiffness test load
The test load P of the stiffness tests 1b2b.3b.4b, 5b and 6b in GB/T4996-2014 shall be equal to 50% of the ultimate load (with a safety factor of 2) or a load value that is less than 50% of the ultimate load and causes the lifting capacity to reach the limit. 8.4 Rated load
For pallets used as described in Chapter 7, the minimum value of the test load P in the stiffness test should be the rated load R of the pallet. Note: The intended use of the pallet is rack access and stacking. Table 3 illustrates how to determine the rated load of a pallet used for rack access and stacking. The values in the table are assumed values. The rated load R of the pallet is 1250 kg.
Table 3 Example of determining the rated load of a pallet for rack access and stacking Determining the rated load of a pallet for rack access and stacking Limit load of test 1a U,=2840kg
Test 1b (max. 2% of Lr)
Limit load of test 2a Uz=3500kg
50% of U is rated load P=1420kg
Up to Pi=1250kg
50% of U, is rated load P=1750kg
Table 3 (continued )
Determination of the rated load of pallets used for shelf retrieval and stackingTest 2b (maximum 20mm or 4.5)
The ultimate load U of test 3a: =4500kg
Test 3b (maximum 4mm)
The ultimate load U of test 4a: -4420kg
Test 4b (maximum 2% of L)
The ultimate load U of test 5a: =4060kg
Test 5b (maximum 15mm)
The load safety factor is 2.
Duration of static stiffness test
GB/T4995—2014
Get Pz=1750kg
50% of U is rated load P=2250kg
Get Pab=2250kg
50% of U: is rated load Pu=2210kg
Get Ph=2210kg
50% of U is rated load P,=2030kg
Get Psh-2030kg
The full load test time of static stiffness test 1b, 3b, 4b, 5b and 7b in GB/T4996-2014 is shown in Table 4. When all types of pallets are tested in test 6b and 2b in GB/T4996-2014, the test time and unloading time should be 30min. Table 4 Full load test time for static test
Pallet material
Unprocessed (cut) wood connected with metal fasteners All metal materials (welded or stamped structures) Overall performance determined by plastic or plastic parts Overall performance determined by paper substrate and processed wood (such as sawn boards) Pallets with main components bonded by adhesives Test 4b
Other tests
Note: If a reliable mite model is established, the test time can be shortened to improve the test efficiency 10
Number of impacts in dynamic test
Test time/h
Unloading time/h
According to the provisions of Chapter 9 of GB/T4996-2014, in each dynamic test, three impacts should be carried out on each pallet surface or in the horizontal axis direction of the pallet. The result of each test should be the average value of the three impacts. 7
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Appendix A
(Informative Appendix)
Typical force-deformation curve reflecting the deformation under the limit load U in the pallet testThe typical force-deformation curve reflecting the deformation under the limit load U in the pallet test is shown in Figures A.1, A2 and A3. Y
Description:
XLoad:
Description:
Deformation:
Limit load.
Load:
Deformation:
Limit load.
Force-deformation curve reflecting overall damage of palletX
Force-deformation curve reflecting damage of pallet componentsDescription:
XLoad:
YDeformation:
UUmimum load:
6% of test span,
Figure A3Force-deformation curve reflecting excessive deformation of palletiiKacadiaiKAca
GB/T4995—20141. As shown in A2 and A3. Y
Description:
X Load:
Description:
Deformation:
Ultimate load.
Load:
Deformation:
Ultimate load.
Force-deformation curve reflecting the overall damage of the palletX
Force-deformation curve reflecting the damage of the pallet componentsDescription:
X Load:
Y Deformation:
UUltimate load:
6% of the test span,
Figure A3 Force-deformation curve reflecting excessive deformation of the palletiiKacadiaiKAca
GB/T4995—20141. As shown in A2 and A3. Y
Description:
X Load:
Description:
Deformation:
Ultimate load.
Load:
Deformation:
Ultimate load.
Force-deformation curve reflecting the overall damage of the palletX
Force-deformation curve reflecting the damage of the pallet componentsDescription:
X Load:
Y Deformation:
UUltimate load:
6% of the test span,
Figure A3 Force-deformation curve reflecting excessive deformation of the palletiiKacadiaiKAca
GB/T4995—20142. Special purpose pallets for handling and transportation within a limited range should be tested in accordance with 7.3 or 7.4.
Note: In addition to the tests listed above, other tests may be required to test the pallet and its design performance. 7.2 Pallets for rack access and stacking
Pallets for rack access and stacking should be subjected to tests 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a and 5b in GB/T4.996-2014. Note: Tests 5a and 5b cover the use of pallets under chain and roller conveyors or other support conditions. 7.3 Pallets used only for stacking and not for rack access Pallets used only for stacking and never for rack access should be subjected to tests 2a.2b.3a, 3b, 4a and 4b in GB/T4996-2014. Note: The fork lifting test is a necessary bending test because the choice of fork lifting may limit the range of use of some pallets. 7.4 Pallets neither used for storage nor stacking For pallets neither used for storage nor stacking, the tests 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b in GB/T4996-2014 shall be carried out. 5
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7.5 Other uses
7.5.1 Pallets for automatic handling or conveyors
In some special applications, such as when using pallets on chain and roller conveyors, the strength and rigidity of the pallet bottom deck may be the weakest link of the pallet. In this case, tests 5a and 5b in GB/T4996-2014 need to be carried out. 7.5.2 Pallets for sling lifting
Pallets used for sling lifting operations should be subjected to tests 6a and 6b in GB/T4996-2014, see Table 2. 7.5.3 Pallets with high impact resistance requirements
If it is necessary to understand the durability of pallets used under special conditions, tests 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 in GB/T4996-2014 should be selected according to the purpose of the pallet.
7.5.4 Pallets with friction performance requirements
If it is necessary to compare the relationship between different types of pallets and the transported goods or handling equipment, tests 13 and 14 in GB/T4996-2014 should be carried out.
8 Test load
8.1 Strength test load
Except for tests 10 and 11 in GB/T4996-2014, the test load for strength test shall have no fixed value. 8.2 Ultimate load, U
As described in Chapter 7, tests to determine the ultimate load capacity of pallets (tests 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a or 6a in GB/T4996-2014) shall be carried out according to the different uses of the pallets and the ultimate load values of the pallets Ur, Uz, UU.U, or U. shall be determined accordingly. 8.3 Stiffness test load
The test load P of the stiffness tests 1b2b.3b.4b, 5b and 6b in GB/T4996-2014 shall be equal to 50% of the ultimate load (with a safety factor of 2) or a load value that is less than 50% of the ultimate load and that causes the lifting capacity to reach the limit. 8.4 Rated load
For pallets used as described in Chapter 7, the minimum value of the test load P in the stiffness test should be the rated load R of the pallet. Note: The intended use of the pallet is rack access and stacking. Table 3 shows how to determine the rated load of a pallet used for rack access and stacking. The values in the table are assumed values. The rated load R of the pallet is 1250 kg.
Table 3 Example of determining the rated load of a pallet for rack access and stacking Rated load of a pallet for rack access and stacking Limit load Uz = 3500 kg for test 1a
Test 1b (max. 2% of Lr)
Limit load Uz = 3500 kg for test 2a
50% of U is rated load P = 1420 kg
Up to Pi = 1250 kg
50% of U is rated load P = 1750 kg
Table 3 (continued) )
Determination of the rated load of pallets used for shelf retrieval and stackingTest 2b (maximum 20mm or 4.5)
The ultimate load U of test 3a: =4500kg
Test 3b (maximum 4mm)
The ultimate load U of test 4a: -4420kg
Test 4b (maximum 2% of L)
The ultimate load U of test 5a: =4060kg
Test 5b (maximum 15mm)
The load safety factor is 2.
Duration of static stiffness test
GB/T4995—2014
Get Pz=1750kg
50% of U is rated load P=2250kg
Get Pab=2250kg
50% of U: is rated load Pu=2210kg
Get Ph=2210kg
50% of U is rated load P,=2030kg
Get Psh-2030kg
The full load test time of static stiffness test 1b, 3b, 4b, 5b and 7b in GB/T4996-2014 is shown in Table 4. When all types of pallets are tested in test 6b and 2b in GB/T4996-2014, the test time and unloading time should be 30min. Table 4 Full load test time for static test
Pallet material
Unprocessed (cut) wood connected with metal fasteners All metal materials (welded or stamped structures) Overall performance determined by plastic or plastic parts Overall performance determined by paper substrate and processed wood (such as sawn boards) Pallets with main components bonded by adhesives Test 4b
Other tests
Note: If a reliable mite model is established, the test time can be shortened to improve the test efficiency 10
Number of impacts in dynamic test
Test time/h
Unloading time/h
According to the provisions of Chapter 9 of GB/T4996-2014, in each dynamic test, three impacts should be carried out on each pallet surface or in the horizontal axis direction of the pallet. The result of each test should be the average value of the three impacts. 7
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Appendix A
(Informative Appendix)
Typical force-deformation curve reflecting the deformation under the limit load U in the pallet testThe typical force-deformation curve reflecting the deformation under the limit load U in the pallet test is shown in Figures A.1, A2 and A3. Y
Description:
XLoad:
Description:
Deformation:
Limit load.
Load:
Deformation:
Limit load.
Force-deformation curve reflecting overall damage of palletX
Force-deformation curve reflecting damage of pallet componentsDescription:
XLoad:
YDeformation:
UUmimum load:
6% of test span,
Figure A3Force-deformation curve reflecting excessive deformation of palletiiKacadiaiKAca
GB/T4995—20142. Special purpose pallets for handling and transportation within a limited range should be tested in accordance with 7.3 or 7.4.
Note: In addition to the tests listed above, other tests may be required to test the pallet and its design performance. 7.2 Pallets for rack access and stacking
Pallets for rack access and stacking should be subjected to tests 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a and 5b in GB/T4.996-2014. Note: Tests 5a and 5b cover the use of pallets under chain and roller conveyors or other support conditions. 7.3 Pallets used only for stacking and not for rack access Pallets used only for stacking and never for rack access should be subjected to tests 2a.2b.3a, 3b, 4a and 4b in GB/T4996-2014. Note: The fork lifting test is a necessary bending test because the choice of fork lifting may limit the range of use of some pallets. 7.4 Pallets neither used for storage nor stacking For pallets neither used for storage nor stacking, the tests 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b in GB/T4996-2014 shall be carried out. 5
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7.5 Other uses
7.5.1 Pallets for automatic handling or conveyors
In some special applications, such as when using pallets on chain and roller conveyors, the strength and rigidity of the pallet bottom deck may be the weakest link of the pallet. In this case, tests 5a and 5b in GB/T4996-2014 need to be carried out. 7.5.2 Pallets for sling lifting
Pallets used for sling lifting operations should be subjected to tests 6a and 6b in GB/T4996-2014, see Table 2. 7.5.3 Pallets with high impact resistance requirements
If it is necessary to understand the durability of pallets used under special conditions, tests 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 in GB/T4996-2014 should be selected according to the purpose of the pallet.
7.5.4 Pallets with friction performance requirements
If it is necessary to compare the relationship between different types of pallets and the transported goods or handling equipment, tests 13 and 14 in GB/T4996-2014 should be carried out.
8 Test load
8.1 Strength test load
Except for tests 10 and 11 in GB/T4996-2014, the test load for strength test shall have no fixed value. 8.2 Ultimate load, U
As described in Chapter 7, tests to determine the ultimate load capacity of pallets (tests 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a or 6a in GB/T4996-2014) shall be carried out according to the different uses of the pallets and the ultimate load values of the pallets Ur, Uz, UU.U, or U. shall be determined accordingly. 8.3 Stiffness test load
The test load P of the stiffness tests 1b2b.3b.4b, 5b and 6b in GB/T4996-2014 shall be equal to 50% of the ultimate load (with a safety factor of 2) or a load value that is less than 50% of the ultimate load and that causes the lifting capacity to reach the limit. 8.4 Rated load
For pallets used as described in Chapter 7, the minimum value of the test load P in the stiffness test should be the rated load R of the pallet. Note: The intended use of the pallet is rack access and stacking. Table 3 shows how to determine the rated load of a pallet used for rack access and stacking. The values in the table are assumed values. The rated load R of the pallet is 1250 kg.
Table 3 Example of determining the rated load of a pallet for rack access and stacking Rated load of a pallet for rack access and stacking Limit load Uz = 3500 kg for test 1a
Test 1b (max. 2% of Lr)
Limit load Uz = 3500 kg for test 2a
50% of U is rated load P = 1420 kg
Up to Pi = 1250 kg
50% of U is rated load P = 1750 kg
Table 3 (continued) )
Determination of the rated load of pallets used for shelf retrieval and stackingTest 2b (maximum 20mm or 4.5)
The ultimate load U of test 3a: =4500kg
Test 3b (maximum 4mm)
The ultimate load U of test 4a: -4420kg
Test 4b (maximum 2% of L)
The ultimate load U of test 5a: =4060kg
Test 5b (maximum 15mm)
The load safety factor is 2.
Duration of static stiffness test
GB/T4995—2014
Get Pz=1750kg
50% of U is rated load P=2250kg
Get Pab=2250kg
50% of U: is rated load Pu=2210kg
Get Ph=2210kg
50% of U is rated load P,=2030kg
Get Psh-2030kg
The full load test time of static stiffness test 1b, 3b, 4b, 5b and 7b in GB/T4996-2014 is shown in Table 4. When all types of pallets are tested in test 6b and 2b in GB/T4996-2014, the test time and unloading time should be 30min. Table 4 Full load test time for static test
Pallet material
Unprocessed (cut) wood connected with metal fasteners All metal materials (welded or stamped structures) Overall performance determined by plastic or plastic parts Overall performance determined by paper substrate and processed wood (such as sawn boards) Pallets with main components bonded by adhesives Test 4b
Other tests
Note: If a reliable mite model is established, the test time can be shortened to improve the test efficiency 10
Number of impacts in dynamic test
Test time/h
Unloading time/h
According to the provisions of Chapter 9 of GB/T4996-2014, in each dynamic test, three impacts should be carried out on each pallet surface or in the horizontal axis direction of the pallet. The result of each test should be the average value of the three impacts. 7
rKacadiaiKAca
GB/T4995—2014
Appendix A
(Informative Appendix)
Typical force-deformation curve reflecting the deformation under the limit load U in the pallet testThe typical force-deformation curve reflecting the deformation under the limit load U in the pallet test is shown in Figures A.1, A2 and A3. Y
Description:
XLoad:
Description:
Deformation:
Limit load.
Load:
Deformation:
Limit load.
Force-deformation curve reflecting overall damage of palletX
Force-deformation curve reflecting damage of pallet componentsDescription:
XLoad:
YDeformation:
UUmimum load:
6% of test span,
Figure A3Force-deformation curve reflecting excessive deformation of palletiiKacadiaiKAca
GB/T4995—20141 Pallets for automatic handling or conveyors
In some special applications, such as when using pallets on chain and roller conveyors, the strength and rigidity of the pallet bottom deck may be the weakest link of the pallet. In this case, tests 5a and 5b in GB/T4996-2014 are required. 7.5.2 Pallets for sling lifting
Pallets used for sling lifting should be subjected to tests 6a and 6b in GB/T4996-2014, see Table 2. 7.5.3 Pallets with high impact resistance requirements
If it is necessary to understand the durability of pallets used under special conditions, tests 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 in GB/T4996-2014 should be selected according to the purpose of the pallet.
7.5.4 Pallets with friction performance requirements
If it is necessary to compare the relationship between different types of pallets and the transported goods or handling equipment, tests 13 and 14 in GB/T4996-2014 should be carried out.
8 Test load
8.1 Strength test load
Except for tests 10 and 11 in GB/T4996-2014, the test load for strength test shall have no fixed value. 8.2 Ultimate load, U
As described in Chapter 7, tests to determine the ultimate load capacity of pallets (tests 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a or 6a in GB/T4996-2014) shall be carried out according to the different uses of the pallets and the ultimate load values of the pallets Ur, Uz, UU.U, or U. shall be determined accordingly. 8.3 Stiffness test load
The test load P of the stiffness tests 1b2b.3b.4b, 5b and 6b in GB/T4996-2014 shall be equal to 50% of the ultimate load (with a safety factor of 2) or a load value that is less than 50% of the ultimate load and causes the lifting capacity to reach the limit. 8.4 Rated load
For pallets used as described in Chapter 7, the minimum value of the test load P in the stiffness test should be the rated load R of the pallet. Note: The intended use of the pallet is rack access and stacking. Table 3 illustrates how to determine the rated load of a pallet used for rack access and stacking. The values in the table are assumed values. The rated load R of the pallet is 1250 kg.
Table 3 Example of determining the rated load of a pallet for rack access and stacking Determining the rated load of a pallet for rack access and stacking Limit load of test 1a U,=2840kg
Test 1b (max. 2% of Lr)
Limit load of test 2a Uz=3500kg
50% of U is rated load P=1420kg
Up to Pi=1250kg
50% of U, is rated load P=1750kg
Table 3 (continued )
Determination of the rated load of pallets used for shelf retrieval and stackingTest 2b (maximum 20mm or 4.5)
The ultimate load U of test 3a: =4500kg
Test 3b (maximum 4mm)
The ultimate load U of test 4a: -4420kg
Test 4b (maximum 2% of L)
The ultimate load U of test 5a: =4060kg
Test 5b (maximum 15mm)
The load safety factor is 2.
Duration of static stiffness test
GB/T4995—2014
Get Pz=1750kg
50% of U is rated load P=2250kg
Get Pab=2250kg
50% of U: is rated load Pu=2210kg
Get Ph=2210kg
50% of U is rated load P,=2030kg
Get Psh-2030kg
The full load test time of static stiffness test 1b, 3b, 4b, 5b and 7b in GB/T4996-2014 is shown in Table 4. When all types of pallets are tested in test 6b and 2b in GB/T4996-2014, the test time and unloading time should be 30min. Table 4 Full load test time for static test
Pallet material
Unprocessed (cut) wood connected with metal fasteners All metal materials (welded or stamped structures) Overall performance determined by plastic or plastic parts Overall performance determined by paper substrate and processed wood (such as sawn boards) Pallets with main components bonded by adhesives Test 4b
Other tests
Note: If a reliable mite model is established, the test time can be shortened to improve the test efficiency 10
Number of impacts in dynamic test
Test time/h
Unloading time/h
According to the provisions of Chapter 9 of GB/T4996-2014, in each dynamic test, three impacts should be carried out on each pallet surface or in the horizontal axis direction of the pallet. The result of each test should be the average value of the three impacts. 7
rKacadiaiKAca
GB/T4995—2014
Appendix A
(Informative Appendix)
Typical force-deformation curve reflecting the deformation under the limit load U in the pallet testThe typical force-deformation curve reflecting the deformation under the limit load U in the pallet test is shown in Figures A.1, A2 and A3. Y
Description:
XLoad:
Description:
Deformation:
Limit load.
Load:
Deformation:
Limit load.
Force-deformation curve reflecting overall damage of palletX
Force-deformation curve reflecting damage of pallet componentsDescription:
XLoad:
YDeformation:
UUmimum load:
6% of test span,
Figure A3Force-deformation curve reflecting excessive deformation of palletiiKacadiaiKAca
GB/T4995—20141 Pallets for automatic handling or conveyors
In some special applications, such as when using pallets on chain and roller conveyors, the strength and rigidity of the pallet bottom deck may be the weakest link of the pallet. In this case, tests 5a and 5b in GB/T4996-2014 are required. 7.5.2 Pallets for sling lifting
Pallets used for sling lifting should be subjected to tests 6a and 6b in GB/T4996-2014, see Table 2. 7.5.3 Pallets with high impact resistance requirements
If it is necessary to understand the durability of pallets used under special conditions, tests 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 in GB/T4996-2014 should be selected according to the purpose of the pallet.
7.5.4 Pallets with friction performance requirements
If it is necessary to compare the relationship between different types of pallets and the transported goods or handling equipment, tests 13 and 14 in GB/T4996-2014 should be carried out.
8 Test load
8.1 Strength test load
Except for tests 10 and 11 in GB/T4996-2014, the test load for strength test shall have no fixed value. 8.2 Ultimate load, U
As described in Chapter 7, tests to determine the ultimate load capacity of pallets (tests 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a or 6a in GB/T4996-2014) shall be carried out according to the different uses of the pallets and the ultimate load values of the pallets Ur, Uz, UU.U, or U. shall be determined accordingly. 8.3 Stiffness test load
The test load P of the stiffness tests 1b2b.3b.4b, 5b and 6b in GB/T4996-2014 shall be equal to 50% of the ultimate load (with a safety factor of 2) or a load value that is less than 50% of the ultimate load and causes the lifting capacity to reach the limit. 8.4 Rated load
For pallets used as described in Chapter 7, the minimum value of the test load P in the stiffness test should be the rated load R of the pallet. Note: The intended use of the pallet is rack access and stacking. Table 3 shows how to determine the rated load of a pallet used for rack access and stacking. The values in the table are assumed values. The rated load R of the pallet is 1250 kg.
Table 3 Example of determining the rated load of a pallet for rack access and stacking Rated load of a pallet for rack access and stacking Limit load Uz = 3500 kg for test 1a
Test 1b (max. 2% of Lr)
Limit load Uz = 3500 kg for test 2a
50% of U is rated load P = 1420 kg
Up to Pi = 1250 kg
50% of U is rated load P = 1750 kg
Table 3 (continued) )
Determination of the rated load of pallets used for shelf retrieval and stackingTest 2b (maximum 20mm or 4.5)
The ultimate load U of test 3a: =4500kg
Test 3b (maximum 4mm)
The ultimate load U of test 4a: -4420kg
Test 4b (maximum 2% of L)
The ultimate load U of test 5a: =4060kg
Test 5b (maximum 15mm)
The load safety factor is 2.
Duration of static stiffness test
GB/T4995—2014
Get Pz=1750kg
50% of U is rated load P=2250kg
Get Pab=2250kg
50% of U: is rated load Pu=2210kg
Get Ph=2210kg
50% of U is rated load P,=2030kg
Get Psh-2030kg
The full load test time of static stiffness test 1b, 3b, 4b, 5b and 7b in GB/T4996-2014 is shown in Table 4. When all types of pallets are tested in test 6b and 2b in GB/T4996-2014, the test time and unloading time should be 30min. Table 4 Full load test time for static test
Pallet material
Unprocessed (cut) wood connected with metal fasteners All metal materials (welded or stamped structures) Overall performance determined by plastic or plastic parts Overall performance determined by paper substrate and processed wood (such as sawn boards) Pallets with main components bonded by adhesives Test 4b
Other tests
Note: If a reliable mite model is established, the test time can be shortened to improve the test efficiency 10
Number of impacts in dynamic test
Test time/h
Unloading time/h
According to the provisions of Chapter 9 of GB/T4996-2014, in each dynamic test, three impacts should be carried out on each pallet surface or in the horizontal axis direction of the pallet. The result of each test should be the average value of the three impacts. 7
rKacadiaiKAca
GB/T4995—2014
Appendix A
(Informative Appendix)
Typical force-deformation curve reflecting the deformation under the limit load U in the pallet testThe typical force-deformation curve reflecting the deformation under the limit load U in the pallet test is shown in Figures A.1, A2 and A3. Y
Description:
XLoad:
Description:
Deformation:
Limit load.
Load:
Deformation:
Limit load.
Force-deformation curve reflecting overall damage of palletX
Force-deformation curve reflecting damage of pallet componentsDescription:
XLoad:
YDeformation:
UUmimum load:
6% of test span,
Figure A3Force-deformation curve reflecting excessive deformation of palletiiKacadiaiKAca
GB/T4995—20145)
The limit load U of test 3a: =4500kg
Test 3b (maximum 4mm)
The limit load U of test 4a: -4420kg
Test 4b (maximum 2% of L)
The limit load U of test 5a: =4060kg
Test 5b (maximum 15mm)
The load safety factor is 2.
Duration of static stiffness test
GB/T4995—2014
Get Pz=1750kg
50% of U is rated load P=2250kg
Get Pab=2250kg
50% of U: is rated load Pu=2210kg
Get Ph=2210kg
50% of U is rated load P,=2030kg
Get Psh-2030kg
The full load test time of static stiffness test 1b, 3b, 4b, 5b and 7b in GB/T4996-2014 is shown in Table 4. When all types of pallets are tested in test 6b and 2b in GB/T4996-2014, the test time and unloading time should be 30min. Table 4 Full load test time for static test
Pallet material
Unprocessed (cut) wood connected with metal fasteners All metal materials (welded or stamped structures) Overall performance determined by plastic or plastic parts Overall performance determined by paper substrate and processed wood (such as sawn boards) Pallets with main components bonded by adhesives Test 4b
Other tests
Note: If a reliable mite model is established, the test time can be shortened to improve the test efficiency 10
Number of impacts in dynamic test
Test time/h
Unloading time/h
According to the provisions of Chapter 9 of GB/T4996-2014, in each dynamic test, three impacts should be carried out on each pallet surface or in the horizontal axis direction of the pallet. The result of each test should be the average value of the three impacts. 7
rKacadiaiKAca
GB/T4995—2014
Appendix A
(Informative Appendix)
Typical force-deformation curve reflecting the deformation under the limit load U in the pallet testThe typical force-deformation curve reflecting the deformation under the limit load U in the pallet test is shown in Figures A.1, A2 and A3. Y
Description:
XLoad:
Description:
Deformation:
Limit load.
Load:
Deformation:
Limit load.
Force-deformation curve reflecting overall damage of palletX
Force-deformation curve reflecting damage of pallet componentsDescription:
XLoad:
YDeformation:
UUmimum load:
6% of test span,
Figure A3Force-deformation curve reflecting excessive deformation of palletiiKacadiaiKAca
GB/T4995—20145)
The limit load U of test 3a: =4500kg
Test 3b (maximum 4mm)
The limit load U of test 4a: -4420kg
Test 4b (maximum 2% of L)
The limit load U of test 5a: =4060kg
Test 5b (maximum 15mm)
The load safety factor is 2.
Duration of static stiffness test
GB/T4995—2014
Get Pz=1750kg
50% of U is rated load P=2250kg
Get Pab=2250kg
50% of U: is rated load Pu=2210kg
Get Ph=2210kg
50% of U is rated load P,=2030kg
Get Psh-2030kg
The full load test time of static stiffness test 1b, 3b, 4b, 5b and 7b in GB/T4996-2014 is shown in Table 4. When all types of pallets are tested in test 6b and 2b in GB/T4996-2014, the test time and unloading time should be 30min. Table 4 Full load test time for static test
Pallet material
Unprocessed (cut) wood connected with metal fasteners All metal materials (welded or stamped structures) Overall performance determined by plastic or plastic parts Overall performance determined by paper substrate and processed wood (such as sawn boards) Pallets with main components bonded by adhesives Test 4b
Other tests
Note: If a reliable mite model is established, the test time can be shortened to improve the test efficiency 10
Number of impacts in dynamic test
Test time/h
Unloading time/h
According to the provisions of Chapter 9 of GB/T4996-2014, in each dynamic test, three impacts should be carried out on each pallet surface or in the horizontal axis direction of the pallet. The result of each test should be the average value of the three impacts. 7
rKacadiaiKAca
GB/T4995—2014
Appendix A
(Informative Appendix)
Typical force-deformation curve reflecting the deformation under the limit load U in the pallet testThe typical force-deformation curve reflecting the deformation under the limit load U in the pallet test is shown in Figures A.1, A2 and A3. Y
Description:
XLoad:
Description:
Deformation:
Limit load.
Load:
Deformation:
Limit load.
Force-deformation curve reflecting overall damage of palletX
Force-deformation curve reflecting damage of pallet componentsDescription:
XLoad:
YDeformation:
UUmimum load:
6% of test span,
Figure A3Force-deformation curve reflecting excessive deformation of palletiiKacadiaiKAca
GB/T4995—2014
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