Some standard content:
GB18419--2001
Technical requirements 4.1, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6.4.7.4.8.4.9 of this standard are mandatory, and the rest are recommended. Household sanitary insecticides are insecticide aerosols, which are made of pyrethroids, carbamates or other types of sanitary insecticides with effective ingredients and suitable solvents and adjuvants. They are powered by ground spray agents, canned in pressure-resistant containers, and manually pressed by actuators to spray in a predetermined form to kill pests. This standard is formulated to meet and standardize the needs of the insecticide aerosol product market and provide a reliable basis for improving the quality of its products. At the same time, Appendix A of the standard details the determination method of effective ingredients, and Appendix 3 of the indoor efficacy determination method of insecticides such as aerosols cites GB13917.21992 "Test method for the efficacy of pesticides registered for health cattle, and the indoor efficacy determination method of aerosols", and re-defines the temperature in the test room in combination with actual conditions. Appendix A and Appendix B of this standard are both appendices of the standard. This standard was proposed by China Light Industry Federation. This standard was launched by the National Daily Miscellaneous Products Standard Promotion Center. The drafting units of this standard are: Jiangsu Tongqi Aerosol Co., Ltd., Hebei Kangda Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Yangnong Chemical Co., Ltd., Guangdong Shunde Laiya Chemical Co., Ltd.
The main drafters of this standard are: Ma Yi, Wang Xuemin, An Donglan, Liang Weimin, Li Chuanhe. 729
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Household sanitary insecticide, insecticide aerosolDomestic sanitary insecticideSpray insectieide
GB 18419 2001
This standard specifies the definition, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules and marking, packaging, transportation, storage and instructions for use of household sanitary insecticide aerosols.
This standard applies to products that are formulated with active ingredients of pyrethroid enzymes, carbamates or other types of sanitary insecticides and suitable solvents and auxiliary agents, powered by propellants, canned in pressure-resistant containers, and sprayed in a predetermined form by a dynamic pressing actuator to kill pests.
2 Reference standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through listing in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised, and parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. CB/T2828—1987 Sampling procedure and sampling table for batch inspection (applicable to inspection of continuous batches) GI/I2829-1987 Sampling procedure and sampling table for periodic inspection (applicable to inspection of stability of production process) GB5296.1-1997 General instructions for use of consumer products GB13917.2-1992 Indoor efficacy test method for registered pesticides for sanitary use Indoor efficacy determination method for aerosols GR/T14449—1993 Test method for aerosol products neaASTMD3074 State Bureau of Technical Supervision Order No. 43 Regulations on Metrology Supervision of Quantitatively Packaged Commodities 3.3 Text
The following definitions are used in this standard:
3.1 Insecticidal aerosol
A kind of product that is used to kill pests by sealing and filling insecticides, solvents and auxiliary agents in an aerosol packaging container, and spraying the contents in a predetermined form through a valve and an actuator with the help of the pressure of the propellant. 3.2 Knockdown time (KT50 value)
The time required for 50% of the test insects to be knocked down (i.e., lying on their backs) under specified conditions. 3.3 Efficacy
The killing effect that the product should achieve under specified conditions and within a specified time. 3.4 Active ingredients
Chemical ingredients with biological killing activity. 3.5 Spray rate
The mass ratio of the sprayable material of the insecticide aerosol to the total content. 3.6 Internal pressure
The pressure per unit area of the insecticide aerosol container, approved by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China on August 28, 2001730
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2002-07-01 implementation
4 Technical requirements
4.1 Drug requirements
GB 18419-2001
Must be drugs registered or approved for use by relevant national government departments. 4.2 Appearance
The graphics and text are clear, the tank is flat and rust-free, and there are no obvious scratches and stains on the main printed parts. 4.3 Internal pressure: 0. 5 MPa~1, 0 MPa:
4.4 Spray rate
Spray rate 298.0%.
4. 5 Net content
The net content of insecticide aerosols shall be marked in units of volume or mass, and its maximum net content shall not exceed 100ml.00g), and its deviation shall comply with the provisions of Table (1) in Order No. 43 of the State Administration of Technical Supervision. 4.6 Acidity
The acidity of insecticide aerosol contents (in terms of HCl) is s0.02 (m/m). 4.7 Active ingredient content
The active ingredient content of the product must be clearly stated on the body (packaging), and the relative deviation of the active ingredient content is 10%. 4.8 Thermal storage stability
After the thermal stability test, the degradation rate of the active ingredient content of pyrethroids is %, and the degradation rate of the active ingredient content of other types is ≤10%. 4. 9 Drug efficacy (see Table 1)
5 Test method
5.1 Drug requirements
Check whether there is a registration or identification certificate for the drug: 5.2 External gauge
KT50,min
Visual inspection at a distance of 250 mm from the sample under normal light, 5.3 Internal claw
5.3.1 Instrument
Pressure gauge: Range is (0~.1.6)MPa. Accuracy 2.5 level; special connector;
Timer;
Cabinet warm water bath: Temperature control accuracy ±2℃,
5. 3-2 Test steps
Mortality rate,
24 h 95, 0
24 h95. 0
72 h95. 0
According to the requirements of the product instructions, press the actuator of the valve correctly to remove the air trapped in the valve and the straw, then place the sample in a water braid at (55±2)℃, immerse the water to the lower four-tenths of the height of the can body, and keep the temperature constant for 30 minutes. Wear a thick leather cover, take out the sample and wipe it quickly. Unplug the actuator of the valve, align the inlet of the pressure gauge with the valve stem, press it tightly, and after the pressure gauge pointer stabilizes, record the repulsion meter reading, and take the maximum value of the three measurements as the push.
5.4 Ejection rate
5.4.1 Instrument
Constant temperature water bath: temperature control accuracy +2℃
Balance: the graduation value is not less than 0.01.
5.4.2 Test steps
GB 184192001
Take the sample and place it in a water bath at (2 inches 2) ℃:. Let the water soak to one-fifth of the sample height, keep the temperature constant for 30 minutes, wear thick leather gloves, take out the sample and rub 1. Weigh the mass m, (accurate to 0.1g). Shake the sample 6 times, spray the contents in the spray direction marked on the sample until the contents cannot be sprayed out. Weigh the mass m again (accurate to 0.1g). Hole the sample and remove the remaining liquid, then weigh the tare weight (accurate to U.1\). The ejection rate is calculated according to formula (1):
Ejection rate (%)=
The mass of the sample before ejection, g:
Where.m,—
The mass of the sample after ejection, B;
5.5 Net content
The mass of the sample after removing the residual liquid.
5.5.1 Net content
5.5.1.1 Instrument
mi -ms × 100
mr — mt
Glass aerosol test tube with scale: capacity 90mL, minimum graduation value 1mL, balance: graduation value not less than 0.01g;
Test temperature: (25±2)C.
5.5.1.2 Test steps
Take the sample, weigh its mass m, assemble the glass aerosol test tube, pay attention to the use of a valve without a straw, and weigh its mass ms:-(1)
Use a plastic tube about Bmm long and with an inner diameter slightly larger than the diameter of the sample valve stem (the aerosol valve straw can be used), and connect the valve stems of the two. Then place the sample and the glass aerosol test tube horizontally, as shown in Figure 1. Plastic tube
Glass aerosol test tube
Net capacity measurement device diagram
Press with appropriate force to connect the sample and the glass aerosol test tube. At this time, the contents should be injected from the sample into the glass aerosol test tube. If the contents after transfer are in the gas phase.Then rotate the sample and the glass aerosol until the transferred contents are in liquid phase. When the injected contents account for about 65% to 75% of the volume of the glass aerosol test tube, stop pressing, remove the sample, and weigh the mass of the glass aerosol test tube. Place the glass aerosol test tube in an environment of (25 ± 2)°C for about 30 minutes, and read the scale of the liquid level after the liquid level of the contents stabilizes.
Empty the contents of the glass aerosol test tube, wash and dry it, and then fill it with pure water to the scale noted above, and calculate the mass of the injected pure water m7. Record the test temperature at this time. Then measure the net mass of the sample according to the provisions of 4.11 of GB/T 14449-1993. 5.5. 1.3 Calculation of results. Calculate the net capacity of each sample according to formula (2): 732
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Wherein: V
net capacity of the sample, inL;
mass of the empty glass aerosol test tube, g;
GB 18419-2001
mass of the glass aerosol test tube after the sample content is injected·8! Mass of pure water required to fill to the same scale, more: net mass of the sample, g:
density of pure water at the test temperature, g/ml..
5.5.2 Net mass. Calculate according to the provisions of 4.11 of GB/T 12449--1093. 5.6 Acidity
5.6.1 Reagents
Standard potassium hydroxide solution: r(KOH)=0.02mol/I (2)
Phenolic ethanol: Take 95% analytical pure ethanol, add a few drops of phenolic acid indicator solution, and titrate with r(KOH)=0.02mol/T. potassium hydroxide solution to produce a reddish color.
Phenolic acid indicator solution: 5g/1. ethanol solution.
5.6.2 Test steps
Take the sample and spray it according to the force method indicated on the can for 1~?s, then remove the original spray head and replace it with an aerosol valve actuator head with a catheter (or use a syringe needle instead). Weigh the mass of the sample at this time ms (accurate to 0.01 g). Rub the sample, immerse the end of the actuator catheter into about 50 mL of neutral ethanol (placed in two 150 mL button bottles), press the actuator head (or the right syringe head) and spray the contents for about 20 seconds (pay attention to control the spraying speed to prevent droplets from splashing), and weigh the mass of the sample at this time m: (accurate to 0.01g).
Heat the conical flask and boil it for 5 minutes, then add 1 ml of phenol-sensitive indicator solution, cool it to 40℃～50℃, and titrate it with potassium hydride standard solution as quickly as possible until a slight red color appears, which is the end point. 5.6.3 Calculation of results
Calculate the acidity of the sample according to formula (3):
Where: X—the acidity of the sample contents; X(%) = 0 036 56V+ × 100
Concentration of standard potassium hydroxide solution, n1l/LVi
Volume of standard potassium hydroxide solution consumed in titrating the sample solution, mL; Mass of sample before sampling, ;
Mass of sample after sampling·Name:
0.0365Mass of hydrochloric acid equivalent to [.00mL of standard potassium hydroxide solution c(K0II)=1.00mol/1., g/mal. 5.7 Active ingredient content
The determination method is shown in Appendix A (for products to which the active ingredient analysis method of this standard is not applicable, the manufacturer shall provide the analysis method). 5.8 Thermal storage stability
5.8.1 Apparatus
Oven: temperature control (54±2);
Ampoule: capacity 50 ml., neck length about 5 mm; Medical syringe: 50 mL,;
Big flat: the graduation value is not less than 0.01.
5.8.2 Operation steps
GB 184192001
Take a can of sample at random and weigh the gross weight (accurate to 1 No.), placed vertically in a 15°C low-temperature box for 4 hours. After taking it out, drill a small hole (less than 1 mm in diameter) on the top of the can. Allow the propellant to evaporate slowly. Then when the temperature of the sample in the can rises close to the air temperature, expand the small hole, add solvent (such as deodorized kerosene, rice, anhydrous ethanol, etc.) to the gross weight, and mix well. Pour into a clean reagent bottle for use. Pipette about 30 mL of the sample in the above reagent bottle and inject it into the ampoule (do not let the sample contact the neck of the ampoule), put the ampoule in an ice salt bath, and seal it with a coal lamp (or alcohol lamp) (avoid evaporation of the bath agent when sealing), seal at least 10 bottles, and weigh the gross weight. Put the sealed ampoule into a container first, and then place it in a (51-2)°C oven and store it for 14 days. After taking out the ampoule, wipe the outside of the ampoule clean and weigh them separately. If the mass does not change, the sample will be stored for 24 hours. 5.8.3 Calculation of degradation rate
The degradation rate is calculated according to formula (4):
A(%) m × 100
Wherein: A--Degradation rate:
mm--The effective ingredient content of the sample measured before heat storage; the effective ingredient content of the sample measured after heat purchase. mn
5.9 Efficacy
The determination method is shown in Appendix B
6 Inspection rules
6.1 Products must be inspected and qualified by the quality inspection department of the manufacturer in accordance with this standard before they can leave the factory, and they must be accompanied by a convenient instruction manual and inspection certificate. 6.2 Inspection is divided into factory inspection and type inspection 6.2.1 Factory inspection
All products proposed for delivery shall be subject to factory inspection. Factory inspection adopts the normal inspection single sampling plan of special inspection level S-2 and S-3 of GB/T2828. The inspection items and AQL values are shown in Table 1. Table 1
Inspection items
Net content
6.2.2 Type inspection
Technical requirements Clauses
6.2.2.1 Type inspection shall be carried out in any of the following cases. a) Pre-production identification of new products or old products for production: Inspection method: Inspection level: Randomly select 3 bottles of samples from each batch for inspection, and all of them meet the requirements of 1.5 for qualified. b) After formal production, if there are major changes in structure, materials, and processes that may affect product performance: c) During normal production, sample inspection of batch products is carried out at least once a year; d) When the product is suspended for more than half a year and production is resumed; e) When there is a significant difference between the factory inspection result and the last type inspection result; f) When the national quality supervision and inspection agency proposes a type inspection requirement, 6.2.2.2 Type inspection adopts (HI3/T 2829 Discrimination Level I The single sampling plan, its inspection items, unqualified quality level RQL value, sample size and judgment array are shown in Table 2. If one item is unqualified in the type inspection, it will be comprehensively judged as unqualified. 731
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Inspection item
Medication requirements
Spray rate
Net content
Active ingredient content
Hot storage stability
Marking, packaging, transportation, storage, instructions for use 7.1 Marking
7.1.1 The packaging of the can body should have the following Chinese content: a) Product name, trademark name, address
h) Net content and active ingredient and content of the medicine; c) Product standard number;
GB 18419—2001
Unqualified classification
Sample size
No drug registration or identification certificate, judged as unqualifiedC
Exceeding the value indicated on the tank (packaging) by ±10% is judged as unqualifiedDegradation rate
Ester>% is judged as unqualified
Others>1C% is judged as unqualified
All should meet the requirement of 2.5, otherwise it is judged as unqualified) Production phase II and shelf life or production batch number and expiration date: e) Product quality inspection certificate:
f) Specification quantity.
7.1.2 The product packaging box should have the following Chinese content: A) Pictorial logo;
b) Product name and specifications: bzxz.net
e) Quantity;
d) Gross weight (kg) 1
e) Manufacturer's expiration date or production batch number and expiration date: f) Manufacturer's name and address:
g) Overall dimensions: length × width × height (cm). 7.2 Packaging
Product packaging must be firm, undamaged, moisture-proof, sun-proof and shock-proof. 7.3 Transportation
Products should be handled with care, and violent collisions, sun exposure, re-export, and inversion are strictly prohibited. 7.4 Storage
Judgment array
Products should be stored in a cool, dry, ventilated warehouse, and should not be mixed with flammable and explosive items. Under the above conditions, the shelf life of the product shall not be less than two years.
7.5 Instructions for use
The instructions for use of the product shall comply with GB5296.1. 735
41 Identification test
GB 18419—2001
Appendix A
(Standard Appendix)
Determination method of active ingredients in insecticide aerosol
This identification test can be carried out simultaneously with the determination of the content of the common name of the active ingredient. Under the same chromatographic operating conditions, the relative difference between the retention time of a chromatographic peak of the sample solution and the retention time of the standard solution (common name of the active ingredient) should be within 1% to 5%. A2 Method Summary
The sample uses dipentyl phthalate as the internal standard and is separated and determined by gas chromatography on an internally coated SE-54 capillary column. A2.1 Apparatus
A2.1.1 Gas chromatograph: with a hydrogen flame ionization detector. Chromatographic column: po.25mm×30m: internally coated SE-54 capillary column. A2.1.2
A2.1.3 Micro syringe: 10μL.
Weighing bottle: 15 ml.
A2.1.5 Balance: graduation value is 0.1mg.
A2.1.6 Dropper with rubber tip.
A2.2 Reagents
A2.2.1 Internal standard: diamyl phthalate (free of interfering impurities). Solvent: acetone (analytical grade),
A2.2.3 Standards: allethrin, propylthrin, tetramethrin, cypermethrin, dichlorvos acetone, cypermethrin, etc. A2.3 Gas chromatography conditions
42. 3.1 Temperature: column temperature starting temperature 220℃, retention time 13 min, end temperature 260℃, retention time 20 min. Heating rate 20℃/min;
Gasification temperature: 270℃.
Detector temperature: 270℃.
A2.3.2 Gas flow rate (kg/ctn).
A2.3.2.1 Carrier gas: nitrogen 1.0.
A2.3.2.2 Fuel gas: hydrogen 0.6.
A2.3.2.3 Combustion air 0.5.
The above operating conditions are typical operating parameters. According to the characteristics of different instruments, the given operating conditions can be appropriately adjusted to obtain the best effect.
A3 Preparation of standard solution
In a 15 mL weighing bottle, weigh various standard samples (accurate to 0.000 2) in the same amount as the sample to be tested, and then weigh 0.15g~0.025g (accurate to 0.0002g) of diamyl phthalate. Add 5 ml of acetone to dissolve it. After it is fully dissolved, seal it and remove the hook. Put it in the refrigerator for use.
A4 Preparation of sample solution
A4.1 Sample pretreatment
Take a can of aerosol sample. Place it in a low temperature box at about -15 ℃ for 4 hours. Take it out and open a hole with a diameter of about 0.2 mm on the top of the can.736
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GB 18419—2001
The small hole is placed in a 46℃ water bath for 1h to allow the propellant to slowly fall off, then the hole is expanded and the liquid is poured out. A4.2 Preparation of sample solution
Accurately weigh 10g of aerosol liquid (accurate to 0.0002g, depending on the amount of the substance to be measured) in a 15mL weighing bottle, and then weigh 0.015g~0.025g of dipentyl phthalate, close the hook and wait for analysis. A5 Determination
Under the chromatographic conditions of A2.3, after the instrument is stable, continuously inject the standard solution and sample solution with a micro syringe, calculate the peak area ratio of the sample (standard sample) to the internal standard in each needle chromatogram, and wait until the peak area ratio of the two adjacent needles is basically parallel and stable, and then perform gas chromatography analysis according to the above conditions.
A6 Calculation
Average the measured sample peak to internal standard peak area ratios in the two sample solution and the two internal standard peaks to standard peak area ratios in the standard solution, and calculate the content of the component to be tested according to formula (A1) and formula (A2). Calibration factor:
Content of the component to be tested:
Wu Zhong: A,
f-AXmiz/mXC
Mx(%) - Xm1/mjXAX100
Average value of the area ratio of the sample peak to the internal standard peak in the sample solution: Half-mean value of the area ratio of the internal standard peak to the standard peak in the standard solution; Mass of the internal standard in the sample solution, :
Mass of the internal standard in the standard solution, ;
mil-Mass of the sample in the sample solution·
Mass of the standard substance in the standard solution·gtContent of the standard substance, %,
Appendix B
(Appendix of the standard male)
Method for determining the efficacy of insecticide in the pot
B1 Test insects: Standard test insects are used
Mosquito: Female adult mosquitoes sucking blood on the 2nd to 3rd day after emergence, Culex pipiens pallens is used in the north, and Culex pipiens faecium is used in the south. Housefly: Adults on the 4th day after emergence, half female and half male. Dong: German small, 2-week-old adults, half female and half male. B2 Test conditions
Room temperature: (26+2)C
Relative humidity: (60-5)%
B3 Instruments
(AI)
B3.1 Electric spray controller (Figure B1): A universal electronic spray controller is selected, which consists of a frame and an electronic controller. The frame is used to place the aerosol cartridge to be tested. The distance between the upper hoop, the middle hoop and the lower hoop can be adjusted according to the length of the aerosol cartridge. There is a pin at the connection between the frame column and the chassis, which can be plugged into the socket on the back of the electronic controller: the power plug on the back of the electric controller can be used after the power is turned on. B3.2 Closed cylinder device (Figure B2): A glass or transparent colorless plastic cylinder (C) with an inner diameter of 20cm and a height of 43cm is placed on a wooden frame (I)E. A glass pull plate (A) is inserted into the upper frame of the wooden frame. Below the pull plate is a glass or transparent colorless plastic (or paper) with an inner diameter of 20cm and a height of 17cm (B). There is a 12-mesh wire mesh cover (H) on the cylinder (or cylinder) mouth. A bracket (F) is placed at the bottom of the wooden frame to make the cylinder (or cylinder) (B) fit tightly to the lower part of the cylinder (C). The top of the cylinder is covered with a glass or transparent colorless plastic circular plate (E) with a diameter of 27cm. The center of the circular plate is a circular hole with a diameter of 5cm for spraying aerosol. After spraying, the circular hole is plugged with a rubber plug (G). The joint between the cylinder and the threshold plate is cushioned with a rubber gasket (D) to prevent droplet leakage. B3.3 Metal ring: inner diameter 16cm1, height 7cm, lower opening sealed with 12-mesh wire mesh, B3.4 Electronic spray: can weigh accurately to at least 0.05g. R3, 5 Mosquito suction tube,
B3.6 Stopwatch.
B3.7 Counter.
Electronic controller, I: front
Electronic control camera back
Figure B1 Universal electronic spray controller
AT indicator light; B-power indicator light; C-operation button; I manual control + white control gear + E power switch; F 0.1-~0.9 s.1U s gear + G--1-- s, 100 s gear: H--10～50 s.100 gear: 1—insurance; J power plug head: K socket: L plug: M upper hoop + V Middle hoop, O-button: P-gasket; Q-lower hoop; R-chassis 735
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GB18419:2001
A-glass plate, B-glass or transparent colorless plastic (or cylinder), high 17cm, inner diameter 20cm; C-glass or transparent colorless plastic cylinder, high 43cm, inner diameter 20cm: 1)-rubber pad; E-glass or transparent colorless plastic board, diameter 27cm, with a circular hole of 5cm in the center + [-bracket; G-rubber stopper, II-: 2 mesh wire mesh, 1 wooden frame, high 30cm Figure B2 Closed circular tube device
B4 Test steps
B4.1 Steps for determining the efficacy of spray on houseflies and mosquitoes Select a closed circular tube to hold the stomach, (B) is a glass or transparent colorless plastic cylinder. Place the test insects (30 domestic pupae or 20 mosquitoes) in a cylinder (B), (use a mosquito suction tube to put in the test mosquitoes.) When the test insects resume normal activities, install the full aerosol cartridge to be tested on the frame column of the electronic spray controller rack, and place the spray controller rack flat so that the aerosol cartridge is horizontal, with the nozzle pointing downward and in the center of the circular plate (E). Adjust the electronic controller time control knob to the time for spraying one agent, press the operation button, and immediately plug the circular hole with a rubber plug (G) after spraying. After 1 minute, remove the glass pull plate (A), start timing immediately, and start recording. Record the number of knocked-down test insects at regular intervals.After 20 days, all test subjects were transferred to clean insect cages and fed with 5% sugar water cotton balls. The number of dead test worms was checked at 24 hours. The test session should be repeated at least three times. After each test, the entire test device must be cleaned before the next test. At the same time, an empty mouth test must be carried out. If the knockdown rate and mortality rate of the empty mouth test are greater than 20%, the entire test must be repeated. B4.2 The steps for determining the efficacy of direct anger fog on Fei Ma are to use a closed cylinder device without a glass pull plate (A). (B) is a glass or transparent colorless plastic cylinder. The lower end of the cylinder is sealed with a 12-mesh wire mesh and placed on a bracket (F). A metal pattern with an inner wall coated with white oil and a lower end sealed with a wire mesh is placed in the center of the wire mesh. Place 20 test insects in a metal ring. When the test insects resume normal activities, load the full aerosol to be tested on the electronic spray controller rack. Place the spray controller rack horizontally, so that the aerosol tube is horizontal, the nozzle is vertically downward, and is located at the hole in the round plate (E). Adjust the electronic controller time control knob to the time for spraying 1 agent, press the operation button, plug the round hole with a rubber plug (G) immediately after spraying, start timing, and start recording. Record the number of knocked-down test insects at regular intervals. After 20 minutes, move all the test insects to a clean container, feed them with mixed feed blocks and soaked cotton balls, and check the number of dead test insects for 72 hours. The test should be repeated at least once. After each test, the entire test device must be cleaned before the next test. At the same time, a blank test must be performed. If the knockdown rate and mortality rate of the blank test are greater than 20%, the entire test must be repeated.
B5 calculation
The three repeated test data are calculated by the machine value method to obtain KT50, and the 24h and 72h mortality rates of houseflies, mosquitoes, and mosquitoes are calculated respectively.
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