Directives for the work of reference materials(8)--Uses of certified reference materials
Some standard content:
GB/I 15000.8--2003/IS0 Guide 33:200B/1150 is divided into 8 parts under the general title of Standard Sample 1. Guide: namely, GB/T 15000.1-1999:
H/T15000.21994
GB/T I00C,3-1
GR/T 1:00G, 4-2003
GB/T 150GC.5---[99
Guidelines for working with standard samples (1)
Guidelines for working with standard samples (2)
Guidelines for working with standard samples (3)
Guidelines for working with standard products (4)
Guidelines for working with standard parts (5)
General provisions for stating standard products in production technical standards Common terms for standard samples
General principles and statistical methods for determining the value of standard samples Contents of the certificate and label of standard samples
General rules for the application of chemical composition standard samples
Gb/T1=0C0.61996
Guidelines for the work of standard products (6))
General rules for the packaging of standard samples
CB/T1=000,7-20u1Guidelines for the work of standard products (7) Requirements for the export of standard samples
Guidelines for the work of standard samples (3)
GR/T 1EC0,3-20033
This part is the second part of it.
Use of certified standard products
This part is equivalent to 1SU Guide 33:2000 and the use of standard samples 3. The content of this part is proposed by the National Technical Committee for Standard Samples. This part is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Standard Samples. Part Drafting Unit: National Technical Requirements for Standard Samples, China Petrochemical Yizheng Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., this part drafting unit: Chen Boyan, Zhang Guangwei, and others. G8/T 15000.8—2003/tiuide33.2000 Introduction
The modern technological world requires a large number of certified reference materials (CRMs, the same below) in a wide range of fields, and the demand is expected to increase day by day. (The preparation of CRMs is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and has strict safety requirements. Therefore, it is not possible to meet the requirements of all types and numbers of CRMs, and it may not be possible in the future. For this reason, CRMs should be used properly, that is, standard products should be used effectively, efficiently and economically. The use of CRMs should be consistent with the reliability of the measurement. However, when using CRMs, the availability, relevant application, practicability and measurement technology of the CRMs should be considered.) Another important aspect is that users misuse CRMs and may not obtain the expected information.
Misuse of CRMs is different from incorrect use. When using CRMs, the user should include all the information specified in the certificate regarding the use of the CRM. The user should follow the requirements of the country, such as the validity period of the RM, the specified training conditions, the instructions for use, and the provisions regarding the effectiveness of the specified RMs. CRMs should not be used for purposes other than the intended purpose. However, when no suitable RM is available and the user has to resort to more than one method to use the same RM, the user should be fully aware of the possible errors and make corresponding assessments. There are many test cases in which the RM used is replaced by a variety of working standards (such as homogenized materials, pre-analyzed materials, pure compounds, range spectral effects, etc.). For example, in situations where only a rough estimate of the correctness of the method is attempted or the error is eliminated, technical inspection is often used in quality control programs. The first example illustrates the case where a series of \timed accuracy and uncertainty assessments are compared, and where the accuracy or density of a measurement is only evaluated for variations with certain parameters such as time, analyzer, etc. The other example illustrates such a situation: where a series of \timed accuracy and uncertainty assessments are compared. This comparison does not need to be done based on the accuracy of the RM and the uncertainty of the standard values determined by the RM. The advantage of RMs is that the user has a wide range of methods to evaluate the accuracy and quality of their measurement and to establish a basis for their results. In these cases, the use of RMs in the event of misuse will have to take into account the cost of the RMs: if the CRMs are not or are not very reliable, then the use of RMs will be correct: but if there is no, If the cost of preparing an internal standard sample is similar to that of one or more producers, it is better to use a CR as the internal standard product. This can easily improve the results of trace amounts. When preparing internal standards, it is important to use materials that are less expensive than Ms. The cost of the equipment used is the lowest. For such RMs, such as CRMs with chemical composition determinations, the cost of preparing an internal standard product with the actual sample composition may be higher than that of purchasing a similar RM. In this case, it is still better to use CRYs as a "sample" in quality control and to purchase RMs that are more flexible. If a certain professional technical personnel In the frequency domain these RMs are easily identified as new and unlikely to achieve the planned values. Furthermore, the KM method can be used as an unknown test in a measurement process when the user has not adequately considered the uncertainties arising from the determination of the RMs. The determination of the values of synthetic standards may result from the inhomogeneity of the standard samples, the uncertainty within the laboratory, and even the uncertainty between experiments. The uniformity of the newly determined RM depends both on the statistical settings used to evaluate the uniformity and on the accuracy of the measurement method used. For some CRMs, the uniformity test is only valid within a test part with certain mass, dimensions, measurement time, etc. The user should be aware that if the test part does not meet or exceed the specification, it will increase the inappropriateness of the CRM and affect the quality of the test, so that the statistical data provided are not valid. The use of the same method or the same method has another meaning for the user: the inconsistency of the CRM depends on the quality of the measurement method. When the user uses a method with good quality, it is possible to detect unevenness in the CRM. In the case of injection molding, the unevenness and variability measured in the measured characteristic parameters have been detected. Therefore, the statistical tests mentioned in this section of GI/T15000 are still valid, but the scientific basis for the true evaluation of the method using a specific CRM is to be studied. It is well known that different measurement methods for characteristics cannot have only the same repeatability, so In this case, a method may be evaluated that is more accurate or complex than the method used in the specified CRM. In this case, the statistical tests mentioned in this part of GB/T 1500 remain valid, but the accuracy of the user's method using the undetermined CRM should be further studied. If a CRM with smaller uncertainty is available, it is recommended that the user use the CRM with smaller uncertainty. For reference materials, the user should not be afraid that his method can achieve the accuracy of this CRM: Therefore, using the specified parameters of the characteristic reported in the certificate, apply GB/T 1500/1500 to the specified CRM. If the statistical procedures of this part of the OCC are not reasonable for assessing the accuracy and precision of a method applied to a particular sample, the user should determine by experiment or consult available data to estimate more appropriate parameters. Similarly, when the user applies a method to a sample that has been calibrated by another method, the user cannot assume that the values of the parameters used are equivalent unless the accuracy and precision of the two methods are known to be comparable. Regardless of whether the accuracy and precision of the method are being assessed or whether a calibration is being performed, an important aspect to consider in selecting an RM is that the method should meet the required level of accuracy. Of course, the user should not select an RM with an uncertainty that exceeds the standard deviation. Finally, use an acceptable CRM. When selecting a CRM, in addition to considering the uncertainty level required for the intended process, the CRM's performance, chemical activity, and applicability to the intended product should also be considered. For example, if one CRM is not readily available and is expensive, the user may be forced to use another CRM with a lower uncertainty. Alternatively, in a chemical analysis, one CRM may have a greater uncertainty in a given characteristic than another CRM, but may still be used because its composition is closer to the actual product, thus minimizing the measurement process by avoiding "base selection" effects or chemical effects that may produce errors much greater than the difference in the uncertainties of the two CRMs. In summary.CRMs have many uses. However, an RM that is used in one laboratory may be used for a different purpose in another laboratory. Therefore, it is recommended that users consider whether their CRM is suitable for their intended use based on their individual circumstances before using it:
1 Scope
GB/T150Q0.8—2003/1S0 Guide33:2000 Guide to working with certified reference samples [8
Convenient use of certified reference samples
This part of GB/T150Q0.8—2003/1S0 Guide33:2000 Guide to working with certified reference samples [8
Convenient use of certified reference samples
This part of GB/T150Q0.8—2003/1S0 Guide33:2000 Guide to working with certified reference samples [8] This part of GB/T150Q0.8—2003/1S0 Guide33:2000 Guide to working with certified reference samples Chapter 2 of this part of GB/T 1000 gives definitions of the technical terms used (and indicates their source). The design principles covered in this part of GB/T 1000 are summarized. Chapter 5 discusses the role of CRMs in measurement science and in the determination of calibration standards. Chapter 6 also provides a discussion of the need for and difficulty in determining the use of CRMs in measurement science. This part is applicable to calibrated instruments identified as RMs in GB/T 1500-4. NOTE: CRMs are used to assess the accuracy of instruments, not necessarily CRMs. This part does not describe CRMs; this content is discussed in GB/T 1500-4. 2 Terms and definitions The following terms and definitions apply to this part of GB/T 1500-4. 2.1 Measurement process ergnens p'ncess
enterprise information related to a certain measurement, equipment and operation Note: The concept includes everything related to the properties of the instrument: for example, atomic force microscope, method, process film, impact value and its standard, LVIM.1s93
product integrity
not the measured quantity but has an influence on the measured quantity. For example, ambient temperature, frequency of alternating voltage [VIM.1593]
standard sample RM) referencemulerial old material or structure for which the value of one or more characteristics has been well determined, for calibration of instruments only, evaluation of measurements or for material evaluation.
s0 Guideline 30, 1992
Certified Reference Material (CRM) is a standard sample with a certificate, which has one or more characteristics and is used to determine the source of the characteristic. The value of the characteristic is expressed in units of units and each standard value is accompanied by an uncertainty with a given confidence level. S0 Guide 30: 192
precision
density
GR/T 150QQ.8—2003/TSO Gnide 33:2000Under specified conditions, the range between the test results of related documents shall be reduced. TSO 5:34-11
repeatabty
see 2.7, the range between the test results of related independent documents shall be reduced under annual reproducibility conditions. IsO 3:34-1
repeatabilityconditionlong Test conditions carried out independently on the same test case in the same laboratory, with the same operator, using the same steps, following the same test procedure, and within a short period of time.
_ISO 3:34-1]
The standard deviation of the test results obtained under the same conditions is the value obtained by repeating the test results under the same conditions. 15()334-1
Repeatability limit repeatability limit min
A value - under the same repeatability conditions, the absolute value of the reading between two tests does not exceed this number. _150 3534-1
Reproducibility Reproducibility is the degree of difference between the test results obtained under reproducible conditions (see 1). 150 3334-17
reprodncibility conditions Reproducibility is the condition under which the same test results are obtained by different operators using the same method and different instruments on the same material in different laboratories. [150 3534-1] Reproducibility limit The reproducibility limit is the difference between the first two test results obtained under reproducible conditions with a probability of 95%. 11
Bias bins
Test results are related to the acceptable internal reference values. Note that the system is not based on random errors, and the acceptable value of each test is the same as the whole system. [3534-1
Facenracy
Accuracy
Test results are consistent with the reference values of the whole system. 2
GD/T15000.9-—2003/IS0Gwide33:2000 Note: When applied to a series of test results, the accuracy of the test results is usually expressed as a deviation, [ISO 153534-1
Lraencay
The accuracy of the test results is the degree of closeness of the average value of the series to the accepted reference value. Note: When measuring accuracy, it is usually expressed as a deviation, [ISO 3534-1 Uncertainty The uncertainty is a parameter that characterizes the value of the measurement being measured and is related to the result. Y[E.199,LM1993] Note that the uncertainty is not recommended for use in the measurement guidance specified in 2,24, i.e. for D[>2. 17], for estimating the total distribution of the root sample. For example, a parameter. 150 3534 1 Estimated value Estimated value of root sample. The result of the calculation of the estimated quantity, 150 3534-17
es1imalom
is used to estimate the unknown cover of the total distribution, 2.20
nullhypothesis
the null hypothesis
the assumption that is accepted or rejected in the test results, [IS0 3534--]
3 Symbols and subscripts
3.1 Symbols
Preferred value
Expectation of the driving variable
Grits statistics
Number of replicatesWww.bzxZ.net
Reproducibility limit
Estimated standard deviation
Variance of the random variable
Measurement results
Arithmetic mean of the measurement results
Grand mean of the measurement results
CB/I15000.8—2003/I50Gnlde332000 Classification error rate
Correlation bias of the process
Accepted characteristic value
Degree of freedom||tt| |Estimate of the standard deviation
Note the measurement process uncertainty represented by the bias XR
3.2 Subscript
4 Statistical principles
4.1 Basic assumptions
The 95th percentile of the value calculated from a distribution with degree of unity is used
Designator of a single measurement result
Inter-laboratory (CRV)
Inter-laboratory (assessment operation)
Intra-laboratory
Intra-laboratory (required)
All statistical methods used in this part of ISO 1000 are based on the following assumptions: 1) All variations in the standard value layer (RM characteristic whose value is the best estimate of the value h), whether related to the material (e.g. properties) or to the measurement process, are random and follow a constant probability distribution. The probability values given in this part of GB/T15300 are all defined as normal distribution. They are called the deviation from normal distribution.2. Determine the accuracy and correctness of the test process. There is always a possibility of making incorrect conclusions. This is because: 1) The accuracy of a test result should be determined by the number of repeated measurements. The effectiveness of repeated measurements is limited. Although increasing the number of measurements will reduce the chance of making incorrect conclusions, in limited cases, increasing the number of measurements will increase the initial cost. The economic benefits of increasing the number of measurements should be weighed against the risk of making incorrect conclusions. Therefore, when evaluating the performance of the test procedure, you must consider the accuracy and speed required by the final use. In this part of G15, the term "alternative hypothesis" is used broadly: the alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis that the measurement procedure does not shift much and its variance is not greater than the predetermined value chosen by the experimenter; the alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the original hypothesis (see 13534-1). There are two types of errors that may occur in accepting or rejecting the original hypothesis. 1) Type I error: When the actual three assumptions are correct, the probability of rejecting the accepted hypothesis is: Type II error risk: The probability of making the second type of error is usually less than 2, its value varies with the actual situation, and is calculated only when the alternative hypothesis is not specified. The probability of making the second type of error is usually specified as 1. It is not actually true that the null hypothesis is true, and the choice of the right value is the key to the economic process. It is more important to decide the result. This value should be selected before the measurement process starts. 5 The role of CRMs in measurement science 5.1 General GB/T 15000.8—2D03/IS0 Table 33:200D Metrology covers all aspects of measurement, regardless of the level of accuracy, and in any scientific or technical field: this chapter describes the role of standards in measurement. 5.2 The role of CRMs in storing and transferring characteristic values As shown in the following text (3), an RM has a certain type or property whose value has been well determined by measurement. The characteristic values of a CRM are determined by the data they provide. They are stored in the CRM until they are ready for use. The CRM will then be transported from one place to another. When the value of a characteristic of a CRM can be determined with a well-defined uncertainty, the characteristic can be used to measure the speed of the gear in time and space, similar to the measurement instrument and the physical material. In order to minimize the storage and transmission of the characteristic values, the CRM must be suitable for the role it plays. Applicable CRMs should generally meet the following technical criteria (including relevant statutory and commercial requirements): 1. The CRM itself and the values it contains should be determined under actual storage, disassembly and use conditions and within an acceptable time period; 2. The CRM should be sufficiently balanced to within an allowable uncertainty. Within the specification, the property values measured on one part of a batch of CRMs may be applicable to other parts of the batch. If the batch is not uniform, it may be necessary to certify each unit of the batch separately:
=) The characteristic values of the CRM do not have to meet the uncertainty of the final use;) There should be clear documentation of the RM and its confirmed characteristic values: the characteristic values have been certified. Therefore, this documentation should include proof of compilation based on GB/T 1500C.4.
Whenever possible, the measurements made on the CRM should be made by an acceptable method. This method can only be used for final use requirements with uncertainties that are within the specification and traceable to national measurement standards using instruments or physical measurement standards. This ensures that the authenticity of the CRM is passed to the user before using the CRM with traceable characteristic values. However, most national measurements or standards are not consistent with international standards. How well should the best standards of one country be compared with similar standards of another country? In many cases, (the ratio of a CRM to a national standard increases,) 5.3 Use of CRMs in measurements: A laboratory should control and verify many of the factors that determine the authenticity of the measurements, in all the necessary detail. This is a very difficult task. This work can be greatly simplified by using CRMs that are already authentic. The reference material and the actual reference material should be as similar as possible so that all analytical questions that may cause error in the measurement are included. The user can then use the same analysis procedures on the reference material as on the technical reference material. The CRM is therefore analogous to the transfer standard used by a professional laboratory. This transfer standard requirement is not required. CRMs with defined uncertainty limits can also provide an efficient means of determining the uncertainty of analytical and technical measurements. 5.4 The role of CRMs in the International System of Units (SI) 5.4.1 Dependence of SI base units on substances and materials The SI is the current form of the SI, which recognizes seven basic units, namely the unit of length (symbol), the unit of mass (kilogram, k), the unit of time (milligram, ampere, A), the unit of thermodynamic temperature (milligram, K), the unit of mass (mol), the unit of mass fraction (mol), the unit of mass ion (mol), and the unit of mass ion (mol). The definitions of these base units involve the following substances: platinum alloy (used to make gram instruments), chrysene-133 (used to determine seconds), water liters to determine kcal and magnetite 12 (used to determine amperes). The above substances are listed under the name of standard samples. Of course, these materials have their own unique status as the defined substance, which is the basis for this. This property is strictly defined by GB/T15000.8-2003/I50 Golde33:2000 units, because the realization of the unit may also dream of other physical and (or) materials. 5.4.2 Obtaining derived units with the aid of standard samples Many SI derived units are obtained by combining individual units in the form of products and/or sums. At present, the mass-based derived unit is defined as kilogram per cubic meter (kgu), and the derived unit is the pascal (·kx). Strictly speaking, the unit depends on the material from which the base unit is derived (see 5.1.). In practice, derived units are usually obtained from KM with acceptable specific values and are derived from base units. Therefore, when determining derived units, it is necessary to consider the material and/or material of the derived unit (see Examples 1 and 3 below). The same applies to determining the unit of the derived unit (see Example 3 below). Example 1 shows the SI unit scal·m·kgs>. This can be quickly determined by measuring the concentration of 20% high purity water, nt 002Pa*× and get -
Example 2 The unit of heat is joule/vol·wen-ol·=kg···o-By taking the value of 7U,01」.mo-:, K-for α-alumina at 5, and getting the SI unit of humidity 3 wen, at any temperature, (273.1KT,902,9F>, by measuring the freezing point of pure water, the freezing point of silver and the freezing point of pure zinc, when the final electric rent of pure platinum is obtained, Dansheng uses a certain mathematical system to obtain it. 5.4.3 The connection between analytical chemistry and S[
People will notice that in the tree 1-Example 3.2, 2) are all mentioned (generally referred to as \pure\ chemical substances, pure considerations are all measured The most cumulative chemical composition of the substance is a single part of the development of analytical chemistry. In addition to the broad single In addition to the dependence of the chemical on the chemical substance, the dependence of analytical chemistry on S is also worth considering. Most analytical chemists use units within the S range (basic units and multi-units except for the basic units and multi-units) in the measurement process. However, compositional analysis relies on another concept, that is, the existence of pure chemical species. The chemical composition of other substances or materials can be related to them by citing relevant chemical changes and stoichiometrics. One or more pure chemical species are used as the measurement basis, which is the same as the description system used in the analytical chemical composition and measurement. This method is feasible. The following is an example of such a measurement basis. Other species can be related to it through electrochemical analysis; 12. Other species can be analyzed by means of data.Raoult's determination allows measurement or volume reduction of low concentration gases and b)
scans to be combined with it:
commercial elements require a fee for analysis, which can be combined with analysis by electrochemical, egg volumetric, iontometry or spectroscopic methods,
in this state the "common clock" obtained in many cases as RMs, insect analysts can use only four different techniques and chemical reactions: many substances can be extended to the same commercial effect with working analysis standards. The concept of accounting for sources has as many applications in chemistry as it does in other measurement sciences. For example, traceability of results to the source of the instrument, the physical source of the instrument, and the use of CRMs will improve the quality of chemical analysis results. In many cases, the source of the instrument is related to the relative atomic mass (previously the relative atomic mass) used in the calculation. The analyst should record the source of these numbers. 5.5 Standards and Scales
5.5.1 General
Since civilization began, people have used many different scales. Almost all of the original scales were conventional, with no known technical details. Scientific progress and the development of international standards have created the need and possibility for new scales. Individual, consistent, and self-contained International System of Units (SI) has gained worldwide popularity. However, the SI does not apply to some types of measurements: These quantities require the use of some agreed units which are not part of the standard. In addition, some units related to the measured quantity are clearly within the S1 frame, but it is technically difficult and difficult to reproduce the units according to the definition. It is therefore more convenient to use a practical scale that restores the material to a standard value. Although a standard value scale and a standard standard are theoretically similar, they are similar in that the standard sample is similar. Therefore, the first discussion is that the agreed standard is not based on the observation of the standard sample: the value is assigned by a standard specification, international agreement or other standard document, so the standard product properties of the agreed scale should have different characteristics. This type of standard is not a direct characteristic value: that is, it is measured by standard methods on the standard equipment of the metrology laboratory or its standard laboratory. 3
G/T t5000.8—2003/150 Golde 33:2000 Obviously, standards are not products that guarantee only: · Fixed points on a measuring scale. In the morning of the scale measurement, the scale requires a fixed point and a mathematical function passing through this point, or requires two or more fixed points, and the specified internal method is applied between the points; · There are common and non-continuous scales, such as the "only" in the geological experiment. The scale product is based on a smaller mineral than the original one, and the better the expansion part will be, the less likely it is to break the internal expansion. An agreed scale needs two basic supports: one is a standard sample for multiple fixed points, and the other is a standard specification (or similar document) which describes the recorded method. They should be determined in a standardized manner to ensure the consistency of measurements on the agreed scale. Standard The specification should provide detailed information on the establishment and use of a scale based on an assignment, or provide information on the experiments and procedures used in the measurements based on the assignment. It should be noted that the requirements for the CRM should be determined in the specification. With the help of the CRMs and the corresponding standard specifications, users can create measurement scales and use this scale to measure their samples. When estimating the uncertainty of measurements on a scale, users should learn to use the uncertainty of the scale to absorb the uncertainty when using the CRM to determine the points. Sometimes the user's final application requires a lower level of uncertainty than the uncertainty of a fixed point determined by the CRM (e.g. blood concentration pH): they should be aware that the uncertainty of the measurement on the scale is necessarily greater than the uncertainty of the fixed point. In addition, repeated measurements of the CRM and the documentation of the scale (suitable selection of points, verification and repeatability, etc.) affect the total uncertainty. The choice of CRM should be based on the measurement procedure that gives the required level of uncertainty. To minimize the uncertainty in the measured values on the scale, the user should use CRMs that are fixed in scale units. However, the user should be fully aware of the relevant calibration method and the correct description of the CRM. In some cases, if RMs fixed in scale units are not available or are too expensive, the user may use pure chemical compounds to determine the fixed points. If this method is chosen, the user should know the relationship between the purity of the compound and the characteristics of the compound to be concentrated, and the uncertainty in the measurement should be estimated. The user should have a sample of the compound and determine them. (RV is used in different ways. To illustrate the inconsistency of this scale, examples from the literature are given below. 5.5.2 International Temperature Scale
The unit of thermodynamic temperature, Kelvin, is defined as 1/273.16 of the triple point of water. Direct determination of the Kelvin requires reaching the thermodynamic semi-equilibrium of the triple point of water. The thermodynamic inversion of the Kelvin as an asymptotic process is a necessary condition: but not a sufficient condition. Some basic equipment is also required, such as a gas hygrometer and a radiative thermometer.
Thermodynamic measurements of humidity rise in space do not use basic thermometers because they make it difficult to decompress the moon, and the sun cannot reach the Due to the sensitivity and reproducibility of platinum thermometers and flame thermometers, a continuous, internationally recognized practical temperature scale has been developed to provide a reproducible, easy to understand method of measuring thermal temperatures. The current standard is the International Temperature Standard (ITSD0.1T5-90) of 1990. It contains:
a set of fixed points (usually three points, such as melting point, freezing point, gas or metal): a set of auxiliary thermometers with a specified internal method, and instructions and methods for constructing the scale.
The temperature of the product can be determined by a small temperature determination method at a temperature of 90% of the liquid atmosphere. 5.5.3 pI scale
From the above conclusion, the mass of a single ion cannot be measured by high pressure test. Therefore, it is considered that A loose physical measurement. In order to make the requirements as reasonable as possible, an unspecified scale was adopted, which was defined by the standard pH value of the standard solution. The pH value of these solutions was sufficient to measure the electromotive force of the hydrogen-silver chloride electrolyte without migration, and the measured value was calculated by the agreed calculation method. Many national standards and specifications describe the preparation of standard solutions and the method of pH reduction. The uncertainty of the standard value is limited to a few thousandths of a ppm.
5.5.4 Octane estimation scale
The octane value scale is jointly formulated by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and IP (American Petroleum Institute) and is CB/T15000. Date-2003/ISO The international standard [Gvide 33.2000, 9 and national standards all refer to the documents, ASTMD269995a/IP2?3 and ASTM1)27UVSF/IP25 respectively describe the research method and the engine method as the test methods for engine fuel properties. In these two standards, the octane number is determined by comparing the explosion potential of the material with the basic characteristics of the ASIM standard fuel with known octane content under standard conditions. The standard samples and very suitable appendices are given in the appendices of these two standards: ASTM standard referenced the standard product 5RMNo1816 (conductivity 387 and 387 NM, purity 0.987%) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology of America [NIST]. This report uses ASTM standard fuels produced by manufacturers to verify the value of standard fuels. The standard gives the specifications for these standard fuels and also specifies the suppliers. The suppliers must ensure that the standard samples meet the requirements of the specification. ASTM determines the value based on the physical properties of the samples. Suppliers must verify the corresponding SRM before verifying the standard samples for determination to ensure the full source of acceptable standard samples. ASTM suppliers must issue certificates to ensure that the standard samples shipped are safe and consistent with the test results. 6 Evaluation of measurement processes
6.1 Considerations
6.1.1 An experimental case
When a particular experimental procedure is completed and a test method is tested with a certain precision and accuracy, the laboratory shall verify its measurement process with a CRM on a daily basis. 6.1.2 Interlaboratory Program
In this case, the inspection procedure is used as part of the program. For example, the various parts of 1 57\1 are summarized. The purpose of this program is to establish a measurement method and operating characteristics, with the expectation that a typical experiment can be compared with the existing work. 6.2 Limits
6.2.1. Short principle
In order to meet the requirements, when measuring a certain V, the result of the measurement is within the predetermined model. The accuracy is usually expressed as a standard deviation, while the accuracy requirement is expressed as the deviation of the measured result from the indicated value. These limits arise from various reasons.
6.2.2 Legal limits
Legal limits are those limits required by laws or regulations. For example, it is required that the analysis of carbon dioxide in air must have a certain accuracy and accuracy.
6.2.3 From the program limit
In the case of large factors, the uncertainty range is related to the state and the ( For example, manufacturers, suppliers and service providers may derive these values from actual values, such as those obtained from international tests using international standards, etc. 6.2.4 Limits given by the user of the procedure
This refers to the limits given by the actual manufacturer or laboratory to which the pharmaceutical organization gives its own provisions and limits of variation, such as limits set by commercial requirements.
6.2.5 Experienced limits
This refers to the limits of accuracy and precision of the test product that have been established within the limits of confidence obtained through previous tests.
6.3 CRM 6.3.1 Compatibility with the measuring procedure The CRM user must determine the suitability of the CRM for its measurement procedure and take into account the method of determination, the expected use and the correct instructions for use of the CRM in the CRM documentation. 1) Level, the CRM should be consistent with the expected level of the measured process, for example concentration 2) Matrix, (RM matrix must be as close as possible to the material being processed in the test process, such as carbon in stainless steel
GB/T15000.8—2003/150de33:2000 Deformation: CRM can be any physical state, for example Depending on the sample size, the CRM may be a test piece or a finished product or a powder. The CRM should be used in the same form as the sample being measured. The quantity of the CRM should be sufficient for the entire experimental plan. There should be some time to prepare. Avoid having to use a batch of CRMs in a single experiment. Stability: CRMs have certain characteristics that need to be protected during the entire experiment. There are three situations: 1) The characteristic is stable and needs to be protected. 2) The standard value of the characteristic may change due to storage conditions. In this case, the container should be stored in the manner specified in the certificate before and after opening.
) The CRM should be kept for a specified period of time (the characteristic changes at a known rate before the manufacturer) to ensure that the uncertainty of the standard is sufficient. The uncertainty of the standard should be the same as the accuracy specified in 6.2. 6.3.2 Type of determination of the CRM
The choice of the type of determination of the CRM depends on the information required by the test plan. Please refer to 1S0 Guide 15[. G.1 Test procedure
6.4.1 General
The measurement code sequence shall be fixed and shall be a written document including the details. No changes shall be made during the test. 6.4.2 Check of accuracy and precision of the measurement process by one laboratory 6.4.2.1 General
The accuracy of the measurement shall be checked by one laboratory, including comparison of the deviations of the standard values obtained under the conditions of the test chamber (or other specified conditions) with the required standard values. One laboratory shall check the accuracy of the measurement procedure, including comparison of the half-mean values of the results with the standard values of the CRM. In making this comparison, consideration shall be given to the accuracy of the measurements made in the sequence. 6.4.2.2 The number of measurements required depends on the values of α and β and the assumptions made in the evaluation criteria. 1 Given the values of α and β, the relationship between α and the ratio is given in Table 1. For all values of α and β, the relationship between α and β is given in Table 1. The relationship between α and β is given in Table 1. For all values of α and β, the relationship between α and β is given in Table 1. The relationship between α and β is given in Table 1. The relationship between α and β is given in Table 1. The relationship between α and β is given in Table 1. The relationship between α and β is given in Table 1. The relationship between α and β is given in Table 1. The relationship between α and β is given in Table 1.
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