LY/T 1594-2002 China's Sustainable Forest Management Standards and Indicators
Some standard content:
ICS_65.020.01
Forestry Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
LY/T1594--2002
National level criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management in China
Issued on 2002-10-12
Issued by the State Forestry Administration
Implemented on 2002-12-01
This standard is proposed and managed by the Research Center for Sustainable Forestry Development, Chinese Academy of Forestry. The drafting unit of this standard is the Research Center for Sustainable Forestry Development, Chinese Academy of Forestry. LY/T1594—2002
Drafters of this standard: Zhang Shougong, Xiao Wenfa, Jiang Zeping, Liu Jinlong, Zhu Chunquan, Zang Runguo, Lu Wenming, Shi Zuomin, Lei Jingpin, Sun Xiaomei, Jiang Chunqian, Ma Juan, Huang Qinglin.
This standard is released for the first time.
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Forests are the main body of terrestrial ecosystems and the fundamental guarantee for maintaining the environment of human beings from bottom to top and keeping the national economy and the entire biological system in good condition. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992 believed that achieving sustainable management of various types of forests is to meet the needs of the present and future generations and is the key to implementing the "Statement of Principles on Forests" and Chapter 11 of the "Agenda 21". After the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, relevant international organizations held a series of international conferences to discuss the issues of forest protection and sustainable management, and proposed a series of standards and indicator system frameworks. The main ones are: a) Helsinki Process. In June 1993, the European Forest Sustainable Management Action Framework was formulated, and the standards and indicator system for sustainable management of European forests was formed at the subsequent meeting (February 1995). b)
Montreal Process. In September 1993, the "Temperate and Boreal Forest Sustainable Development Conference" was held in Montreal, Canada, where preliminary standards and indicators for sustainable forest management were proposed and a "Standards and Indicators Working Group" was established. In February 1995, the standards and indicators framework for the protection and sustainable management of temperate and boreal forests, namely the "Santiago Declaration", was formed in Santiago, Chile.
The 12 member countries of the Montreal Process represent 90% of the world's temperate and boreal forests. China is a member of the Montreal Process.
c) The International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) has formulated policy standards for sustainable management of tropical forests. The Expert Meeting on Coordination of Global Sustainable Forest Management Actions (Rome, February 1995) jointly organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and ITT determined that FAO would be responsible for coordinating the sustainable management of global forests to form a global standards and indicators framework. The Chinese government attaches great importance to the issue of forest protection and sustainable management, and actively participates in relevant international activities. The formulation of this standard will fully absorb the proposition components of the relevant international standards and indicator systems and be in line with international standards and indicator systems. In view of the vast territory, population, socio-economic development and natural conditions of China, the forest types are complex and diverse, the quantity and quality of forest resources are different, and the management conditions are different. Following the principle of adapting to the requirements of international forestry sustainable development and being suitable for China's specific conditions, a core indicator system at the national level is first formulated according to China's natural conditions and socio-economic conditions, and then regional division is carried out according to the specific conditions of each region, and the corresponding characteristic indicators are expanded to formulate an operational indicator system. 276
1 Scope
Standards and indicators for sustainable forest management in China This standard specifies the standard framework that China's forest protection and sustainable management should comply with. This standard applies to sustainable forest management at the national level. 2 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard. 2.1
Sustainable forest management LY/T 1594—2002
Forests, as ecosystems, have multiple economic benefits and environmental values, as well as extensive public participation in the decision-making process. Its purpose is to ensure that forests can continuously and effectively meet the material production, cultural and spiritual life and intangible interests of contemporary people, and be conducive to long-term economic and social development.
The protection, management, development and utilization of forest resources should meet the needs of contemporary people without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, while respecting national sovereignty and regional equality. 2.2
Criteria
Characteristics represented by a series of relevant indicators that are regularly monitored to evaluate changes. 2.3
Indicator
Quantitative or qualitative variables that can be measured or described, and their trends can be regularly monitored. 2.4
Monitoring
Regular and systematic measurement and evaluation of changes in indicators. 2.5
Forest typeforesttype
Based on my country's national conditions and the commonly used forest classification system, the type of forest community determined according to vegetation, especially forest composition and/or specific factors.
Ecosystem
ecosystem
A living, open, dynamic complex system formed by the interaction of plants, animals, microbial communities and the non-living environment on which they depend for survival.
3 Biodiversity Conservation
Biodiversity refers to the diversity and variability of living organisms and the ecological complexes on which they depend for survival. It includes ecosystem diversity, species diversity and genetic diversity. Ecosystem diversity is the diversity of habitats, biomes and ecological processes in the biosphere, as well as the diversity of habitat differences and changes in ecological processes within the ecosystem; species diversity refers to biodiversity at the species level, which is the richness of forest species; genetic diversity refers to genetic variability within species, including genetic diversity between different geographical populations within a species and within the same population.
3.1 Ecosystem diversity indicators
3.1.1 Ratio of forest area of forest type points3.1.2 Area and ratio of forest types divided by age class or succession stage3.1.3 Ratio of coniferous trees to broad-leaved trees in planted forests3.1.3.1 Related issues
a) China has a vast territory, complex climate and landform types, and diverse forest ecosystem types; b) China has a large area of planted forests with a single tree species; c) China is a developing country with prominent contradictions between protection and development. 3.1.3.2 Data
Data is available. It mainly comes from the statistical data of the national forest resources inventory. 3.1.3.3 Methods
Data can be obtained based on the national forest resources inventory and typical sampling survey. 3.1.3.4 Explanation
The forest resources inventory and survey system provides basic data on forest area, stock and growth, but cannot reflect the type, diversity and status of forest community succession.
3.1.4 Area of forest types designated as protected forest land according to the World Conservation Union (IUCN) or other classification systems 3.1.5 Ratio of forest types designated as protected areas according to age class or succession stage 3.1.5.1 Basis
In 1993, IUCN classified nature reserves into: a)
Scientific reserves;
National parks;
Natural monuments;
Wildlife reserves/habitat and species management areas; d)
Protected landscapes/seascapes;
Managed resource protection areas.
The biodiversity and conservation value of protected areas of different age classes or succession stages are different. 3.1.5.2 Related issues
my country's protected areas can be divided into three types: a)
1) Forest ecosystem type nature reserves refer to nature reserves that take the natural ecosystem formed by forest plants and their ecological environment as the main protection object, such as: tropical rainforest, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest and other vegetation types of nature reserves;
Wildlife and plant type nature reserves take rare and endangered animals and plants and important economic animal and plant populations and natural habitats as the main protection object;
Wetland type nature reserves take the protection of wetland ecosystems as the main protection object. 3)
b) The contradiction between protection and development.
c) The determination and division of protected areas of different types and sizes. 3.1.5.3 Data
Data is available. Mainly statistical data from the competent authorities. 3.1.5.4 Methods
Establish a database through statistical surveys and remote sensing technology. 3.1.5.5 Explanation
a) The construction of protected areas in my country has been continuously strengthened, but the management level of protected areas is poor or the management level of different protected areas varies greatly;
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b) Although many basic surveys are difficult, further investigations on the basic characteristics of protected areas are needed. 3.1.6 Degree of forest fragmentation
3.1.6.1 Basis
Forest fragmentation includes the reduction of total habitat area and the division of remaining areas into non-continuous fragments. Forest fragmentation reduces the ecosystem's ability to resist interference and the survival and reproduction capacity of species. 3.1.6.2 Related issues
a) Fragmentation and reduction of forest coverage; b) Fragmentation and reduction of gene resources in forest system; c) From the perspective of species reproduction and maintenance of gene diversity, fragmentation leads to changes in gene flow of populations. 3.1.6.3 Data
Data on forest fragmentation are difficult to obtain in my country. Currently, only a few areas in my country have tracts of primary forests, such as Greater and Lesser Xing'an Mountains, Changbai Mountains, Hengduan Mountains, Tianshan Mountains, Shennongjia, etc. Forests in most areas have been destroyed and replaced by secondary forests. 3.1.6.4 Methods
a) Modern high-tech technologies such as RS and GIS technologies provide accurate methods for measuring the spatial distribution and fragmentation of forests; b) Use population genetics methods to obtain information on gene pool fragmentation. 3.1.6.5 Explanation
a) The application of indicators will mainly consider the reduction of forest coverage. Without experience in measuring biodiversity changes and ecological processes, it is impossible to explain forest fragmentation. Moderate fragmentation is beneficial to biodiversity conservation. However, human activities often cause forest ecosystems to become over-fragmented. c) The evaluation of this indicator should be based more on natural forests. 3.2 Species diversity indicatorsWww.bzxZ.net
3.2.1 Number of forest species
3.2.2 According to legislation or scientific evaluation, determine the status of forest species that cannot maintain their own population viability3.2.2.1 Basis
a) The number of species is the most direct and obvious indicator for measuring biodiversity; the threat status and endemicity of species, endangered status, extinction rate and causes are important contents for studying species-level biodiversity, and are also the basis for studying the protection and sustainable use of forest biodiversity. 3.2.2.2 Related issues
a) The indicator lists the number of species that must be paid attention to in forest management, but it cannot reflect the impact of forest management on the trend of species diversity changes;
The trend of species number changes over time;
c) Some endangered species are difficult to control by forest managers; The effectiveness of species number indicators depends on effective detection, but it is very difficult to detect some endangered species. Therefore, it is necessary to plan the level of monitoring according to the difficulty. 3.2.2.3 Data
a) Accurate data is difficult to obtain. It mainly comes from China's "List of Rare and Endangered Plants", "List of National Key Protected Animals", and the Red Book of Endangered Plants and Animals. b) Through special surveys, the status data of rare and endangered species can be accurately obtained. 3.2.2.4 Methods
The number of forest species can be obtained through a basic survey of forest ecosystems. 3.2.2.5 Explanation
my country's forest species composition is divided into:
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Trees;
Shrubs;
Herbs;
Fungi, especially mycorrhizal fungi that coexist with trees; insects;
Birds;
Mammals;
Amphibians;
Reptiles, etc.,
b) The protection of key species in forest ecosystems should be given special priority because they control the composition and structure of biological communities and determine the existence of other species.
IUCN classifies species according to their endangered status: extinct species (EX); endangered species (E); vulnerable species (V); rare species (R); and unknown species (I).
3.3 Genetic diversity indicators
Genetic diversity is the basis of species inheritance and evolution. The richer the genetic variation of a species, the greater its adaptability to the environment. When protecting a species, it is possible to lose populations with genetic differences, so some forest species with important economic value and genetic significance should be specially protected.
3.3.1 Number of forest species with significantly reduced distribution range3.3.2 Population level of representative species monitored from multiple habitats3.3.3 Number of species with germplasm genes preserved3.3.3.1 Related issues
a) Commercial and non-commercial species must be included; b) Forest management has a great impact on the genetic diversity of commercial species, so it should be paid attention to. 3.3.3.2 Data
Related data on the number of forest species with significantly reduced distribution range and the number of species with germplasm genes preserved in situ and ex situ are relatively easy to obtain, while relevant data on the population level of representative species monitored from multiple habitats are almost non-existent. 3.3.3.3.3 Method
Population genetics method. Germplasm gene conservation is divided into in situ conservation and ex situ conservation. 3.3.3.4 Explanation
Species with significantly reduced distribution range will have reduced genetic variability and viability. 4 Maintenance of forest ecosystem productivity
Maintenance of forest ecosystem productivity is the material guarantee for sustainable use of forest resources, biodiversity protection, climate change mitigation and prevention of land degradation. The formulation of this standard is mainly based on timber harvest as the basis for forest ecosystem productivity. 4.1 Forest area and net area of forest land that can be used for timber production 4.1.1 Basis
Forest area and net area of forest land that can be used for timber production are the main factors for predicting timber production capacity. Timber production of forest land is closely related to the main site quality of aboveground biomass. 4.1.2 Related issues
a) Determination of the area of different types of forest land;
b) The relationship between site quality and forest productivity; c) Standing stock, tree growth and harvest. 4.1.3 Data
The data on forest area have accurate sources, but the data on forest area used for timber production have great uncertainty. 4.1.4 Method
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Acquired through the national forest resource inventory data and the forestry resources statistical yearbook. The relevant area and proportion can be obtained by sampling survey combined with remote sensing technology.
4.1.5 Explanation
This indicator can be used to predict the timber supply potential and the proportion of forest land used for timber production. 4.2 Area and standing timber volume of each forest type 4.2.1 Basis
A certain forest area and growth volume are the basis and symbol for maintaining the energy input and flow of a forest ecosystem and maintaining its orderly structure. Different forest types have different accumulation and growth volumes due to their different physical and biological environments and different development stages. This indicator is the basis of forest productivity. 4.2.2 Related issues
a) China currently divides forests into public welfare forests and commercial forests in national forest management. Forest types can be roughly divided into coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests, and can also be subdivided according to dominant tree species. b) Closely related to carbon storage, forest harvesting planning and biodiversity. 4.2.3 Data
This indicator gives a basic measure of forest productivity, and the data is relatively easy to obtain. It mainly comes from the results of the national forest resource inventory. 4.2.4 Method
Combines traditional forest resource inventory methods and remote sensing technology, preferably through fixed sample plots within different forest types. 4.2.5 Description
This indicator should have dynamic characteristics to reflect the changing trend of forest ecosystem productivity over time. Area and volume vary with changes in the classification system of forest types.
4.3 Proportion of various land areas in forestry land4.3.1 Basis
In order to maintain forest productivity, on the basis of maintaining the total area of existing forestry land, the transformation of low-yield forests should be accelerated, the area of non-forested land should be reduced, and special attention should be paid to afforestation of barren hills and wastelands suitable for afforestation. 4.3.2 Related issues
Division of various land areas in forestry land. 4.3.3 Data
Acquired from forestry forest resource statistical reports. 4.3.4 Method
Ground survey combined with aerial survey and satellite remote sensing technology. 4.3.5 Explanation
a) Mainly refers to forested land, sparse forest land, shrub forest land, unforested afforestation land, nursery and non-forested land; b) This indicator reflects the potential for strengthening forest land utilization, and improves the production potential of forest land through the transformation of low-yield forests and the transformation of non-forested land into forested land:
c) The area varies with the classification standards of forestry land types. 4.4Total standing stock of timber forests
4.4.1 Basis
Timber production is still an important goal of forest cultivation. With the growth of population and economy, the demand for timber is also increasing. 4.4.2 Related issues
After my country implements the natural forest protection project, the classification standard of timber forest needs to be further defined. 4.4.3 Data
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According to the results of the national forest resource inventory, data is easy to obtain. The definition of the classification standard of timber forest determines the accuracy of the data and its application value.
4.4.4 Method
Forest resource survey method.
4.4.5 Explanation
This indicator reflects the resource reserves of timber forest. 4.5. Artificial forest area and its standing timber bud area 4.5.1 Basis
With the development of economy, the demand for timber in industry and people's lives is growing, resulting in the reduction of natural forests. The development of artificial forests, especially industrial artificial forests with targeted intensive management, has become the focus of forestry development. 4.5.2 Related issues
a) The layout and overall planning of China's plantation forest development; b) The development of plantation broad-leaved forests and mixed forests. 4.5.3 Data
Results of the national forest resource inventory and forestry statistical yearbook. 4.5.4 Method
The forest resource survey method was adopted.
4.5.5 Explanation
This indicator reflects the supply capacity of plantation timber forests. 4.6 The distribution pattern of forest area and stock available for timber production by age class 4.6.1 Basis
According to the theory of sustainable utilization of forest managers, the distribution of forest area and stock by a certain proportion of young, middle, near-mature, mature and over-mature age classes, as well as their regular distribution in space are one of the basic conditions for sustainable harvesting. 4.6.2 Related issues
a) Age classes are divided into young forests, middle-aged forests, near-mature forests, mature forests and over-mature forests; b) Determine the age class standards for forest stands of different tree species and different origins. 4.6.3 Data
Acquired from the national forest resource inventory data4.6.4 Method
The forest resource sampling survey method is adopted.
4.6.5 Explanation
This indicator is used to predict the development trend of forest resources and reflect the potential of timber supply. 4.7 Annual felling volume of timber forest is not greater than annual growth4.7.1 Basis
In the management of timber forest, the felling volume is not greater than the growth volume, which is the basic guarantee for the sustainable use of the timber. If the annual felling volume exceeds the annual growth volume, it will inevitably lead to a decline in forest resources over time and affect the sustainability of utilization. 4.7.2 Related issues
Despite controversy and uncertainty, felling in timber forest must also achieve ecological sustainability. In the felling of collective and private forests, it is difficult to predict the sustainability of timber felling, but the felling volume of timber forest should be determined jointly according to the felling quota set by the state and the market. Felling must strictly follow the national felling regulations. 4.7.3 Data
According to the Forestry Statistical Yearbook. However, natural forests, plantations, state-owned forests, collective forests and private forests should be reported in a classified manner. The transfer of forest rights will bring uncertainty to the reliability and value of the data. 282
4.7.4 Method
Use resource survey methods, preferably through fixed sample plot surveys. 4.7.5 Notes
The annual growth of the forest refers to the net average annual growth of standing trees; the annual timber felling includes the harvest of various fellings such as sanitary felling, growth felling and main felling; b)
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c) This indicator is the basic principle of sustainable management of timber forests. The felling of forests must be carried out in accordance with sustainable forest management planning programs;
d) The market transactions of over-quota felling timber must be strictly controlled. 4.8 Harvest of non-wood forest products
4.8.1 Basis
The use of non-wood forest products (such as fur, fruit, mushroom, game, medicinal materials, wild flowers, etc.) has a long history, but the great role they play in the national economy has not been recognized as it should be. Non-wood forest products are the main raw materials for food, feed, medicine, chemical industry, etc., and play a positive role in providing food, health care, employment opportunities, and improving the living standards of mountain residents. Therefore, it is necessary to study the harvest of non-wood forest products and achieve sustainable management, development and utilization of non-wood forest products by taking effective measures. 4.8.2 Related issues
a) The relationship between the development and utilization of non-wood forest products and biodiversity conservation; b) The fluctuation of the annual harvest of non-wood forest products; c) The need to standardize the method of collecting data; The lack of basic information on the sustainable production of non-wood forest products; e) The need to further improve the awareness of mountain residents on the protection and utilization of non-wood forest products and respect traditional forestry knowledge. 4.8.3 Data
Although non-wood forest products such as wild vegetables, edible fungi, fruit, medicinal materials, and wild flowers are used every year, most of them are unorganized picking by residents of surrounding communities, so relevant statistical data is not easy to grasp. Some data can be obtained by consulting the Forestry Resources Statistical Yearbook. 4.8.4 Methods
a) Inventory of non-wood forest products, mainly using small-area sampling survey technology to determine the abundance of various economic species, the regeneration capacity of sustainable harvesting, etc., and determine the level of sustainable management based on this; b)
List existing or potential non-wood forest products, and through consultation with local communities, standardize the statistics of the corresponding annual harvest; harvest with certification.
4.8.5 Explanation
a) This indicator reflects the supply and demand relationship of non-wood forest products and their sustainable management level; b) The harvest of non-wood forest products should not pose a threat to forest growth and biodiversity; c) The annual harvest of non-wood forest products should also be lower than the annual growth. 5 Health and vitality of forest ecosystems
5.1 Forest area and proportion affected by events exceeding the historical fluctuation range5.1.1 Basis
This indicator mainly gives the impact of large-scale disturbance events that cause serious damage to the normal structure and function of forest ecosystems on forests. Events that affect the health of forest ecosystems include natural processes such as fire, disease, insect pests, wind disasters, earthquakes and mudslides, frost damage, floods, and coastal storm surges. When their intensity and range exceed a certain level, they will exceed the normal threshold of historical fluctuations, thereby causing harm to the health of forests.
5.1.2. Related issues
Based on the differences in geography, climate and forest types between north and south China, major forest fires are generally divided into three levels: a)
1) The affected area is more than 33,300 hm2;
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2) The affected area in Northeast China is 6,700 to 33,300 hm2, and the affected area in the south is 3,300 hm2; 3) The affected area in Northeast China is 3,300 to 6,700 hm2, and the affected area in the south is 700 to 3,300 hm2. b) Considering the current situation of China's society and economy and the important role and status of sustainable forest development, combined with the current situation of forest fires in China, and its ability to prevent and reduce fire disasters, maintain and restore the health and vitality of forest ecosystems, China should strive to achieve the following goals:
1) The number of forest fires and the damage rate will steadily decline, and strive to prevent major forest fires; 2) The basic infrastructure of forest fire prevention will basically achieve networking and modernization; the forest fire prevention system will be basically sound.
c) Considering the history of afforestation and forest management in China, the area of artificial pure forests is huge, and forest diseases, insects and rodents will occur in large numbers in the future. Based on the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive management", various forest diseases and insect pests should be prevented, managed and reduced in accordance with the "Forestry Law of the People's Republic of China", "Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Entry and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine", "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Forest Diseases and Insect Pests", etc. However, the fundamental of forest pest control is to implement ecosystem management. In all aspects of afforestation and forest management, the structure and function of natural forest ecosystems in various places should be simulated to keep the number of diseases, insects, rodents, etc. under control at a certain level, so that all kinds of forest ecosystems can always maintain a healthy and normal growth and development state. d) Considering that China has complex terrain, many rivers, a long coastline, and changeable climate, typhoons, earthquakes, mudslides, floods, coastal storm surges, etc. are also very harmful to forests, causing great losses to China's forest resources. However, there is currently a lack of accurate data and judgment indicators on affected and endangered forests. 5.1.3 Data
Data on forest diseases, insects, and rodents can be obtained from national or regional surveys of forest diseases, insects, and rodents, while data on forest fires, wind disasters, etc. can be obtained from the national forest resources and forest fire monitoring system plus ground surveys. 5.1.4 Methods
A combination of traditional sampling surveys and remote sensing monitoring can be used to conduct national surveys with unified time and methods, and to summarize data from different regions.
5.1.5 Explanation
Some of the normal historical fluctuation ranges or thresholds of different disturbance events can be obtained from the investigation and research of meteorological, forestry and other departments and historical records. The historical fluctuation cycle, fluctuation range or threshold should be clearly defined. At the same time, in the field of forest fires, human factors must be considered.
5.2 The harm area and proportion of harmful gases and acid rain 5.2.1 Basis
When the intensity and scope of acid rain and harmful gas emissions caused by human activities exceed a certain level, they will exceed the tolerance of forest ecosystems, thereby causing harm to the health of forests. According to the degree of damage to forests, the intensity and scope of harmful gases and acid rain formation in different regions of the country are controlled to ensure the health and normal growth of forests. 5.2.2 Related issues
a) In addition to directly damaging forest plants in terms of physiology and growth, the harm of acid rain also has another important impact of destroying the soil system on which forests depend for survival. For changes in the soil system, the main considerations are the physical and chemical indicators that affect soil alkalinity, such as base saturation, pH value and cation exchange capacity.
b) In terms of future acid rain prevention and control in China, efforts should be made to achieve the following goals: 1) Implement the harmful gas emission compensation system; 2) Article 28 of the Environmental Protection Law;
3) Improve the efficiency of coal utilization, save energy, reduce the emission of harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide (SO2); strengthen the prevention of acid rain hazards, including restrictions on industrial acid precipitation emissions, social systems and legal protection, biological 4)
and ecological measures.
5.2.3 Data
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