Technical regulations of security and high quality for Auricularia auricula production in Woodland
Some standard content:
ICS65.020
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Shandong Province
DB37/T16622020
Replaces DB37/T1662-2010
Technical regulations of security and high quality for Auricularia auricula productionin Woodland
Published on 2020-02-25
Shandong Provincial Market Supervision Administration
Implementation on 2020-03-25
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This standard was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB1.1-2009. This standard replaces DB37/T1662-2010 "Technical regulations for the production of black fungus in woodland based on good agricultural practices". Compared with DB37/T1662-2010, in addition to editorial changes, the main technical changes are as follows: the name of the standard was changed to "Technical Regulations for Safe and High-quality Production of Black Fungus in Forest Land"; the definition of black fungus in forest land was added (see 3.1); the forest density and canopy density indicators were added (see 5.1); the ear bed standard was added (see 8.5); warehouses and waste collection facilities were deleted (see 4.2.3 and 4.2.4 of the 2010 version); a centralized mushroom residue treatment site was added (see 5.2.3); the site plan was modified and merged. Figure and base isolation protection (see 5.2.1); added ear opening method (see 8.6.1); added culture medium formula (see 8.1):
Modified pest control methods (see 9): merged base selection and management with hazard analysis and critical control points of production technology and production input management into product quality and safety management (see 10 and 4.2.6, 7.9, 8 of the 2010 version); deleted labor protection (see 11 of the 2010 version); - Modified Appendix A (see Appendix A).
This standard was proposed and implemented by the Shandong Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the Shandong Provincial Agricultural Standardization Technical Committee. Drafting units of this standard: Agricultural Resources and Environment Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Weihai Xinbao Food Co., Ltd., Dongping County Kehai Fungi Co., Ltd., Shandong Huimin Qifa Fruit and Vegetable Co., Ltd., Qingdao Yiguyuan Edible Fungi Professional Cooperative. The main drafters of this standard are: Huang Chunyan, Wan Luchang, Gong Zhiyuan, Guo Huidong, Yang Peng, Yao Qiang, Han Jiandong, Li Jin, Xie Hongyan, Sun Deguang, Shang Chenglong, Wu Yuanyuan, Zhang Yi. The previous versions of this standard are:
-DB37/T1662—2010
1 Scope
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Technical regulations for safe and high-quality production of black fungus in forestland This standard specifies the quality requirements, site selection and management, production management technology, pest control, product quality and safety management and production record archives for black fungus (Auricularia auricula) cultivated in forestland. This standard applies to the safe and high-quality production of black fungus in forestland. Normative references
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For all dated references, only the dated version applies to this document. For all undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document. GB3095 Ambient Air Quality Standard
National Food Safety Standard General Safety Requirements for Food Contact Materials and Products GB4806.1
GB5749
GB7096
National Food Safety Standard Plastic Materials and Products for Food Contact National Food Safety Standard Paper and Paperboard Materials and Products for Food Contact Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water
National Food Safety Standard Edible Fungi and Their Products GB/T12728
GB19169
NY/T391
NY/T393
NY/T394
NY/T528
NY/T658
NY/T749| |tt||NY/T1731
NY/T1935
NY/T2375
Terms and Definitions
Terms for Edible Fungi
Black Fungus Strains
Environmental Quality of Green Food Origin
Guidelines for the Use of Pesticides for Green Food
Guidelines for the Use of Fertilizers for Green Food
Technical Regulations for the Production of Edible Fungi Strains
General Guidelines for Green Food Packaging
Green Food Edible Fungi
Good Manufacturing Practice for Edible Fungi Strains
Quality and Safety Requirements for Edible Fungi Cultivation Substrates
Technical Specifications for Edible Fungi Production
The terms and definitions established in GB/T12728 and the following apply to this document. 3.1
Auricularia auricula production in Woodland Black fungus cultivated in the forest with a canopy density of less than 0.8, using fresh air and moist ecological environment conditions, is cultivated by ground planting. 4 Quality requirements
4.1 Sensory requirements
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The ear pieces are black or dark brown, with a smooth and shiny surface, complete ear pieces, uniform size, consistent thickness, small ear base, no odor, no insect bites, no mildew. Impurities such as animal hair and excrement, broken ear base, fungus material, mud and sand, and metal objects shall not be mixed in. 4.2 Physical and chemical index requirements
Should meet the requirements of GB7096 and NY/T749. 5 Site selection and management
5.1 Site selection
It is advisable to select a forest with flat terrain, good ventilation, clean environment, no pollution, sufficient water source and smooth drainage. Generally, it is suitable to select a forest with a 2- to 6-year-old, a density of 4mx6m or 3m×4m, and a canopy density of less than 0.8. The temperature, humidity and light intensity of the selected forest can meet the growth needs of black fungus through artificial control. Stay away from factories, poultry and livestock farms, garbage dumps, waste fungus piles, etc., and avoid public places, main roads, living areas, and raw material warehouses. The stockyard, seed production, mixing, bagging, sterilization, inoculation, fungus and ear-out area, product drying area, and warehouse area in the production area are reasonably divided. The site environment meets the requirements of GB3095 and NY/T391. 5.2 Site management
5.2.1 Site plan
For large-area production sites, make a plan distribution map to indicate the layout of site facilities and production conditions. Isolation nets and isolation belts should be set up around the site.
5.2.2 Studio
Build a studio to place annual production plans, cultivation plans, and relevant production management record books and other files, post relevant rules and regulations, and have washing and disinfection conditions.
5.2.3 Centralized mushroom residue processing site
Set up a centralized transportation, temporary storage and processing site for fungus residue, supporting facilities, and take isolation and protection measures. 6 Cultivation season
Black fungus is a medium-temperature variety. The ear-out temperature is generally between 12℃ and 28℃. In spring cultivation, it is appropriate to start earing in the first ten days of April, and in autumn, it is appropriate to start earing in the middle and late September. Local areas can choose the appropriate period for production according to local climatic conditions. 7 Variety selection and strain quality requirements
Introduce black fungus varieties suitable for cultivation in Shandong Province from seed supply units with corresponding qualifications, with fast earing and tide change, strong resistance to transmission, high quality and high yield. The mother strain is white, uniform and smooth in appearance, the hyphae grow flat on the culture medium in a fluffy shape, the edges of the colonies are neat, the color changes evenly, there are no foreign bacteria colonies, no angular changes, and the culture medium does not shrink. The production strain requires strong vitality, no diseases, insects and foreign bacteria, suitable age, and no aging. The production process of black fungus strains should comply with the requirements of NY/T528 and NY/T1731. The quality of the finished strains should comply with the requirements of GB19169.
8 Production management technology
8.1 Culture medium formula
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The water ratio of black fungus cultivation material should be about 1+1.3. The formula should be selected as follows: Formula 1: 66% cottonseed hulls, 18% corn cobs, 15% wheat bran, 1% gypsum powder a
Formula 2: 78% broadleaf wood chips, 20% wheat bran, 1% sucrose, 1% gypsum powder c)
Formula 3: 55% bean straw powder, 20% cottonseed hulls, 15% wheat bran, 5% cotton cake powder, 4% corn flour, 1% gypsum powder d)
Formula 4: 50% broadleaf wood chips, 30% cottonseed hulls, 18% wheat bran, 1% sucrose, 1% gypsum powder d)
Formula 4: 50% broadleaf wood chips, 30% cottonseed hulls, 18% wheat bran, 1% sucrose, 1% gypsum powder d)
Formula 5: 66.5% broadleaf wood chips, 20% corn cob particles, 10% wheat bran, 1.5%, gypsum powder 1%, lime powder 1%
f) Formula 6: Pleurotus eryngii bran 20%, miscellaneous sawdust 55%, wheat bran 22%, sugar 1%, lime powder 1%, gypsum powder 1%8.2 Mixing and bagging
Mix the ingredients according to the formula ratio, mix them evenly on the cement floor or plastic film, add water and stir, so that the moisture content reaches 62%~65%. After the culture medium is mixed, it is piled and stuffed for 2 hours. Before bagging, turn it over and mix it again. Or use a mixing and bagging machine to mix and bag the materials. Use polyolefin or high temperature and low pressure polyethylene angle tube bags with specifications of 17cm×33cm and thickness of 0.04mm~0.05mm. When loading, press it slightly by hand, and it is required to be tight on the top and loose on the bottom. The hole in the middle (diameter 1.5cm) does not deform. The height of the material is 3/5 of the bag length, and the wet weight of the material is 0.9kg~1kg. Put a plastic ring (3cm in diameter and 3cm in height) on the bag mouth, plug it with cotton, seal it with waterproof paper or high-temperature resistant film: or seal it with a cotton-free cover. 8.3 Sterilization and inoculation
Steam sterilize at 0.15MPa pressure for 2.5h or steam sterilize at 100℃ normal pressure for 12h. After sterilization, remove the fungus bag and cool it naturally to below 30℃, and inoculate it in the inoculation box (room) according to the aseptic operation procedures in time. The inoculation amount per bag is about 10g. The inoculation operation should be done quickly.
8.4 Fungus management
Move the inoculated fungus bag into the culture room that has been disinfected in advance for cultivation, and place the fungus bag upright on the multi-layer culture rack. Black fungus does not need light during the mycelium growth stage, and black cloth is usually hung on the doors and windows to block light. During the fungus period, the temperature should be kept between 24℃ and 26℃, and ventilation should be carried out for 30min~60min every day. Check the fungus situation after 3d~7d of cultivation, and deal with contaminated fungus bags in time. After 45d to 50d of cultivation at an appropriate temperature, the mycelium can fill the bag, and then continue to cultivate for 8d to 10d to reach physiological maturity. 8.5 Ear bed preparation
Before bagging, the forest land should be leveled and made, and the ear bed should be laid flat, with a bed height of 15cm, and a drainage ditch of 15cm deep and 20cm to 30cm wide on both sides. The width should be determined by the actual site, and it should not exceed 1.2m. A special breathable and moisturizing mulch is laid on the floor of the bed, and a pipe water spraying device is set up
8.6 Ear management
8.6.1 Opening and urging ears
When the mycelium has just filled the bag or is 1cm to 2cm away from the bottom of the bag, the bag should be transported to the ear-out site. In spring, when the average daytime temperature reaches above 10℃, and in autumn, when the nighttime temperature drops below 20℃, the ears can be opened and urged. Before opening, dip the bag in 1% lime water or 0.1% potassium permanganate solution or wipe the surface for disinfection. There are two ways to open the bag. One is a "V"-shaped opening: use a sterilized blade to make a V-shaped opening on the surface of the bag, with a side length of 1cm~1.5cm, an angle of 45°~55°, and a depth of 0.4cm~0.6cm. Each bag has 20~30 openings, evenly distributed in a triangular shape, and the bottom V\-shaped opening is 5cm~6cm from the ground; the other is a circular hole: cut 90~120 holes per bag, with a hole diameter of 0.6iiiKAa~cJouaKAa
cm, a depth of 0.5cm, and a hole spacing of 1.8cm. When the quantity is large, special machinery can be used to cut or punch holes. 8.6.2 Management during the primordium formation period
Regulate the relative humidity of the air to about 85%, control the temperature at 10℃15℃, and the temperature difference between day and night is 10℃. Provide a certain amount of scattered light. After about 7d~10d, the black-brown primordium can seal the cut line. 8.6.3 Management during the fruiting body differentiation period
It is advisable to keep the temperature at 15℃~25℃, maintain strong scattered light, and do not spray water directly on the primordium. After about 15d, the ear base can grow to about 2cm.
8.7 Management during the fruiting body growth and development period
8.7.1 Temperature
The temperature should be controlled between 15℃~25℃. It is not easy to form fruiting bodies when it is lower than 15℃. When the temperature exceeds 30℃, spray cooling should be used to prevent the fruiting bodies from self-dissolving and forming runny ears.
8.7.2 Humidity
During the fruiting body formation period, the relative humidity of the air is required to reach 85%~95%. The appropriate humidity conditions during the fruiting body growth stage should be alternating between dry and wet. 8.7.3 Light
The fruiting body growth and development requires sufficient scattered light and a certain amount of direct light (5001x~10001x). Under the appropriate light environment, the ear pieces are thick and dark in color.
8.8 Harvesting and second ear management
8.8.1 Harvesting
When the ear pieces are fully expanded, the edges begin to close, the ear base becomes thinner, and the color changes from black to brown, they can be harvested. When harvesting, the large ones should be harvested and the small ones should be left. Harvesting should be done in batches. There are two harvesting methods: one is to harvest with roots; the other is to cut the ear pieces, using a blade to cut the black fungus ear pieces that meet the harvesting standards along the base of the ear root, leaving 0.3cm~0.5cm in the ear root.
8.8.2 Second ear management
After the first ear is harvested, dry the mushroom bag in the sun when the sun is slanting for 3d~5d, and then moisten and remove the ear. At this stage, attention should be paid to ventilation and high temperature should be prevented. Other management measures are the same as the first flower ear. 8.9 Post-harvest processing
Black fungus processing is mainly dried. The harvested black fungus should be dried or baked in time, and the baking temperature should not exceed 50℃. The materials and methods used in drying processing meet the relevant national health standards. Dried fungus should be packaged and stored in time. 9 Pest control
9.1 Prevention and control principles
Focus on standardized cultivation management and prevention, adopt comprehensive measures to prevent and control diseases, insects and fungi, give priority to agricultural prevention and control, physical prevention and control, and use pesticides scientifically and reasonably. Use pesticides strictly according to the safe interval of pesticides. 9.2 Main prevention and control targets
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The main fungi are Trichoderma, Penicillium, Neurospora, etc.; the main diseases are red yeast disease, ear ooze, rotten ears, etc.: the main insect pests are fungus mosquitoes, fistula mosquitoes, springtails, etc.
9.3 Prevention and control methods
9.3.1 Cultivation measures for prevention and control
Select high-quality, high-yield varieties with strong disease resistance and stress resistance to cultivate strong mushroom sticks. Remove weeds in the field, water thoroughly once every 2 days before placing bags, and sprinkle non-polluting disinfectants on the ground. Lay mulch on the bed and make small holes in the mulch. After the disease occurs, clean up the diseased mushrooms in time, stop spraying water, and take isolation measures for the diseased area. Wash hands or tools that have touched diseased mushrooms and diseased materials, and wipe and disinfect with 75% ethanol or 0.25% chlorhexidine solution. After each season of cultivation, clean up waste mushroom materials and debris in time, and disinfect and kill insects in the mushroom field. The cultivation specifications meet the requirements of NY/T2375.
9.3.2 Physical prevention and control
Hang electronic (or frequency vibration) insecticidal lamps to lure and kill mushroom mosquitoes, mushroom flies, etc. Use ultraviolet rays, ozone, etc. to disinfect the inoculation room and the germinant room. bzxZ.net
9.3.3 Ecological regulation
Keep the ear field clean and sanitary, pay attention to ventilation regulation, regulate the temperature and relative humidity of the ear field, and maintain appropriate light to improve the disease resistance and stress resistance of the ear.
9.3.4 Biological agent prevention and control
Choose to use microbial and plant-based pesticide preparations for prevention and control. Agricultural antibiotic preparations such as zhongshengmycin, polyoxin, agricultural streptomycin, or compound Chinese herbal fungicidal preparations can prevent and control various diseases of black ear. In the mushroom-free period or to avoid mushrooms, use spinosad, matrine, cinnamon, nicotine, rotenone, pyrethrum or compound Chinese herbal insecticides to control pests. 10 Product quality and safety management
10.1 Main and auxiliary raw materials
For crop straw used for cultivating black fungus, high-toxic and high-residue pesticides cannot be applied one month before harvest. Before use, it should be exposed to sunlight for 2d to 3d, crushed, and sieved (particle size 0.3cm to 0.5cm). The raw materials should be properly stored, placed in a clean and dry place, and stored away from pesticides. The main and auxiliary raw materials must meet the requirements of NY/T394 and NY/T1935. 10.2 Production water
The water used for the preparation of culture media and the water used for the management of fungus should meet the requirements of GB5749. No drugs, fertilizers or substances of unknown composition should be added to the spray water. The water quality should be inspected once a year by a qualified testing and inspection agency. 10.3 Matrix fertilizer and additives
Chemical additives shall not be added to the cultivation matrix at will or in excess, and mixed additives containing plant growth regulators or unknown ingredients are not allowed. Meet the requirements of NY/T1935. 10.4 Safe use of drugs
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When pests and diseases occur, plant-based or microbial-based drugs should be preferred. They should be used during the mushroom-free period or to avoid mushrooms. The main purpose is to spray the ground environment, and do not spray directly on the fruiting body. Highly toxic, highly toxic and high-residue pesticides, heavy metal preparations and plant growth regulators shall not be used. Human medical antibacterial drugs, non-agricultural antibiotic preparations and live microbial pesticides shall not be used. The use of pesticides shall meet the requirements of NY/T393. 10.5 Post-harvest quality and safety management
People engaged in storage and processing after harvesting must be healthy and free of infectious diseases. After harvesting, the ear pedicles shall be cleaned, sorted and graded according to the standards, dried and processed, and placed in clean, special containers. The packaging containers and articles used should comply with GB4806.1 and GB4806.7 and GB4806.8 requirements, and the molded packaging products shall comply with the requirements of NY/T658. Promote the listing of black fungus product packaging labels and establish a quality and safety traceability system 11
Production record files
Each forest cultivation farm shall establish an independent and complete production record file to record the environmental conditions of the production area, production inputs, cultivation management, and pest and disease control, and provide traceability records of all links involved in black fungus production. The record files shall be retained for more than 3 years. See Appendix A for production file record items.
A.1 Environmental conditions of the production area
Air quality
Water quality
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Appendix A
(Informative Appendix)
Items to be recorded in the safe and high-quality production of black fungus in forestland Soil environmental quality of the fungus field
Site supporting equipment and tools
Use of production inputs
Usage and dosage
Date of use and discontinuation
Drug use for the prevention and control of diseases and pests of black fungus
Disinfection and pest control of cultivation materials
Disinfection and pest control before and after feeding the fungus field
Disinfection and pest control during the fungus fermentation period
Disinfection and pest control during the fungus production period
Harvest date, harvest quantity, commodity ear grade Name of production site, cultivation quantity, recorder, filing date
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