NY/T 5121-2002 Technical specification for the production of pollution-free drinking chrysanthemum
Some standard content:
ICS.65.020.20
Agricultural Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
NY/T5121--2002
Pollution-free food
2002-07-25 Issued
Technical Specification for Drinking Chrysanthemum Production
2002-09-01 Implementation
Issued by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China
NY/T5121-2002
Appendix C of this standard is a normative appendix, and Appendix A and Appendix B are informative appendices. This standard was proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China. Drafting units of this standard: Agricultural Bureau of Anhui Provincial Agricultural Committee, Agricultural Bureau of Huangchu City, and Agricultural Technology Extension Center of She County. The main drafters of this standard are: Yang Qing, Gu Jiawen, Wang Taicheng, Chen Dahui, Ye Xianhua, 354
1 Scope
Pollution-free food
Technical regulations for the production of drinking chrysanthemum
NY/T 5121--2002
This standard specifies the terms and definitions, production environment, chrysanthemum seedling breeding, planting technology, field management, pest and disease control, harvesting, and drying and processing of pollution-free drinking chrysanthemum. This standard applies to the production of pollution-free drinking chrysanthemum. 2 Normative references
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard through reference in this standard. For all dated references, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this standard. However, the parties to the agreement based on this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For all undated references, the latest versions are applicable to this standard. GB4285 Pesticide Safety Use Standard
GB/T8321 (all parts) Rational Use of Pesticides GB11680 Hygienic Standard for Food Packaging Paper
Microbiological Fertilizer
NY/T 227
NY/T496--2002 General Rules for Rational Use of Fertilizers NY/T5018-2001 Pollution-free Food Tea Production Technical Regulations NY5119-2002 Pollution-free Food Drinking Chrysanthemum NY 5120-2002
3 Terms and Definitions
Pollution-free Food
Drinking Chrysanthemum Production Area Environmental Conditions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard. 3.1
Drinking Chrysanthemum
It is the dried head inflorescence of the perennial herbaceous plant chrysanthemum of the Asteraceae family. It is usually used as medicine. The main varieties include Gongju, Chuju, Hangbaiju, Haoju, Huaiju, Jiju, etc.
Divide seedlings
Use the regeneration of chrysanthemum roots and stems. After the chrysanthemums are harvested, the above-ground stems are cut off, and the roots are dug up and buried in the selected nursery ground to cultivate new seedlings. The chrysanthemum seedlings bred by this method are called divination seedlings. 3.3
The chrysanthemum seedlings transplanted that year are not topped. When the seedlings reach a certain height, the branches are directly withdrawn to the ground on both sides of the row and compacted with soil to make them take root and grow new chrysanthemum seedlings. 3.4
Pinching and topping
In order to inhibit the apical dominance of the growth of the flower plants, promote branching, and increase the yield, the production management measures of the main stems and branch buds are carried out manually according to the growth of the chrysanthemums after transplanting (cutting). 355
NY/T5121-2002
Chrysanthemums produced in She County, Huangshan City, Anhui Province, also known as Huiju. The cultivated varieties are the Gongju variety Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvel.\Gongju\.
Chrysanthemums produced in the southern district of Chuzhou City, Anhui Province, Quanjiao County and other places. The cultivated varieties are the Chuju variety D.morifolium (Ramat.) Tzuel.\Chuju\.
Hangbaiju
Chrysanthemums produced in Tongxiang City, Zhejiang Province and other places. The cultivated varieties are Lake Ju D.morifolium (Ramat.) Tzuel. "Huju" and the white chrysanthemum variety D, morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvel.\Xiaobaiju\. 3.8
Chrysanthemums produced in Bozhou City, Anhui Province. The cultivated varieties are D.morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvel, "Boju". 3.9
Chrysanthemums produced in Wubu County, Henan Province and other places. The cultivated varieties are Boju varieties. 3.10
Chrysanthemums produced in Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province and other places. The cultivated varieties are Boju varieties. 3.11
Southern cultivation area
The chrysanthemum cultivation area south of the Huaihe River has a subtropical climate and mainly produces Gong chrysanthemum, Chu chrysanthemum and Hangbai chrysanthemum. 3.12
Northern cultivation area
The chrysanthemum cultivation area north of the Huaihe River has a temperate climate and mainly produces Bo chrysanthemum, Huai chrysanthemum and Ji chrysanthemum. 3.13
Drying and processing
Fresh chrysanthemums are processed into dried flower products by methods such as shade drying, sun drying and oven drying. 4 Origin environment
The environmental conditions of the production of pollution-free drinking chrysanthemums should comply with the provisions of NY5120. 5 Chrysanthemum seedling breeding
Chrysanthemum seedlings are divided into four types: centralized seedlings, on-site seedlings, cutting seedlings and virus-free seedlings. 5.1 Centralized seedlings
5.1.1 Commercial seedling site selection
Select a sandy loam plot with relatively flat terrain, fertile and good drainage, neutral or slightly acidic pH, and no chrysanthemums have been planted before. Deeply plow the land and apply 3000kg of decomposed farmyard manure per 667m2. 5.1.2 Seedling land preparation
The selected seedling land should be prepared for planting with a surface width of 110cm~120cm, a height of 15cm~20cm, and a ditch width of 30cm, and drainage ditches should be built around the plot.
5.1.3 Seedling operation
NY/T5121--2002
From the end of November to the beginning of December, plant the selected root pods in the prepared soil with a row spacing of 20cm~25cm, cover with 3cm~~5cm of soil and compact it. If it is dry, water it and cover it with straw or fresh pig and cow manure to ensure wintering. 5.1.4 Seedling management
Pay attention to pest control. Around the "Qingzhe" of the following year, when the seedlings have emerged from the soil, fertilize them with decomposed light human feces and urine. 5.2 Seedling raising on site
Select a chrysanthemum field for seeding, cut the stems 3cm~~4cm above the ground, remove all dead branches and leaves from the field, and pile up loose soil and plant ash. The thickness of the mud ash should be 10cm~15cm higher than the top of the rhizome. Apply human manure and urine before the leaves appear in the spring of the following year, and pay attention to pest and disease control. 5.3 Seedling raising by cuttings
5.3.1 The selection and preparation of the seedling raising site are the same as 5.1.1 and 5.1.2. 5.3.2 Cutting time: April to May.
5.3.3 Selection of cuttings: Select healthy, disease-free and insect-free branches of the current year, and cut the middle section into small pieces of 10cm~15cm long. 5.3.4 Cutting operation: After the cuttings are inserted into the soil and treated with rooting agent, they are inserted into the prepared seedlings with a row spacing of 20cm to 25cm and a plant spacing of 6cm to 7cm, compacted and watered.
5.3.5 Cutting management: Keep the soil moist, pay attention to pest control and weeding and loosening the soil. After rooting and germination in about 20 days, apply light human and animal manure water to promote seedlings.
·5.4 Virus-free seedling breeding
5.4.1 Select excellent varieties of plants for stem tip cell meristem culture. 5.4.2 Cultivate chrysanthemum seedlings according to the requirements of virus-free seedlings.
5.4.3 The management of virus-free seedlings after transplanting to the nursery is the same as that of cutting seedlings. 5.5 Chrysanthemum seedlings out of the nursery standard
Healthy and free of pests and diseases, with a seedling height of 15cm to 20cm. 6 Planting technology
6.1 Selection of planting site
Requires loose soil structure, neutral or slightly acidic (pH7~~pH5.5) sandy loam, and convenient drainage and irrigation. 6.2 Land preparation
In spring (late March), on the premise of applying sufficient base fertilizer, deep plowing of about 25cm is carried out on flat land, and fine leveling is carried out to make trenches with a height of 20cm~25cm, a trench width of 70cm80cm, and a trench width of 30cm. Drainage slopes do not need to be cultivated. If there is no previous crop, deep plowing can be carried out in the autumn and winter before the New Year to promote soil weathering and reduce the base number of pests and diseases. The rapeseed stubble and other summer crop land should be plowed and fertilized immediately after harvest. 6.3 Planting density
6.3.1 On flat land, according to the row spacing of 50cm~60cm, the plant spacing of 40cm~20cm, and 1~2 plants per hole. 6.3.2 For sloped land, plant spacing is 50cm×33.3cm, with 1~2 plants per hole. 6.3.3 After planting, layer and expand the plants, with a row spacing of 180cm×40cm, with 1~2 plants per hole. 6.3.4 According to the differences in soil fertility, planting methods and planting time, adjust the row and plant spacing appropriately. 6.4 Transplantation and planting
The best time for transplanting chrysanthemums is from April to early May for division seedlings and from May to June for cutting seedlings. Choose a cloudy day after rain or a sunny evening. If there is little rain and the soil is not moist enough, water the roots when transplanting. 6.5 Layering after transplanting
When transplanting chrysanthemum seedlings, do not top them. When the seedlings reach a height of about 33 cm, directly shovel the branches to the ground on both sides of the row, and compact the soil about 10 cm away from the base of the chrysanthemum seedlings to make them take root. When the new branches grow to about 33 cm, they can be pressed again until the required planting density per mu is reached. The layering time of the year cannot be later than the end of July.
NY/T 5121—2002
7. Field management
7. 1°Soil management
7.1.1Crop rotation is recommended. The soil should be disinfected before planting in continuous cropping. 7.1.2Regularly monitor the soil fertility level and heavy metal content, generally requiring testing every two years. According to the test results, take targeted soil improvement measures.
7.1.3Soil and water conservation facilities should be established on sloping cultivated land to prevent soil and water loss. 7.2 Pinching and topping
7.2.1 Times
Division seedlings are done 3 to 4 times in total, the first time is at the time of transplanting or 20 to 25 days after transplanting; the second time is about mid-June; the third time is about late June to early July; the fourth time is when the growth is too vigorous in the later stage. The number of pinching and topping of cutting seedlings transplanted later is reduced accordingly. 7.2.2 Standard requirements
The first time is to pick (cut) about 5cm to 15cm from the ground according to different varieties, and in each subsequent time, keep 5cm to 15cm to pick (cut) the upper terminal buds. Pinching and topping must be completed before the end of July, and each pinching and topping must be done on a sunny day, and all the terminal buds picked (cut) are taken out of the chrysanthemum field and destroyed.
7.3 Intertillage and weeding
7.3.1 Times
4 to 5 times throughout the year.
7.3.2 Standard requirements
The first and second weeding should be shallow rather than deep, and the subsequent weeding should be deep rather than shallow. In the later weeding, the roots should be piled up to protect the root system and prevent it from falling. Where conditions permit, some seedless young grass can be cut to cover the ground. 7.4 Frame
For plants of varieties that are prone to lodging, frames should be built next to the plants to facilitate ventilation and light transmission, reduce diseases and insect pests, and improve yield and quality. 7.5 Fertilizer and water management
7.5.1 Water management
Pay attention to clearing ditches and draining water in the rainy season to prevent waterlogging and root rot. In summer and autumn, water should be irrigated in time to resist drought. Water should not be lacking during the bud formation period. Irrigation water should meet the water quality requirements of NY5120.
7.5.2 Reasonable fertilization
7.5.2.1 Refer to the provisions of NY/T496-2002. 7.5.2.2 Organic fertilizers such as farmyard manure shall be treated harmlessly before application, and the content of pollutants in organic fertilizers shall comply with the provisions of Table 1. Microbial fertilizers shall comply with the requirements of NY/T227.
BHC
DDT
Table 1 Allowable content of pollutants in organic fertilizers
Unit: milligrams per kilogram
Concentration limit
NY/T5121—2002
7.5.2.3 Base fertilizer: Apply during land preparation, 2000kg~2500kg of decomposed fertilizer or 100kg of cake fertilizer per 667m2. 7.5.2.4 Topdressing: From May to July, apply decomposed light manure water 3~5 times. Apply as live seedling fertilizer after the first planting of chrysanthemums, and apply after topping for the other times. 100kg to 150kg of human manure and urine are mixed with water for watering every 667m2, and urea can be added appropriately, with 0.5kg urea for 100kg of human manure and urine; 1000kg of pig and cattle manure or 25kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P, K) (15-15-15) compound fertilizer is applied every 667m2 when chrysanthemum buds are formed from the end of August to the beginning of September; foliar fertilizer is applied once in October when buds appear, mainly with phosphorus and potassium. 7.5.2.5 Layering fertilizer: For chrysanthemum fields propagated by layering, 1000kg of livestock and poultry manure is generally used for soil pressure application every 667m2 after layering. 8 Pest and disease control
Main pests and diseases: The main diseases are leaf blight and downy mildew, and the main pests are chrysanthemum aphids, wax, cutworms, etc. 8.1 Agricultural control
8.1.1 Select strong plants and cultivate strong chrysanthemum seedlings. During planting, seedling disinfection measures shall be adopted, and virus-free seedlings shall be promoted and developed. 8.1.2 Crop rotation shall be implemented, intercropping shall be carried out rationally, and soil, fertilizer and water management shall be strengthened. Perennial roots and branches of chrysanthemums from the previous crop shall be removed, and deep plowing shall be carried out in autumn and winter to reduce the base number of pests and diseases.
8.2 Physical control
8.2.1 Artificial pest capture shall be adopted, and diseased leaves shall be removed and destroyed in a centralized manner. 8.2.2 Utilizing the avoidance of pests, light, color plates, opposite sex hormones and other methods shall be used to lure and kill them, or colored mulch films and other methods shall be used to repel pests. 8.2.3 Materials such as insect-proof nets shall be used to control pests. 8.3 Biological control
8.3.1 Protect and utilize beneficial organisms such as ladybugs, spiders, grass, parasitic wasps, and birds in the chrysanthemum field to reduce damage to natural enemies. 8.3.2 Use biological pesticides, such as microbial pesticides and botanical pesticides. 8.4 Chemical control
8.4.1 For the conditions and symptoms of the main diseases and insect pests of chrysanthemum, see Appendix B. 8.4.2 For the types of pesticides that are strictly prohibited to be used, see Appendix C. 8.4.3 Use the pesticides at the right time and prescribe the right medicine for the right symptoms. Avoid repeated use of each chemical pesticide during the growth period of chrysanthemum. 8.4.4 Plant quarantine should be carried out when introducing varieties, and important diseases and insects should not be brought in or out with seedlings. 9 Harvesting
9.1 Harvesting period
Late October to the end of November.
9.2 Harvesting standardbzxz.net
In the southern planting area, when 70% of the central florets of the top head inflorescence of the chrysanthemum plant are scattered, start harvesting the flowers; in the northern planting area, when most of the head inflorescences on the chrysanthemum plant are in full bloom, cut them off with the branches and tie them into small bunches. Choose to harvest on a sunny day after the dew has dried up, and do not harvest dew flowers and rain flowers.
9.3 Harvesting times
In the southern planting areas, it is generally divided into three times. The first time is in late October or early November, when the first flowers are weighed, and then the flowers that meet the standards are picked every 6 to 7 days until the picking is completed. In the northern planting areas, the harvest is once in late November. 9.4 Harvesting requirements
When picking flowers, separate the good flowers from the inferior flowers, pay attention to keeping the flower shape intact, remove the mud flowers, insect flowers, and diseased flowers, and do not carry any debris. 9.5 Harvesting tools
Use clean and well-ventilated bamboo woven and basket containers to hold fresh flowers, and transport them to the drying processing site in time after harvesting to keep the environment clean to prevent the chrysanthemums from deteriorating and mixing with toxic and harmful substances. 359
NY/T 5121—2002
10 Drying Processing
10.1 Basic Requirements
10.1.1 The processing area should be spacious, clean and free of pollution sources. Other sundries should not be stored during processing. Facilities should be provided to prevent poultry, livestock and pets from entering the processing area.
10.1.2 Utensils and tools made of natural materials such as bamboo, rattan, odorless wood, stainless steel, iron and food-grade plastics are allowed. All utensils should be cleaned before use. Plastic utensils cannot be used during baking. 10.1.3 Processing personnel should be in good health, keep clean and hygienic, and master processing technology and operating skills. 10.1.4 During processing, chrysanthemums should not be directly in contact with the ground. Smoking and spitting are not allowed in processing and packaging areas. 10.1.5 Drying should be done by natural, mechanical or other physical methods. Chemical additives should not be added during the drying process, and sulfur fumigation should not be used. 10.1.6 The quality of the finished product after drying should meet the requirements of NY5119-2002. 10.1.7 The packaging materials used for dried chrysanthemums should meet the requirements of food, and the packaging paper that directly contacts the chrysanthemums should meet the requirements of GB11680.
10.2 Processing methods
There are four ways to dry chrysanthemums: baking, steaming, direct drying and mechanical drying. 10.2.1 Baking
It is mainly a processing method used by Huangshan Gongju to dry in a drying room. It is divided into three processes: upper, primary baking and secondary baking. 10.2.1.1 Requirements for drying rooms
The area of the drying room should be more than 10m2, and ventilation should not be allowed in the drying room. If charcoal fire is used for baking, vents should be set on the top of the drying room to discharge moisture. For baking in a simple pipeline drying room, the combustion chamber and exhaust duct should be located outside the drying room. 10.2.1.2 Baking fuel
Charcoal is used for drying in a baking cage; firewood and anthracite can be used for simple pipeline drying. 10.2.1.3 Processing process
Fresh flowers should be spread evenly without gaps. The initial baking temperature is 50℃～60℃ and the baking time is 2.5h～3h. Rain flowers need 5h～6h. The re-baking temperature is 30℃～40℃ and the baking time is about 1.5h. When the petals are ivory and the receptacle is green, take them out and spread them out to dry. For drying with charcoal fire, open flames cannot be used. They need to be covered with charcoal ash and no smoke should be emitted.
10.2.2 Steaming and sun drying
It is mainly the processing method of steaming and sun drying used by Hangbai chrysanthemum. It is divided into three processes: putting on the dam, steaming, and drying. 10.2.2.1 Steaming dam
The steaming dam is a bamboo product with a diameter of 35 cm and a height of 7 cm. 10.2.2.2 Place flowers
Put chrysanthemums in the steaming dam, with each dam containing chrysanthemums to a thickness of about 4 cm and 350 grams of fresh flowers in each dam. 10.2.2.3 Steaming
Use a stove pot, usually with a diameter of 78cm, and put about 3kg of water in the pot, which is one-third of the pot height. After each steaming, put the steamer in the pot and cover it. Use fire fiercely and evenly. Make sure to boil the pot until the steam rises straight up before opening the pot to take it out and replace it with the second batch. Each steaming takes about 5 minutes. After each batch of flowers is steamed, add about 0.5kg of clean water (based on the water mark of the first time). If the pot water is turbid, replace all the pot water.
10.2.2.4 Sun-drying
Sun-drying chrysanthemums is the last process. The steamed chrysanthemums are placed on bamboo curtains like round cakes and exposed to the sun. Turn over every two days until the center of the inflorescence becomes hard. Generally, a good strong sun requires 6d to 7d. If it is cloudy and rainy, it can be dried with fire if necessary to prevent rot and deterioration. 10.2.3 Direct air drying
Direct air drying is mainly used in the northern planting areas. 360
10.2.4 Mechanical drying
The drying process of chrysanthemums is to use microwave sterilization and oven drying. Applicable to all chrysanthemum producing areas. 10.2.4.1 Microwave sterilization
NY /T 5121--2002
Put the collected flowers on the conveyor belt of the microwave sterilization machine and use two or three tubes (2kW or 3kW) to treat for 10s~20s to sterilize.
2 Oven drying
10. 2. 4. 2
Move the sterilized chrysanthemums into the oven and dry them at a temperature of 55℃~65℃ for 5h~6h. 361
NY/T 5121—2002
Appendix A
(Informative Appendix)
Suitable Fertilizers for Pollution-free Chrysanthemum Gardens
Suitable Fertilizers for Pollution-free Chrysanthemum Gardens Table A.1. Table A.1
Livestock Manure
Methane Fertilizer
Commodity Organic Fertilizer
Suitable Fertilizers for Pollution-free Chrysanthemum Gardens
Composted with various types of straw, fallen leaves, and human and animal manure
Composted with raw materials fermented under flooding conditions Excrement of pigs, sheep, horses, chickens, ducks and other poultry Manure and urine of pigs, sheep, horses, chickens, ducks and other poultry piled with straw bedding Cultivated or wild green plants
Liquid or residue in biogas tanks
Crop straw
Uncontaminated river mud, pond mud , ditch mud, rapeseed cake, cottonseed cake, sesame cake, peanut cake, etc. Humic acid fertilizers made from animal and plant residues, excrement, etc.
Rhizobium fertilizers
Microorganisms
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria fertilizers
Phosphorus bacteria fertilizers
Silicate bacteria fertilizers
Compound microbial fertilizers
Organic-inorganic compound fertilizers
Chemical and
Mineral source fertilizers
Foliar fertilizers
Trace element fertilizers
Compound fertilizers
Note: Excerpted from NY/T 5018--2001.
Fertilizers containing humic acid substances such as peat, lignite, and weathered coal Fertilizers that can form rhizobia on leguminous crops Fertilizers containing spontaneous nitrogen-fixing bacteria and combined nitrogen-fixing bacteria Fertilizers containing phosphorus bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing fungi, and mycorrhizal agents Fertilizers containing silicate bacteria and other potassium-solubilizing microbial preparations Microbial preparations containing two or more beneficial microorganisms that are not antagonistic to each other Organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, or (and) mineral fertilizers Compound fertilizers Urea, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate
Phosphate rock powder, superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate, double superphosphate potassium sulfate, potassium chloride
Quicklime , slaked lime, superphosphate
Ammonium sulfate, gypsum, sulfur, calcium persulfate magnesium sulfate, dolomite, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer
Fertilizers containing trace elements such as copper, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, and molybdenum Binary and ternary compound fertilizers
Fertilizers containing various nutrients and sprayed on plant leaves B.1 Symptoms and causes of major chrysanthemum diseases B.1.1 Leaf blight (black spot, brown spot) Appendix B
(Informative appendix)
Introduction to major chrysanthemum diseases and pests
NY/T5121—2002
Mainly harm leaves. Small brown spots appear on the lower leaves at first, and then expand into round or nearly round to irregular spots, with an inconspicuous yellow halo on the outside. The entire lesion gradually turns dark brown, and the center fades slightly. In severe cases, multiple lesions are connected throughout the entire leaf, and the diseased leaves wither and turn black, but do not fall off. The disease starts from the lower leaves and then goes up to the entire plant. The main causes are high temperature and humidity, poor soil drainage, excessive humidity, or continuous cropping, or excessive nitrogen fertilizer application. The disease occurs in May and October every year. B.1.2 Downy Mildew
Mainly harms leaves, petioles and tender stems, pedicels and buds. The diseased leaves turn green, the leaf spots are irregular, the boundaries are unclear, they are light green at first, and then turn yellow-brown. The diseased leaves are often twisted and deformed, the fungus on the back of the leaves is sparse, and they are dirty white or yellow-white at first, and then turn light brown or dark brown. In severe cases, the whole plant withers. The disease is most likely to occur in high humidity, low light, poor ventilation, and a temperature difference of about 16°C between day and night. It often occurs in the seedling stage from August to October and March to April. The disease occurs in spring, causing the seedlings to become weak or die, and the disease dies as a whole in autumn. B.1.3 White rot (sclerotinia rot)
Mainly harms the base of the stem and the stem, causing root rot and stem base rot. Generally, soft rot occurs at the base of the stem on the soil surface first, causing the above to turn yellow and the leaves to fall off. When it is humid, white vegetable pine or linear mycelium grows on the diseased stems and vines, and white, brown or dark brown rapeseed-like small sclerotia are formed on the mycelium in the later stage. The small sclerotia grow in scattered and aggregated forms. The disease is mostly caused by heavy soil, poor drainage, and high humidity. B.1.4 Root rot
A large number of hyphae grow at the roots of the affected plants, causing the root system to rot and the plants to turn yellow and wither. The main cause of the disease is poor soil drainage and high humidity.
B.1.5 Rust
The main pathogen is chrysanthemum rust, and the degree of disease occurrence is closely related to climate conditions and variety resistance. It harms leaves, initially showing small yellow spots with lost edges, then forming brown summer spores, and later turning into dark brown winter spores. The disease spreads quickly and can cause large-scale outbreaks in a short period of time, rapidly increasing the transpiration of chrysanthemums, causing a large loss of water and a decrease in photosynthesis, which has a great impact on yield. The application period of pesticide control should be when the diseased leaf rate does not exceed 3%. B. 1. 6 Virus Disease (Mosaic Disease)
Symptoms are: the heart leaves of diseased plants turn yellow or mosaic, the veins are green, and the leaves wither from bottom to top; the leaves of diseased seedlings are deformed, and there are gray-green slightly raised shallow stripes on the heart leaves, which are arranged irregularly, and the symptoms gradually disappear in the later stage; yellow irregular patches appear on the leaves, with obvious edge boundaries; the leaves are dark green, small and thick, and the leaf edges or backs are purple-red. Diseased plants are susceptible to downy mildew and leaf blight, which cause leaf withering. The virus mainly overwinters in the mother plant for seed preservation, and is transmitted by root division and cutting propagation. In addition, chrysanthemum B virus and tomato sterility virus can be transmitted by peach aphids, chrysanthemum aphids, radish aphids, etc., and tomato spotted wilt virus can be transmitted by leafhoppers and thrips. Therefore, when the seed virus is mixed with infection, the symptoms are more complicated, but healthy plants are not easy to get sick, because chrysanthemum leaves contain polyphenol oxidase, which can inhibit the spread of the virus. The whole plant is infected, and the damage is more serious. B.2 Main pests of chrysanthemum and their occurrence period
B.2.1 Chrysanthemum aphids
They are very small, and the most common ones are blue and red. The blue ones mostly harm the petioles, and the red ones harm the tender buds. They often live together to suck the sap of the plants, causing the stems and leaves of chrysanthemums to turn yellow, the leaves to wither and curl, and they cannot bloom normally. Chrysanthemum aphids usually produce more than ten generations from April to November, especially from May to June and from mid-September to late October. 363
NY/T5121—2002
B.2.2 Large and small cutworms
are important underground pests of flowers in the seedling stage. They are brown or yellowish brown in color, and the larvae are gray-black, commonly known as "black archworms". Four generations a year, with mature larvae overwintering in the soil. Generally, the first generation of larvae begins to harm seedlings in mid-April each year, and the damage is serious from late April to early May. They often bite the chrysanthemum seedlings after sunset and before dawn, and the affected plants wilt. B.2.3 Aphid wax
is the larvae of scarab beetles. They are milky in color, commonly known as "white arch insects", with reddish brown or yellowish brown heads, round and simple bodies, and the whole body curled in a "C" shape. They often cut and eat the roots of chrysanthemums, causing the leaves of chrysanthemums to turn yellow and die. One generation occurs a year, with larvae overwintering. The peak period of damage is from early May to early June. They begin to pupate and emerge in mid-June, and a new generation of larvae appears in the field in mid-July to harm the roots of chrysanthemums. B.2.4 Leaf miners
During the flower growth period from August to September, the larvae will burrow into the leaves to feed on food and pupate in the insect tunnels inside the leaves, leaving many holes on the leaf surface, leaving only the epidermis. In severe cases, the entire leaf will break and fall off. B.2.5 The leaf moth
is a thermophilic omnivorous pest. Its optimum growth temperature is 28℃～30℃. It can live normally at 33℃～40℃. The grown larvae are 38mm51mm long, with light brown to dark brown heads and variable chest and abdomen colors. When the population density is high, the body color is pure black, and when the density is low, it is mostly yellow to dark green. The larvae bite the leaves to harm the flowers. The warmest period of the year is from July to September. B.2.6 The green stink bug
has a green adult body and looks like a stink bug. It harms chrysanthemums from June to August. Black dots first appear on the young leaves of the chrysanthemums that are harmed, and local tissues necrotize. As the leaves grow, holes appear. When the tender shoots at the top are severely damaged, they stop growing and further turn black and die. B.2.7 The locust
is a type of locust with a more varied diet. The body color is light green or brown, slender, with a pointed head in front and wide in the back, and the hind legs are particularly thick, about twice the length of the abdomen. The occurrence characteristics are that the newly hatched young locusts often gather in groups of several to dozens, eating the flesh of chrysanthemum leaves, leaving the leaf epidermis, and can bite the leaves into notches after the second instar. There are two generations of locusts a year, and they overwinter in the soil as eggs. Most of the eggs are laid in the harder soil on the sunny side. Taking advantage of the low temperature in the morning and the poor activity of locusts, they can be caught manually, and the eggs can be killed during winter ploughing, or controlled with pesticides. Appendix C
(Normative Appendix)
Chemical pesticides that are prohibited from use in chrysanthemum production include DDT, BHC, parathion (1605), phorate (3911), monocrotophos, phosphamidon, phosphamidon, methyl isofenphos, methyl thiocyanate, methyl parathion (methyl 1605), methyl parathion, acephate, omethoate, sodium pentachlorophenol, chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, isocarbophos, dibromochloropropane, fluoroacetamide, cilaxen, celecoxib, levofloxacin and its mixtures, etc. Highly toxic and high-residue pesticides. Note: Excerpted from the "Regulations on the Safe Use of Pesticides" issued by the former Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries and the Ministry of Health on June 6, 1982. 364
Tip: This standard content only shows part of the intercepted content of the complete standard. If you need the complete standard, please go to the top to download the complete standard document for free.