General-purpose flat pallets for through transit of goods—Test methods
Some standard content:
ICS55.180.20
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T4996--2014
Replaces GB/T4996—1996
General-purpose flat pallets for through transit of goods-Test methods (1SO8611-1.2011, Pallets for materials handling - Flat pallets Part 1: Test methods, MOD) Issued on October 10, 2014
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China Standardization Administration of China
Implementation on June 1, 2015
Normative references
Terms and definitions
Preparation before test
Test equipment and instruments
Test load
Test items
Test 1: Bending test
Test 2: Fork-lifting test
Test 3: Pad or longitudinal beam compression test
Test 4: Stacking test
Test 5. Bottom deck bending test
Test 6: Wing tray bending test
Test 7: Airbag bending test
Test 8: Static shear test
Test 9: Corner drop test
Test 10: Shear impact test
Test 11: Top deck edge impact test
Test 12: Pad impact test
Test 13: Static friction coefficient test
Test 14: Sliding Corner test
9 Test record·
General information
- All materials
9.2 Information on solid wood and artificial board pallets
9.3 Information on plastic pallets
9.4 Information on pallets made of other materials
References
GB/T4996-2014
This standard was drafted according to the rules given in GB/T1.1-2009. GB/T4996-—2014
This standard replaces GB/T4996-1996 Test Method for Intermodal General Flat Pallets. Compared with GB/T4996-1996, the main changes are as follows:
The grouping method of the test method has been modified (see Chapter 7, Chapter 8 and Chapter 9 of the 1996 edition); the content of the "stacking test" has been modified (see 8.4, 8.1 of the 1996 edition); the "fork lifting test", "block or longitudinal beam compression test", " The test items such as "airbag anti-seizure test", "static shear test", "static friction coefficient test" and "sliding angle test" (see 8.2, 8.3, 8.7, 8.8, 8.13 and 8.14) have been modified in the test methods in terms of test load, test time, structural dimensions of loading equipment and its placement, measurement and evaluation of the degree or deformation of the test (see Chapter 8, Chapter 8 of the 1996 edition); the content related to the selection of pretreatment environmental conditions has been deleted (see Chapter 6 of the 1996 edition). This standard adopts the redrafting method to modify ISO8611-1:2011 "Material Handling Pallet Method". The technical differences of ISO8611-12011 and their reasons are as follows: This standard introduces Part 1: Test Method, deletes the description of the division of test methods and the scope of inapplicability of the standard, and clarifies the scope of application of the standard (see Section 1).
Regarding normative reference documents, this standard has made technically significant adjustments, which are reflected in the concentrated skin of Chapter 2 "Normative Reference Documents". The specific adjustments are as follows:
To adapt to my country's technical conditions, the adjustment situation uses the international standard GB/T 4995:2014 to replace ISO 8611-2:2011 used in ISO 8611:2011 (see 6.1.8
8.2, 8.3, 8.4.8.5.8.687.8.10811, 8.12) to add the reference
GB/T 18354-2006:
ISO 2244:2000 referenced in ISO 8611-1:2011 (see Chapter 2 of ISO 8611-1:2011). Deleted
The definitions of the following terms in Chapter 3 of ISO8611:2011 have been deleted: safety factor, solid load, connected load with uniform hook distribution, unconnected load with uniform hook distribution (see Chapter 3 of ISO8611-1:2011). Deleted the notes on test equipment and instrument requirements and test accuracy in Chapter 5 of ISO86111:2011 (see Chapter 5 of ISO8611-1:2011).
This standard is proposed and managed by the National Technical Committee for Logistics Standardization (SAC/TC269). The drafting units of this standard are: Beijing University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Transportation Science and Technology Research Institute, China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing Pallet Professional Committee, Wuxi Qiancheng Packaging Engineering Co., Ltd., All Asia Supply Chain Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Standard and Metrology Research Institute of the Ministry of Railways, China Packaging Federation, China International Marine Containers (Group) Co., Ltd., Dalian CIMC Logistics Equipment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Baoxing Wood Products Factory, Suzhou Dasen Plastic Industry Co., Ltd., Shandong Liyang Plastic Industry Co., Ltd. The main drafters of this standard are: Tang Ying, Xiong Caiqi, Wu Qingyi, Xu Ping, Sun Yan'an, Zhang Jin, Wang Li, Ni Jiansheng, Yang Chengshuang, Chang Hong, Han Qingxun. GB/T4996 was first issued in 1985. In the first revision in 1996, the Chinese name of GB/T4996-1985 "Test Methods for Wooden Intermodal Flat Pallets" was modified, and the Chinese name of the standard was changed to GB/T4996-1996 "Test Methods for Intermodal Universal Flat Pallets". This is the second revision.
1 Scope
Intermodal Universal Flat Pallets
This standard specifies the test methods for evaluating the performance of intermodal universal flat pallets. Test methods
This standard applies to the design, production, inspection and use of intermodal universal flat pallets for roads, railways and waterways. 2 Normative references
GB/T4996-2014
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the dated version applies to this document. For undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T3716
GB/T499
GB/T18354Www.bzxZ.net
EN13183-2
sawn timer
pallet terminology (idtISO445:1996)
intermodal general purpose flat pallet performance requirements and test selection (ISO861logistics terminology
moisture content of sawn timber
Par 2.Estima
3terms and definitions
lonbyel
ectrica
Part 2:201,MOD)
resistance measurement (Moisture content of sawn timber Content of a piece of standing method)
GB/T3/16-
2000 and GB/T18354-2006 and the following terms and definitions apply to this document. For ease of use, the following terms and definitions are repeated in CB/T371
flat pallet
2000
a horizontal board used to gather and maintain goods for easy loading and unloading and handling. Note: Its minimum height should be able to accommodate the handling requirements of pallet trucks, forklifts and other suitable loading and unloading equipment. 3.2
rating
Rated load
The rated load is the loading capacity of the pallet in kilograms under the condition of an average and uniformly distributed load. A specific pallet that does not indicate a net load capacity has only one rated value. The rated value is determined by test and cannot be changed. [GB/T3716-2000, definition 2.2]
nultimateload
Ultimate load
The load that causes the specimen to produce unbearable compression, displacement or deflection, resulting in the rupture of the specimen or a component of the specimen, or causes excessive displacement, deformation or deflection of the specimen or a component of the specimen. 3.4
Test loadtest load
The sum of the loading head, loading bar, loading plate or loading box and the applied load itselfGB/T4996—2014
Payloadpayload
The load that the pallet bears during use.
maximum working load
Maximum working load
The maximum payload that the pallet can bear under specific load and support conditions. 3.7
Stiffness
The ability of a pallet or pallet component to resist deformation under load. Note: High stiffness indicates small displacement, deflection or deformation under a given load. 3.8
Breaking of one componentBreaking of a structural component that has a significant impact on the strength, stiffness and function of the pallet. 3.9
Platen
Hard and rigid flat member used for loading when testing pallet specimens on a testing machine3.10
Stacking
Placing unit loads one by one without an intermediate beam. [GB/T3716-2000, definition B4]
Racking
Storing load units on free, unsupported span through racks or beam racks. Preparation before testing
4.1 The pallets to be tested must be inspected to ensure that the material, structure and dimensions of the pallets meet the technical specifications indicated on them. The mass and material of each pallet should be tested and recorded during the test4.2
When testing wooden pallets, the moisture content of the wooden pallets should be measured and recorded according to the resistance method of EN13183-22002. 4.3
For other details to be recorded during the test and in the test report, refer to Chapter 9. 4.4
5 Test equipment and instruments
The test equipment shall meet the following requirements:
a) The tolerance of each dimension of the test equipment shall be ±2%. The accuracy of the measuring instrument used in the test shall be ±0.05mm. b)
Except for the test load, the positioning accuracy of each component of the tray shall be ±2mm: the positioning accuracy of the measuring instrument shall be ±4mme
The positioning accuracy of the center of the applied test load shall be ±10mm. d)
The total mass of the applied test load shall be within ±3% of the set value. 5.2 When the maximum test load is applied, the deformation of any part of the test bench shall not be greater than ±3mm. The deformation of the test bench shall be taken into account when measuring the deflection of the tray.
6 Test load
The test load of each test shall be determined in accordance with GB/T4995-2014. 6.1
GB/T4996—2014
6.2 When the test equipment applies the test load, the test load shall be increased continuously or in steps until the specimen is damaged (for determining the ultimate load) or reaches a certain value (for pallet quality identification test). 7 Test items
The test items are shown in Table 1 and are divided into 3 groups, namely rated load test, maximum working load test and durability test. The test selection and evaluation of pallet performance shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T4995-2014. 7.2 Tests 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 shall be carried out using new pallets. Tests 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 may be carried out using the same specimen or using separate different specimens. If the same specimen is used for tests 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7, the degree test shall be carried out first and then the strength test after the rated load is determined
Table 1 List of test items
Test number
Test item
Bending test
Bending strength test
Bending stiffness test
Fork lifting test
Bending strength test
Bending stiffness test| |tt||Block or longitudinal beam compression test
Block or longitudinal strength test
Block or longitudinal beam stiffness test
Stacking test
Board strength test
Pin board stiffness test
Bottom board bending test
Bending strength test
Bending stiffness test
Wing pallet bending test
Bending strength test
Bending stiffness test
Rated load test
Pallet length, width
Top deck
Height of pads and longitudinal beams
Top and bottom decks
Bottom deck
Pallet length, width
Loading operation or test purpose
Shelf access
Forklift or pallet
Forklift truck fork lift
Compression of pads or longitudinal beams
Any Any operation, including stacking
Double track conveyor
Sling lifting
GB/T4996-2014
Test No.
8Test
Test item
Bending test
Bending stiffness test
Gas manure bending test
Bending strength test
Bending stiffness test
Fork lifting test
Bending Bending stiffness test
Stacking test
Decking stiffness test
Bottom deck bending test
Bending stiffness test
Wing pallet bending test
Bending stiffness test
Static shear test
Corner drop test
Shear impact test
Top deck edge impact test
Pad impact test
Static friction coefficient test
Sliding angle test
Test 1: Bending test
8.1.1 Purpose
Table 1 (continued)
Loading operation or test purpose
Maximum working load Test - Payload or air bag loading Pallet length, width
Pallet length, width
Top deck
Top and bottom deck
Bottom deck
Pallet length, width Degree
Rack access
Rack access
Forklift or pallet truck forklift
Double track conveyor and small span beam rack access sling lift
Durability test
Planking, pads, longitudinal frame
Diagonal stiffness
Planking, pads, longitudinal frame
Guide edge on top planking
Corner pads, longitudinal dye
Bottom planking and forks||t t||Top deck and payload
Deformation resistance
Impact resistance
Deformation resistance
Resistance to lateral horizontal impact by forks
Resistance to impact by fork tip
Slip resistance of forks
Slip resistance of load
The purpose of this test is to determine the bending strength (test 1a) and bending stiffness (test 1b) of the pallet under rack access conditions. 8.1.2 Procedure
8.1.2.1 Test one pallet in the length direction and measure its deflection value. Test the other pallet in the width direction and measure its lifting value. The direction with the larger deflection value is the direction of lower pallet support stiffness. Unless the difference between the deflection values in the two directions mentioned above is less than 15% of the larger of the two deflection values, it is only necessary to perform the following further tests in the direction of lower pallet support stiffness. 8.1.2.2 Replace a new pallet with the top board of the pallet facing upward and across the support. The support is supported in the direction of low rigidity of the pallet, and the inner side of the support is 75mm away from the outer edge of the pallet. As shown in Figure 1, the center of the loading bar is 0.18L from the inner side of the support, or 0.18L. 75.
.18Z()
0.18L()
Test load;
Loading board;
Safety stopper:
Loading bar;
Support,
Lifting value:
Inner distance between the two supports in the length (width) direction of the pallet. Figure 1
Bending test
GB/T4996—2014
Unit: mm
8.1.2.3 Loading bar, the support should be flush with the outer edge of the pallet or extend out of the outer edge of the pallet. The outer edge of the pallet should be processed with a radius of 2mm±1mm. If the loading bar is located at the gap of the pallet deck, a deck with the same thickness as the deck should be inserted at the corresponding gap position, and the spacing between the decks is 3mm~6mm. Place the loading bar and the loading board on the pallet deck, and then apply the remaining test load. 8.1.2.4 Test 1a: Determination of bending strength
Load the loading board until a component of the pallet breaks or produces excessive deformation or deflection. Record the ultimate load value as the bending strength of the pallet under shelf access conditions. 8.1.2.5 Test 1b: Determination of bending stiffness
Use the ultimate load value determined in test 1a (1.5±0.5)% is the reference load of the test. The full load is determined according to the test load level in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. As shown in Figure 1, the deflection value y is measured at each point A or point B according to the different support positions, and the maximum value of y at A. (B), A. (B), and A. (B) is recorded. The measurement should be carried out at the following times: when the reference load is added: when the full load is added; when the full load is completed: when the unloading is completed. Determine the bending stiffness of the pallet under the rack access condition according to the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014 Test 2: Fork lifting test The purpose of this test is to determine the deflection of the pallet when a single-sided or double-sided pallet that is neither used for rack access nor for stacking is supported by a fork under the pallet top deck. The limit working condition of this type of pallet is determined by this deflection value. 8.2.2 Steps
8.2.2.1 Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the fork lifting test. It is allowed to conduct tests simulating fork lifting operations in the length or width direction of the pallet. The support should be consistent with Figure 2. Refer to Note a of Figure 2. The support distance is 570mm or 690mm, which is the distance between the outer edges of the double forks of the pallet truck. If the distance between the outer edges of the two forks is 570mm and 690mm when the pallet is in use, the support distance is 570mm. When the length or width of the pallet is greater than 1219mm, the support distance specified in Note a of Figure 2 can be appropriately adjusted according to the size of the pallet. Carry out the following tests 2a and 2b in both the length and width directions of the pallet. Unit is millimeter
Explanation:
Test load;
Loading bar,
Steel loading bar, 50mm×50mm×L[≥L/2]Pot loading bar, 50mm×50mmXL[>L.;Support;
Each measurement position of the deflection;
Deflection value;
Distance between supports, 570mm or 690mm;Thickness of steel loading bar, ≥2mm;
Height of support, <200mm;
Angle of the pallet decking during the test;
Length (width) of the pallet.
Figure 2 Fork-lifting test
8.2.2.2 Test 2a: Determination of flexural strength
Apply the test load until a component of the pallet breaks or produces excessive deformation or deflection. Record the ultimate load value as the bending strength of the pallet under lifting conditions.
8.2.2.3 Test 2b: Determination of bending stiffness
GB/T4996-2014
Use (1.5±0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in Test 2a as the reference load for the test. Determine the full load according to the test load level in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. As shown in Figure 2, depending on the position of the support, measure the deflection value y at the middle position of each side of the pallet or at each corner of the pallet, and record the maximum value of y at A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I in different support directions. The measurement should be carried out at the following times:
When the reference load is added;
When the full load is added;
When the full load is finished;
When the unloading is finished.
Determine the bending stiffness of the pallet under the fork half condition according to the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. 8.3
Test 3: Pad or longitudinal beam compression test
The purpose of this test is to determine the compressive strength (test 3a) and compressive stiffness (test 3b) of the pallet pad, longitudinal beam or support. The test should be carried out on the heat or initial support that supports the superstructure or bears heavy network loads. 8.3.2
Put the pallet to a hard test level. 8.3.2.1
Put the pallet on the longitudinal beam with a size of (300 ± 5) mm ×
or the longitudinal beam as shown in Figure 3, and the length and width of the loading head are parallel to the length and width of the pallet. A rigid loading head of (300 ± 5) mm × (25 ± 5) mm is placed on the test pad. Unit: mm
Description,
Loading head;
Deflection value:
Test load.
Figure 3 Compressive test of pads or longitudinal beams
GB/T4996—2014
8.3.2.2 As shown in the ribs in Figure 3a), Figure 3b), and Figure 3c), the test load is concentrated on the loading head. If the longitudinal beams or pads on the pallet have different structures, each structure of longitudinal beams or pads should be tested. You can choose to test on several identical corners, pads or longitudinal beams.
8.3.2.3Test 3a: Determine the compressive strength of pads or longitudinal beams. Load until a pad or longitudinal beam of the pallet breaks or produces excessive deformation or deflection. Record the ultimate load value as the compressive strength of the pad or longitudinal beam.
8.3.2.4 Test 3b: Determination of the compressive stiffness of the pads or longitudinal beams The reference load for the test is (1.5 ± 0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in Test 3a. The full load is determined in accordance with the test load levels in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. The lifting value y is measured at the following times: a) when the reference load is applied;
when the full load is applied;
at the end of full load;
d) at the end of unloading.
The compressive stiffness of the pads or longitudinal beams is determined in accordance with the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. 8.4
Test 4: Stacking test
8.4.1 Purpose
The purpose of this test is to determine the ability of the top and bottom decks of the pallet spanning between the pads or longitudinal beams to withstand a wide range of local effective loads when stacked in a block state. As shown in Figure 4, if the pallet has more than two fork holes, the loading bars should be placed on the two fork holes with the largest span (i.e. the outermost). The test on the single fork hole with the largest span is invalid. 8.4.2 Procedure
8.4.2.1 Test both the top deck and the bottom deck. Place the pallet on a flat, hard, rigid horizontal surface as shown in Figure 4, and place four loading bars on the top deck or bottom deck. The center line of the two loading bars placed on each fork hole is 0.18L or 0.18L away from the supports on both sides. The loading bars should extend out of the pallet deck or be flush with the outer edge of the pallet deck, and should be symmetrically arranged on both sides of the center line of the pallet. 8.4.2.2 Apply the remaining test loads using the test equipment. If a static load is applied, the loading process should be balanced. If the pallet has a bottom deck in both the length and width directions, the test should be carried out in both the length and width directions. 8.4.2.3 Test 4a: Decking strength test
Apply a load to the loading plate until the pallet breaks or produces excessive deflection or deformation. Record the ultimate load value as the decking strength. Record the value of the span when half of the ultimate load is reached. Measure the deflection value y at each point A or point B, depending on the direction of the loading bar. Record the maximum value of y at AAzAa,A. or at B, BzBa,B. 8.4.2.4 Test 4b: Decking stiffness test
The bottom surface of the pallet is supported on a rigid surface. The reference load for the test is (1.5±0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in test 4a. Determine the full load according to the test load level in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. Depending on the pallet design and the direction of the loading bar, measure the deflection value y at each point A or point B, and record the maximum value of y at A1,Az.As,A. or at B,B,BaB. Measure the deflection value y at the following times:
a) when the reference load is applied;
b) when the full load is applied;
e) when the full load is completed;
d) when the unloading is completed.
Determine the deck stiffness according to the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995--2014. 8
Description:
Test length load,
Safety barrier
Relative support surface
Loading bar;
Degree value:
Degree of fork holes in the length (width) direction of the pallet. Test of bottom board strength and stiffness
8.5 Test 5: Bending test of bottom board
8.5.1 Purpose
GB/T4996—2014
Unit: mm
The purpose of this test is to determine the strength and stiffness of the bottom board that spans between the pallet pads or longitudinal beams when the pallets are used on double-track conveyors and small-span beam racks for handling operations. 8.5.2 Steps
8.5.2.1 As shown in Figure 5, place the top deck of the pallet facing downward on a flat, hard, rigid horizontal surface. Place two loading bars on the bottom deck of the pallet. The distance between the center of the loading bar and the inner side edge of the outer pad or longitudinal beam of the pallet is 0.25L, or 0.25L. The loading bar should extend out of the pallet deck.(B), A. (B), A. (B). The maximum value of y at (B). The measurement shall be carried out at the following times: When the reference load is applied: When the load is fully loaded; When the load is fully loaded: When the load is fully loaded: When the load is fully unloaded. Test 2: Fork-lifting test The purpose of this test is to determine the deflection of a single-sided or double-sided pallet that is neither used for rack access nor for stacking when it is supported by a fork under the pallet top deck. The limit working condition of such a pallet is determined by this deflection value. 8.2.2 Steps 8.2.2.1 Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the fork-lifting test. It is allowed to simulate the fork-lifting operation in the length or width direction of the pallet. The support shall be consistent with Figure 2. Refer to the explanation a of Figure 2. The support distance is 570mm or 690mm, which is the distance between the outer edges of the double forks of the pallet truck. If the distance between the outer edges of the two forks is 570mm or 690mm when the pallet is in use, the support distance is 570mm. When the length or width of the pallet is greater than 1219mm, the support distance specified in the explanation a of Figure 2 can be appropriately adjusted according to the size of the pallet. The following tests 2a and 2b are carried out in both the length and width directions of the pallet. Unit is millimeter
Explanation:
Test load;
Loading bar,
Steel loading bar, 50mm×50mm×L[≥L/2]Pot loading bar, 50mm×50mmXL[>L.;Support;
Each measurement position of the deflection;
Deflection value;
Distance between supports, 570mm or 690mm;Thickness of steel loading bar, ≥2mm;
Height of support, <200mm;
Angle of the pallet decking during the test;
Length (width) of the pallet.
Figure 2 Fork-lifting test
8.2.2.2 Test 2a: Determination of flexural strength
Apply the test load until a component of the pallet breaks or produces excessive deformation or deflection. Record the ultimate load value as the bending strength of the pallet under lifting conditions.
8.2.2.3 Test 2b: Determination of bending stiffness
GB/T4996-2014
Use (1.5±0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in Test 2a as the reference load for the test. Determine the full load according to the test load level in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. As shown in Figure 2, depending on the position of the support, measure the deflection value y at the middle position of each side of the pallet or at each corner of the pallet, and record the maximum value of y at A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I in different support directions. The measurement should be carried out at the following times:
When the reference load is added;
When the full load is added;
When the full load is finished;
When the unloading is finished.
Determine the bending stiffness of the pallet under the fork half condition according to the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. 8.3
Test 3: Pad or longitudinal beam compression test
The purpose of this test is to determine the compressive strength (test 3a) and compressive stiffness (test 3b) of the pallet pad, longitudinal beam or support. The test should be carried out on the heat or initial support that supports the superstructure or bears heavy network loads. 8.3.2
Put the pallet to a hard test level. 8.3.2.1
Put the pallet on the longitudinal beam with a size of (300 ± 5) mm ×
or the longitudinal beam as shown in Figure 3, and the length and width of the loading head are parallel to the length and width of the pallet. A rigid loading head of (300 ± 5) mm × (25 ± 5) mm is placed on the test pad. Unit: mm
Description,
Loading head;
Deflection value:
Test load.
Figure 3 Compression test of pads or longitudinal beams
GB/T4996—2014
8.3.2.2 As shown in the ribs in Figure 3a), Figure 3b) and Figure 3c), the test load is concentrated on the loading head. If the longitudinal beams or pads on the pallet have different structures, each structure of longitudinal beams or pads should be tested. You can choose to test on several identical corners, pads or longitudinal beams.
8.3.2.3 Test 3a: Determine the compressive strength of pads or longitudinal beams. Load until a pad or longitudinal beam of the pallet breaks or produces excessive deformation or deflection. Record the ultimate load value as the compressive strength of the pad or longitudinal beam.
8.3.2.4 Test 3b: Determination of the compressive stiffness of the pads or longitudinal beams The reference load for the test is (1.5 ± 0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in Test 3a. The full load is determined in accordance with the test load levels in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. The lifting value y is measured at the following times: a) when the reference load is applied;
when the full load is applied;
at the end of full load;
d) at the end of unloading.
The compressive stiffness of the pads or longitudinal beams is determined in accordance with the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. 8.4
Test 4: Stacking test
8.4.1 Purpose
The purpose of this test is to determine the ability of the top and bottom decks of the pallet spanning between the pads or longitudinal beams to withstand a wide range of local effective loads when stacked in a block state. As shown in Figure 4, if the pallet has more than two fork holes, the loading bars should be placed on the two fork holes with the largest span (i.e. the outermost). The test on the single fork hole with the largest span is invalid. 8.4.2 Procedure
8.4.2.1 Test both the top deck and the bottom deck. Place the pallet on a flat, hard, rigid horizontal surface as shown in Figure 4, and place four loading bars on the top deck or bottom deck. The center line of the two loading bars placed on each fork hole is 0.18L or 0.18L away from the supports on both sides. The loading bars should extend out of the pallet deck or be flush with the outer edge of the pallet deck, and should be symmetrically arranged on both sides of the center line of the pallet. 8.4.2.2 Apply the remaining test loads using the test equipment. If a static load is applied, the loading process should be balanced. If the pallet has a bottom deck in both the length and width directions, the test should be carried out in both the length and width directions. 8.4.2.3 Test 4a: Decking strength test
Apply a load to the loading plate until the pallet breaks or produces excessive deflection or deformation. Record the ultimate load value as the decking strength. Record the value of the span when half of the ultimate load is reached. Measure the deflection value y at each point A or point B, depending on the direction of the loading bar. Record the maximum value of y at AAzAa,A. or at B, BzBa,B. 8.4.2.4 Test 4b: Decking stiffness test
The bottom surface of the pallet is supported on a rigid surface. The reference load for the test is (1.5±0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in test 4a. Determine the full load according to the test load level in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. Depending on the pallet design and the direction of the loading bar, measure the deflection value y at each point A or point B, and record the maximum value of y at A1,Az.As,A. or at B,B,BaB. Measure the deflection value y at the following times:
a) when the reference load is applied;
b) when the full load is applied;
e) when the full load is completed;
d) when the unloading is completed.
Determine the deck stiffness according to the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995--2014. 8
Description:
Test length load,
Safety barrier
Relative support surface
Loading bar;
Degree value:
Degree of fork holes in the length (width) direction of the pallet. Test of bottom board strength and stiffness
8.5 Test 5: Bending test of bottom board
8.5.1 Purpose
GB/T4996—2014
Unit: mm
The purpose of this test is to determine the strength and stiffness of the bottom board that spans between the pallet pads or longitudinal beams when the pallets are used on double-track conveyors and small-span beam racks for handling operations. 8.5.2 Steps
8.5.2.1 As shown in Figure 5, place the top deck of the pallet facing downward on a flat, hard, rigid horizontal surface. Place two loading bars on the bottom deck of the pallet. The distance between the center of the loading bar and the inner side edge of the outer pad or longitudinal beam of the pallet is 0.25L, or 0.25L. The loading bar should extend out of the pallet deck.(B), A. (B), A. (B). The maximum value of y at (B). The measurement shall be carried out at the following times: When the reference load is applied: When the load is fully loaded; When the load is fully loaded: When the load is fully loaded: When the load is fully unloaded. Test 2: Fork-lifting test The purpose of this test is to determine the deflection of a single-sided or double-sided pallet that is neither used for rack access nor for stacking when it is supported by a fork under the pallet top deck. The limit working condition of such a pallet is determined by this deflection value. 8.2.2 Steps 8.2.2.1 Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the fork-lifting test. It is allowed to simulate the fork-lifting operation in the length or width direction of the pallet. The support shall be consistent with Figure 2. Refer to the explanation a of Figure 2. The support distance is 570mm or 690mm, which is the distance between the outer edges of the double forks of the pallet truck. If the distance between the outer edges of the two forks is 570mm or 690mm when the pallet is in use, the support distance is 570mm. When the length or width of the pallet is greater than 1219mm, the support distance specified in the explanation a of Figure 2 can be appropriately adjusted according to the size of the pallet. The following tests 2a and 2b are carried out in both the length and width directions of the pallet. Unit is millimeter
Explanation:
Test load;
Loading bar,
Steel loading bar, 50mm×50mm×L[≥L/2]Pot loading bar, 50mm×50mmXL[>L.;Support;
Each measurement position of the deflection;
Deflection value;
Distance between supports, 570mm or 690mm;Thickness of steel loading bar, ≥2mm;
Height of support, <200mm;
Angle of the pallet decking during the test;
Length (width) of the pallet.
Figure 2 Fork-lifting test
8.2.2.2 Test 2a: Determination of flexural strength
Apply the test load until a component of the pallet breaks or produces excessive deformation or deflection. Record the ultimate load value as the bending strength of the pallet under lifting conditions.
8.2.2.3 Test 2b: Determination of bending stiffness
GB/T4996-2014
Use (1.5±0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in Test 2a as the reference load for the test. Determine the full load according to the test load level in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. As shown in Figure 2, depending on the position of the support, measure the deflection value y at the middle position of each side of the pallet or at each corner of the pallet, and record the maximum value of y at A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I in different support directions. The measurement should be carried out at the following times:
When the reference load is added;
When the full load is added;
When the full load is finished;
When the unloading is finished.
Determine the bending stiffness of the pallet under the fork half condition according to the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. 8.3
Test 3: Pad or longitudinal beam compression test
The purpose of this test is to determine the compressive strength (test 3a) and compressive stiffness (test 3b) of the pallet pad, longitudinal beam or support. The test should be carried out on the heat or initial support that supports the superstructure or bears heavy network loads. 8.3.2
Put the pallet to a hard test level. 8.3.2.1
Put the pallet on the longitudinal beam with a size of (300 ± 5) mm ×
or the longitudinal beam as shown in Figure 3, and the length and width of the loading head are parallel to the length and width of the pallet. A rigid loading head of (300 ± 5) mm × (25 ± 5) mm is placed on the test pad. Unit: mm
Description,
Loading head;
Deflection value:
Test load.
Figure 3 Compressive test of pads or longitudinal beams
GB/T4996—2014
8.3.2.2 As shown in the ribs in Figure 3a), Figure 3b), and Figure 3c), the test load is concentrated on the loading head. If the longitudinal beams or pads on the pallet have different structures, each structure of longitudinal beams or pads should be tested. You can choose to test on several identical corners, pads or longitudinal beams.
8.3.2.3Test 3a: Determine the compressive strength of pads or longitudinal beams. Load until a pad or longitudinal beam of the pallet breaks or produces excessive deformation or deflection. Record the ultimate load value as the compressive strength of the pad or longitudinal beam.
8.3.2.4 Test 3b: Determination of the compressive stiffness of the pads or longitudinal beams The reference load for the test is (1.5 ± 0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in Test 3a. The full load is determined in accordance with the test load levels in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. The lifting value y is measured at the following times: a) when the reference load is applied;
when the full load is applied;
at the end of full load;
d) at the end of unloading.
The compressive stiffness of the pads or longitudinal beams is determined in accordance with the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. 8.4
Test 4: Stacking test
8.4.1 Purpose
The purpose of this test is to determine the ability of the top and bottom decks of the pallet spanning between the pads or longitudinal beams to withstand a wide range of local effective loads when stacked in a block state. As shown in Figure 4, if the pallet has more than two fork holes, the loading bars should be placed on the two fork holes with the largest span (i.e. the outermost). The test on the single fork hole with the largest span is invalid. 8.4.2 Procedure
8.4.2.1 Test both the top deck and the bottom deck. Place the pallet on a flat, hard, rigid horizontal surface as shown in Figure 4, and place four loading bars on the top deck or bottom deck. The center line of the two loading bars placed on each fork hole is 0.18L or 0.18L away from the supports on both sides. The loading bars should extend out of the pallet deck or be flush with the outer edge of the pallet deck, and should be symmetrically arranged on both sides of the center line of the pallet. 8.4.2.2 Apply the remaining test loads using the test equipment. If a static load is applied, the loading process should be balanced. If the pallet has a bottom deck in both the length and width directions, the test should be carried out in both the length and width directions. 8.4.2.3 Test 4a: Decking strength test
Apply a load to the loading plate until the pallet breaks or produces excessive deflection or deformation. Record the ultimate load value as the decking strength. Record the value of the span when half of the ultimate load is reached. Measure the deflection value y at each point A or point B, depending on the direction of the loading bar. Record the maximum value of y at AAzAa,A. or at B, BzBa,B. 8.4.2.4 Test 4b: Decking stiffness test
The bottom surface of the pallet is supported on a rigid surface. The reference load for the test is (1.5±0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in test 4a. Determine the full load according to the test load level in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. Depending on the design of the pallet and the direction of the loading bar, measure the deflection value y at each point A or point B, and record the maximum value of y at A1,Az.As,A. or at B,B,BaB. Measure the deflection value y at the following times:
a) when the reference load is applied;
b) when the full load is applied;
e) when the full load is completed;
d) when the unloading is completed.
Determine the deck stiffness according to the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995--2014. 8
Description:
Test length load,
Safety barrier
Relative support surface
Loading bar;
Degree value:
Degree of fork holes in the length (width) direction of the pallet. Test of bottom board strength and stiffness
8.5 Test 5: Bending test of bottom board
8.5.1 Purpose
GB/T4996—2014
Unit: mm
The purpose of this test is to determine the strength and stiffness of the bottom board that spans between the pallet pads or longitudinal beams when the pallets are used on double-track conveyors and small-span beam racks for handling operations. 8.5.2 Steps
8.5.2.1 As shown in Figure 5, place the top deck of the pallet facing downward on a flat, hard, rigid horizontal surface. Place two loading bars on the bottom deck of the pallet. The distance between the center of the loading bar and the inner side edge of the outer pad or longitudinal beam of the pallet is 0.25L, or 0.25L. The loading bar should extend out of the pallet deck.(B) The maximum value of y at the reference load. The measurement shall be carried out at the following times:
When the reference load is applied;
When the full load is reached;
When the full load is reached:
DWhen the unloading is completed.
Determine the bending stiffness of the pallet under the rack access conditions according to the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014 Test 2: Fork lifting test
The purpose of this test is to determine the deflection of a single-sided or double-sided pallet that is neither used for rack access nor for stacking when it is supported by a fork under the pallet top deck. The limit working condition of such a pallet is determined by this deflection value. 8.2.2 Steps
8.2.2.1 Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the fork lifting test. It is allowed to test the pallet in the length or width direction simulating the fork lifting operation. The support shall conform to Figure 2. Refer to the explanation a of Figure 2. The support distance is 570mm or 690mm, which is the distance between the outer edges of the double forks of the pallet truck. If the distance between the outer edges of the two forks is 570mm or 690mm when the pallet is in use, the support distance is 570mm. When the length or width of the pallet is greater than 1219mm, the support distance specified in the explanation a of Figure 2 can be appropriately adjusted according to the size of the pallet. The following tests 2a and 2b are carried out in both the length and width directions of the pallet. Unit is millimeter
Explanation:
Test load;
Loading bar,
Steel loading bar, 50mm×50mm×L[≥L/2]Pot loading bar, 50mm×50mmXL[>L.;Support;
Each measurement position of the deflection;
Deflection value;
Distance between supports, 570mm or 690mm;Thickness of steel loading bar, ≥2mm;
Height of support, <200mm;
Angle of the pallet decking during the test;
Length (width) of the pallet.
Figure 2 Fork-lifting test
8.2.2.2 Test 2a: Determination of flexural strength
Apply the test load until a component of the pallet breaks or produces excessive deformation or deflection. Record the ultimate load value as the bending strength of the pallet under lifting conditions.
8.2.2.3 Test 2b: Determination of bending stiffness
GB/T4996-2014
Use (1.5±0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in Test 2a as the reference load for the test. Determine the full load according to the test load level in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. As shown in Figure 2, depending on the position of the support, measure the deflection value y at the middle position of each side of the pallet or at each corner of the pallet, and record the maximum value of y at A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I in different support directions. The measurement should be carried out at the following times:
When the reference load is added;
When the full load is added;
When the full load is finished;
When the unloading is finished.
Determine the bending stiffness of the pallet under the fork half condition according to the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. 8.3
Test 3: Pad or longitudinal beam compression test
The purpose of this test is to determine the compressive strength (test 3a) and compressive stiffness (test 3b) of the pallet pad, longitudinal beam or support. The test should be carried out on the heat or initial support that supports the superstructure or bears heavy network loads. 8.3.2
Put the pallet to a hard test level. 8.3.2.1
Put the pallet on the longitudinal beam with a size of (300 ± 5) mm ×
or the longitudinal beam as shown in Figure 3, and the length and width of the loading head are parallel to the length and width of the pallet. A rigid loading head of (300 ± 5) mm × (25 ± 5) mm is placed on the test pad. Unit: mm
Description,
Loading head;
Deflection value:
Test load.
Figure 3 Compressive test of pads or longitudinal beams
GB/T4996—2014
8.3.2.2 As shown in the ribs in Figure 3a), Figure 3b), and Figure 3c), the test load is concentrated on the loading head. If the longitudinal beams or pads on the pallet have different structures, each structure of longitudinal beams or pads should be tested. You can choose to test on several identical corners, pads or longitudinal beams.
8.3.2.3Test 3a: Determine the compressive strength of pads or longitudinal beams. Load until a pad or longitudinal beam of the pallet breaks or produces excessive deformation or deflection. Record the ultimate load value as the compressive strength of the pad or longitudinal beam.
8.3.2.4 Test 3b: Determination of the compressive stiffness of the pads or longitudinal beams The reference load for the test is (1.5 ± 0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in Test 3a. The full load is determined in accordance with the test load levels in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. The lifting value y is measured at the following times: a) when the reference load is applied;
when the full load is applied;
at the end of full load;
d) at the end of unloading.
The compressive stiffness of the pads or longitudinal beams is determined in accordance with the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. 8.4
Test 4: Stacking test
8.4.1 Purpose
The purpose of this test is to determine the ability of the top and bottom decks of the pallet spanning between the pads or longitudinal beams to withstand a wide range of local effective loads when stacked in a block state. As shown in Figure 4, if the pallet has more than two fork holes, the loading bars should be placed on the two fork holes with the largest span (i.e. the outermost). The test on the single fork hole with the largest span is invalid. 8.4.2 Procedure
8.4.2.1 Test both the top deck and the bottom deck. Place the pallet on a flat, hard, rigid horizontal surface as shown in Figure 4, and place four loading bars on the top deck or bottom deck. The center line of the two loading bars placed on each fork hole is 0.18L or 0.18L away from the supports on both sides. The loading bars should extend out of the pallet deck or be flush with the outer edge of the pallet deck, and should be symmetrically arranged on both sides of the center line of the pallet. 8.4.2.2 Apply the remaining test loads using the test equipment. If a static load is applied, the loading process should be balanced. If the pallet has a bottom deck in both the length and width directions, the test should be carried out in both the length and width directions. 8.4.2.3 Test 4a: Decking strength test
Apply a load to the loading plate until the pallet breaks or produces excessive deflection or deformation. Record the ultimate load value as the decking strength. Record the value of the span when half of the ultimate load is reached. Measure the deflection value y at each point A or point B, depending on the direction of the loading bar. Record the maximum value of y at AAzAa,A. or at B, BzBa,B. 8.4.2.4 Test 4b: Decking stiffness test
The bottom surface of the pallet is supported on a rigid surface. The reference load for the test is (1.5±0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in test 4a. Determine the full load according to the test load level in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. Depending on the pallet design and the direction of the loading bar, measure the deflection value y at each point A or point B, and record the maximum value of y at A1,Az.As,A. or at B,B,BaB. Measure the deflection value y at the following times:
a) when the reference load is applied;
b) when the full load is applied;
e) when the full load is completed;
d) when the unloading is completed.
Determine the deck stiffness according to the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995--2014. 8
Description:
Test length load,
Safety barrier
Relative support surface
Loading bar;
Degree value:
Degree of fork holes in the length (width) direction of the pallet. Test of bottom board strength and stiffness
8.5 Test 5: Bending test of bottom board
8.5.1 Purpose
GB/T4996—2014
Unit: mm
The purpose of this test is to determine the strength and stiffness of the bottom board that spans between the pallet pads or longitudinal beams when the pallets are used on double-track conveyors and small-span beam racks for handling operations. 8.5.2 Steps
8.5.2.1 As shown in Figure 5, place the top deck of the pallet facing downward on a flat, hard, rigid horizontal surface. Place two loading bars on the bottom deck of the pallet. The distance between the center of the loading bar and the inner side edge of the outer pad or longitudinal beam of the pallet is 0.25L, or 0.25L. The loading bar should extend out of the pallet deck.(B) The maximum value of y at the reference load. The measurement shall be carried out at the following times:
When the reference load is applied;
When the full load is reached;
When the full load is reached:
DWhen the unloading is completed.
Determine the bending stiffness of the pallet under the rack access conditions according to the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014 Test 2: Fork lifting test
The purpose of this test is to determine the deflection of a single-sided or double-sided pallet that is neither used for rack access nor for stacking when it is supported by a fork under the pallet top deck. The limit working condition of such a pallet is determined by this deflection value. 8.2.2 Steps
8.2.2.1 Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the fork lifting test. It is allowed to test the pallet in the length or width direction simulating the fork lifting operation. The support shall conform to Figure 2. Refer to the explanation a of Figure 2. The support distance is 570mm or 690mm, which is the distance between the outer edges of the double forks of the pallet truck. If the distance between the outer edges of the two forks is 570mm or 690mm when the pallet is in use, the support distance is 570mm. When the length or width of the pallet is greater than 1219mm, the support distance specified in the explanation a of Figure 2 can be appropriately adjusted according to the size of the pallet. The following tests 2a and 2b are carried out in both the length and width directions of the pallet. Unit is millimeter
Explanation:
Test load;
Loading bar,
Steel loading bar, 50mm×50mm×L[≥L/2]Pot loading bar, 50mm×50mmXL[>L.;Support;
Each measurement position of the deflection;
Deflection value;
Distance between supports, 570mm or 690mm;Thickness of steel loading bar, ≥2mm;
Height of support, <200mm;
Angle of the pallet decking during the test;
Length (width) of the pallet.
Figure 2 Fork-lifting test
8.2.2.2 Test 2a: Determination of flexural strength
Apply the test load until a component of the pallet breaks or produces excessive deformation or deflection. Record the ultimate load value as the bending strength of the pallet under lifting conditions.
8.2.2.3 Test 2b: Determination of bending stiffness
GB/T4996-2014
Use (1.5±0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in Test 2a as the reference load for the test. Determine the full load according to the test load level in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. As shown in Figure 2, depending on the position of the support, measure the deflection value y at the middle position of each side of the pallet or at each corner of the pallet, and record the maximum value of y at A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I in different support directions. The measurement should be carried out at the following times:
When the reference load is added;
When the full load is added;
When the full load is finished;
When the unloading is finished.
Determine the bending stiffness of the pallet under the fork half condition according to the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. 8.3
Test 3: Pad or longitudinal beam compression test
The purpose of this test is to determine the compressive strength (test 3a) and compressive stiffness (test 3b) of the pallet pad, longitudinal beam or support. The test should be carried out on the heat or initial support that supports the superstructure or bears heavy network loads. 8.3.2
Put the pallet to a hard test level. 8.3.2.1
Put the pallet on the longitudinal beam with a size of (300 ± 5) mm ×
or the longitudinal beam as shown in Figure 3, and the length and width of the loading head are parallel to the length and width of the pallet. A rigid loading head of (300 ± 5) mm × (25 ± 5) mm is placed on the test pad. Unit: mm
Description,
Loading head;
Deflection value:
Test load.
Figure 3 Compressive test of pads or longitudinal beams
GB/T4996—2014
8.3.2.2 As shown in the ribs in Figure 3a), Figure 3b), and Figure 3c), the test load is concentrated on the loading head. If the longitudinal beams or pads on the pallet have different structures, each structure of longitudinal beams or pads should be tested. You can choose to test on several identical corners, pads or longitudinal beams.
8.3.2.3Test 3a: Determine the compressive strength of pads or longitudinal beams. Load until a pad or longitudinal beam of the pallet breaks or produces excessive deformation or deflection. Record the ultimate load value as the compressive strength of the pad or longitudinal beam.
8.3.2.4 Test 3b: Determination of the compressive stiffness of the pads or longitudinal beams The reference load for the test is (1.5 ± 0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in Test 3a. The full load is determined in accordance with the test load levels in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. The lifting value y is measured at the following times: a) when the reference load is applied;
when the full load is applied;
at the end of full load;
d) at the end of unloading.
The compressive stiffness of the pads or longitudinal beams is determined in accordance with the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. 8.4
Test 4: Stacking test
8.4.1 Purpose
The purpose of this test is to determine the ability of the top and bottom decks of the pallet spanning between the pads or longitudinal beams to withstand a wide range of local effective loads when stacked in a block state. As shown in Figure 4, if the pallet has more than two fork holes, the loading bars should be placed on the two fork holes with the largest span (i.e. the outermost). The test on the single fork hole with the largest span is invalid. 8.4.2 Procedure
8.4.2.1 Test both the top deck and the bottom deck. Place the pallet on a flat, hard, rigid horizontal surface as shown in Figure 4, and place four loading bars on the top deck or bottom deck. The center line of the two loading bars placed on each fork hole is 0.18L or 0.18L away from the supports on both sides. The loading bars should extend out of the pallet deck or be flush with the outer edge of the pallet deck, and should be symmetrically arranged on both sides of the center line of the pallet. 8.4.2.2 Apply the remaining test loads using the test equipment. If a static load is applied, the loading process should be balanced. If the pallet has a bottom deck in both the length and width directions, the test should be carried out in both the length and width directions. 8.4.2.3 Test 4a: Decking strength test
Apply a load to the loading plate until the pallet breaks or produces excessive deflection or deformation. Record the ultimate load value as the decking strength. Record the value of the span when half of the ultimate load is reached. Measure the deflection value y at each point A or point B, depending on the direction of the loading bar. Record the maximum value of y at AAzAa,A. or at B, BzBa,B. 8.4.2.4 Test 4b: Decking stiffness test
The bottom surface of the pallet is supported on a rigid surface. The reference load for the test is (1.5±0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in test 4a. Determine the full load according to the test load level in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. Depending on the pallet design and the direction of the loading bar, measure the deflection value y at each point A or point B, and record the maximum value of y at A1,Az.As,A. or at B,B,BaB. Measure the deflection value y at the following times:
a) when the reference load is applied;
b) when the full load is applied;
e) when the full load is completed;
d) when the unloading is completed.
Determine the deck stiffness according to the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995--2014. 8
Description:
Test length load,
Safety barrier
Relative support surface
Loading bar;
Degree value:
Degree of fork holes in the length (width) direction of the pallet. Test of bottom board strength and stiffness
8.5 Test 5: Bending test of bottom board
8.5.1 Purpose
GB/T4996—2014
Unit: mm
The purpose of this test is to determine the strength and stiffness of the bottom board that spans between the pallet pads or longitudinal beams when the pallets are used on double-track conveyors and small-span beam racks for handling operations. 8.5.2 Steps
8.5.2.1 As shown in Figure 5, place the top deck of the pallet facing downward on a flat, hard, rigid horizontal surface. Place two loading bars on the bottom deck of the pallet. The distance between the center of the loading bar and the inner side edge of the outer pad or longitudinal beam of the pallet is 0.25L, or 0.25L. The loading bar should extend out of the pallet deck.1 Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the fork lift test. It is allowed to simulate the fork lift operation in the length or width direction of the pallet. The support should be consistent with Figure 2. Referring to the description a of Figure 2, the support distance is 570mm or 690mm, which is the distance between the outer edges of the double forks of the pallet truck. If the distance between the outer edges of the two forks is 570mm and 690mm when the pallet is in use, the support distance is 570mm. When the length or width of the pallet is greater than 1219mm, the support distance specified in the description a of Figure 2 can be appropriately adjusted according to the size of the pallet. The following tests 2a and 2b are carried out in both the length and width directions of the pallet. Unit is millimeter
Explanation:
Test load;
Loading bar,
Steel loading bar, 50mm×50mm×L[≥L/2]Pot loading bar, 50mm×50mmXL[>L.;Support;
Each measurement position of the deflection;
Deflection value;
Distance between supports, 570mm or 690mm;Thickness of steel loading bar, ≥2mm;
Height of support, <200mm;
Angle of the pallet decking during the test;
Length (width) of the pallet.
Figure 2 Fork-lifting test
8.2.2.2 Test 2a: Determination of flexural strength
Apply the test load until a component of the pallet breaks or produces excessive deformation or deflection. Record the ultimate load value as the bending strength of the pallet under lifting conditions.
8.2.2.3 Test 2b: Determination of bending stiffness
GB/T4996-2014
Use (1.5±0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in Test 2a as the reference load for the test. Determine the full load according to the test load level in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. As shown in Figure 2, depending on the position of the support, measure the deflection value y at the middle position of each side of the pallet or at each corner of the pallet, and record the maximum value of y at A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I in different support directions. The measurement should be carried out at the following times:
When the reference load is added;
When the full load is added;
When the full load is finished;
When the unloading is finished.
Determine the bending stiffness of the pallet under the fork half condition according to the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. 8.3
Test 3: Pad or longitudinal beam compression test
The purpose of this test is to determine the compressive strength (test 3a) and compressive stiffness (test 3b) of the pallet pad, longitudinal beam or support. The test should be carried out on the heat or initial support that supports the superstructure or bears heavy network loads. 8.3.2
Put the pallet to a hard test level. 8.3.2.1
Put the pallet on the longitudinal beam with a size of (300 ± 5) mm ×
or the longitudinal beam as shown in Figure 3, and the length and width of the loading head are parallel to the length and width of the pallet. A rigid loading head of (300 ± 5) mm × (25 ± 5) mm is placed on the test pad. Unit: mm
Description,
Loading head;
Deflection value:
Test load.
Figure 3 Compressive test of pads or longitudinal beams
GB/T4996—2014
8.3.2.2 As shown in the ribs in Figure 3a), Figure 3b), and Figure 3c), the test load is concentrated on the loading head. If the longitudinal beams or pads on the pallet have different structures, each structure of longitudinal beams or pads should be tested. You can choose to test on several identical corners, pads or longitudinal beams.
8.3.2.3Test 3a: Determine the compressive strength of pads or longitudinal beams. Load until a pad or longitudinal beam of the pallet breaks or produces excessive deformation or deflection. Record the ultimate load value as the compressive strength of the pad or longitudinal beam.
8.3.2.4 Test 3b: Determination of the compressive stiffness of the pads or longitudinal beams The reference load for the test is (1.5 ± 0.5)% of the ultimate load value determined in Test 3a. The full load is determined in accordance with the test load levels in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. The lifting value y is measured at the following times: a) when the reference load is applied;
when the full load is applied;
at the end of full load;
d) at the end of unloading.
The compressive stiffness of the pads or longitudinal beams is determined in accordance with the performance limits in Table 1 of GB/T4995-2014. 8.4
Test 4: Stacking test
8.4.1 Purpose
The purpose of this test is to determine the ability of the top and bottom decks of the pallet spanning between the pads or longitudinal beams to withstand a wide range of local effective loads when stacked in a block state. As shown in Figure 4, if the pallet has more than two fork holes, the loading bars should be placed on the two fork holes with the largest span (i.e. the outermost). The test on the single fork hole with the largest span is invalid. 8.4.2 Procedure
8.4.2.1 Test both the top deck and the bottom deck. Place the pallet on a flat, hard, rigid horizontal surface as shown in Figure 4, and place four loading bars on the top deck or bottom deck. The center line of the two loading bars placed on each fork hole is 0.18L or 0.18L away from the su
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