GB/T 24040-1999 Principles and framework for life cycle assessment of environmental management
Some standard content:
GB/T 24040-1999
This standard is equivalent to the international standard ISO14040:1997 "Environmental management---Life cycle assessment--Principles and framework". This standard is the first standard on life cycle assessment in the series of national standards on environmental management. Other related life cycle assessment standards are: IS0 14041
ISO14042
IS0 14043
Environmental management--Life cycle assessment--Determination of objectives and scope, inventory analysisEnvironmental management--Life cycle assessment--Life cycle impact assessmentEnvironmental management--Life cycle assessment--Life cycle interpretationAppendix A of this standard is a prompt appendix.
This standard is proposed and managed by the China Institute of Standardization and Information Classification and Coding. This standard is drafted by the China Institute of Standardization and Information Classification and Coding. This standard was drafted by: China Institute of Standardization and Information Classification and Coding, Department of Environmental Engineering, Tsinghua University, China Academy of Environmental Sciences, China National Petroleum Corporation, Ecological and Environmental Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The main drafters of this standard are: Fan Yuhua, Zhang Tianzhu, Duan Ning, Liu Zhong, Rao Yishan, Yang Jianxin, Wu Yun. 1) Among them, IS014041 was released on October 7, 199B, and IS014042 and IS014043 are still under drafting. GB/T24040—1999
ISO Foreword
[The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a world federation composed of national standardization bodies (ISO member bodies): The work of formulating international standards is usually completed by ISO's technical committees. Member bodies interested in the work of a technical committee have the right to participate in the technical committee. Other international organizations, whether official or non-official, also participate in its work through liaison with ISO. In the field of electrotechnical standardization, ISO maintains a close cooperative relationship with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The draft international standard formally adopted by the technical committee is submitted to the member groups for voting. The international standard must be approved by at least 75% of the member groups participating in the voting before it can be formally adopted. International Standard IS0 11040 was developed by the Life Cycle Assessment Subcommittee (SC) of the IS0/TC 207 Environmental Management Technical Committee
Appendix A is a prompt appendix,
GB/T 24040--1999
With the improvement of environmental protection awareness and the further understanding of the impact of product production and consumption, people hope to establish some methods to better understand and reduce these impacts. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technology developed out of this. The International Standard for Environmental Conservation and Management (ICA) specifies the principles and framework for conducting and reporting LCA studies, and includes some minimum requirements. LCA is a technique used to assess environmental factors and potential impacts associated with products. Its approach is: - Prepare an inventory of relevant inputs and outputs in the product system; - Evaluate the environmental impacts associated with these inputs and outputs; - Interpret the results of the inventory analysis and impact assessment in relation to the purpose of production. LCA studies the environmental factors and potential impacts of a product throughout its life cycle (from chain to grave), from obtaining raw materials, production, use to final disposal. The types of environmental impacts that need to be considered include resource use, human health and ecological consequences. LCA It can help:
--Identify opportunities to improve environmental aspects of products at all stages of their life cycle: - Decision-making in industry, government or non-governmental organizations (such as strategic planning, setting priorities, design or redesign of products or processes) - Selection of relevant environmental performance (behavior) parameters, including measurement techniques; - Decision-making in industry, government or non-governmental organizations (such as environmental statements, ecological labeling programs or product environmental declarations). This standard recognizes that LCA is still in its early stages of development and some technical aspects of LCA, such as impact assessment, are still in their infancy. In order to further improve the application level of LCA, a lot of work needs to be done and maintained. Continue to accumulate experience. Therefore, the proper interpretation and application of 1.CA results are important.
For LCA to effectively support the understanding of product environmental performance (behavior), it is also essential to maintain technical credibility while being flexible, practical and cost-effective. This is especially true for small and medium-sized enterprises. The scope, boundaries and level of detail of the ICA study depend on the object of the study and the application intention. The depth and intensity of the study largely depends on the specific research purpose, but in all cases, the principles and framework specified in this standard should be followed. LA generally does not involve economic or social factors of the product. || tt||LCA is only one of a number of environmental management techniques (such as risk assessment, environmental performance (behavior) assessment, environmental audit, environmental impact assessment). It is not the most appropriate in all cases. As all techniques have their limitations, the limitations of LCA should be recognized. These limitations include: ·--The choices and assumptions made in LCA (such as the determination of system boundaries, data sources and the selection of impact types) can be subjective.
--The models used to conduct inventory analysis or assess environmental impacts are limited by the assumptions made. In addition, for some impacts or applications, it may not be possible to establish a model. The results of LCA studies on global or regional issues may not be suitable for local applications, that is, global or regional conditions cannot fully reflect local conditions:
一 Due to the inability to obtain or lack of relevant data, or the quality of the data (such as data gaps, data types, data integration, data averaging, field characteristics, etc.) limits the accuracy of LCA studies: 一 The inventory data used for impact assessment lacks temporal and spatial attributes, which brings uncertainty to the assessment results. This uncertainty is inherent in the spatial and temporal characteristics of the impact type. Generally speaking, the information obtained from LCA studies can only be used as part of a more comprehensive decision-making process, or to understand widespread or general trade-offs and depreciations. For different LCA studies, it is only possible to compare their results when their assumptions and background conditions are the same. For the sake of clarity, assumptions should be clearly stated. This standard specifies the principles, framework and some methodological requirements for conducting LCA studies. Further details on the methods used in the various stages of LCA will be introduced in ISO14041, ISO14042 and ISO14043. This standard, like other standards, is not intended to create non-tariff trade barriers, nor does it increase or change the legal obligations of an organization. 1 Scope
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Principles and framework of life cycle assessment
Environmental management
Environmental management
Life cycle assessment -Principles and frameworkwnrksGB/T24040—1999
idtIso 1404d:1997
This standard specifies the overall framework, principles and requirements for conducting and reporting life cycle assessment studies. This standard does not detail life cycle assessment techniques.
2 Referenced standards
The clauses contained in the following standards are constitutive of the clauses of this standard through reference in this standard. The versions indicated are valid at the time of publication of this standard. All standards are subject to revision. Parties using this standard should investigate the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards: ISO14041 Environmental management - Determination of the purpose and scope of life cycle assessment Inventory analysis 3 Definitions
This standard adopts the following definitions:
3.1 Allocation
The division of the input or output flow of a unit process into the product system under study. 3.2 Comparative assertion An environmental statement that a product is superior or equivalent to a competing product with the same function. 3.3 Elementary flow
(1) Matter or energy taken from the environment that has not undergone artificial transformation before entering the system under study: (2) Matter or energy that leaves the system under study and is no longer subject to artificial transformation after entering the environment. 3.4 Environmental aspects Environmental aspects Elements of an organization's activities, products or services that can interact with the environment. 3.5 Functional unit Functional unit Quantified product system performance used as a unit of reference in life cycle assessment studies. 3.6 Input
Material or energy entering a single process. NOTE, material can include raw materials and products. 3.7 Interested party Interested party An individual or group concerned with the environmental performance (behavior) of a product system or the results of its life cycle assessment, or affected by them. 3.8 Life cycle lifecycle A series of stages in a product system, from the acquisition of raw materials or the generation of natural resources to final disposal. 3.9 Life cycle assessment (LCA) The compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and potential environmental impacts of a product system during its life cycle. 3.10 Life cycle impact assessment Approved by the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision on March 2, 1999 Implementation on November 1, 1999 GB/T 24040--1999 The stage in the life cycle assessment of the magnitude and importance of the potential environmental impacts of a product system. 3.11 Life cycle interpretation lifecycle interpretation The stage in life cycle assessment where the results of inventory analysis and/or impact assessment are summarized to form conclusions and recommendations according to the requirements of the scope and scope of the specification.
3.12 Life cycle inventory analysis lifecycle inventory analysis The stage in life cycle assessment where the inputs and outputs of the product system under study are compiled and quantified throughout the life cycle. 3.13 Output
The material or energy of a unit process. Note: Materials can include raw materials, intermediate products, emissions and wastes. 3.14 Practice
The person or group engaged in life cycle assessment. 3.15 Product system product system
A collection of unit processes with one or more specific functions that are linked by materials and energy. Note: In this standard, the term "product" used alone can include both product systems and service systems. 3.16 Raw materials raw materials
Primary and secondary materials used to produce a product. 3.17 System boundary system houndary
the interface between the product system and the environment or other product systems 3.18 transparency
the open, comprehensive and clear presentation of information 3.19 unit process
the minimum part of a product system from which batches are collected when conducting a life cycle assessment. 3.20 waste
the output of any product system that requires treatment 4 General description of LCA
4.11 Main characteristics of LCA
Some main characteristics of LCA methodology are summarized as follows: 1. LCA study should systematically and fully consider the environmental factors in the whole process of product system from raw material acquisition to final disposal;
The time span and research depth of LCA study depend largely on the purpose determined. 1. The scope, assumptions, description, methods and results of LCA studies should be transparent. LCA studies should account for and document the source of data and provide clear and appropriate communication: 1. Confidentiality and intellectual property protection requirements should be specified for the application intent of LCA studies; 2. The openness of LCA methodology should be guaranteed to accommodate new scientific discoveries and the latest technological developments; 3. LCA studies used to publish comparative conclusions should consider some specific requirements; 4. Due to the complexity and complexity of each stage of the life cycle of the analyzed system, it is not scientifically justified to simplify the results of LCA into a single comprehensive score or number; 5. There is no unified model for LCA studies, and organizations should remain flexible and implement them in accordance with the source principles and framework provided in this standard. 6. And according to the specific application intent and user requirements, it can be implemented in practice. 7.2 Stages of LCA 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 49. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. The auxiliary verb heuld in 7404 is translated as "should" in this standard. GB/T 24040--1999
Life cycle assessment shall include the determination of purpose and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of results, as shown in Figure 1. Life cycle assessment framework
Daily and flower diagram
Breaking determination
Direct application
Product development and improvement
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Figure 1 LCA stages
Public policy making
The results of LCA can be used in various policy-making processes. The application of LCA is not within the scope of this standard (such as the example given in Figure 1). Life cycle inventory studies include the determination of objectives and scope, inventory analysis and interpretation of results. The requirements and recommendations in this standard, except for those on impact assessment, also apply to life cycle inventory studies. 5 Methodological framework
In addition to the following basic requirements, this standard also requires that the determination of objectives, scope and inventory comply with the relevant provisions of ISO14041. 5.1 Determination of objectives and scope
The objectives and scope of the LCA study must be clearly defined and appropriate to the intended application. 5.1.1 Study objectives
The LCA study objectives must clearly state the intended application, the reasons for conducting the study and the communication targets (i.e. the recipients of the study results).
5. t.2 Scope of the Study
When determining the scope of the LCA study, the following should be considered and clearly described: · Functions of the product system (or functions of each system if it is a comparative study); functional units!
· Product system studied:
- Product system boundaries,
- Allocation procedures,
- · Types of impacts and impact assessment methodology, and subsequent interpretation;
- Data requirements:
Assumptions;
- Limitations:
· Requirements for the quality of initial data;
- Type of critical review (if such a review is conducted)
- Type and format of the study report.
The scope of the study should be well defined to ensure that the breadth, depth and level of detail of the study are consistent with it and are sufficient to meet the determined research objectives.
1）(The co-verb "shall" in SO14040 is translated as "must" or "must" in this standard. GB/T 24040-1999
ICA is an iterative process. During the research process, the scope of the research may be revised due to the collection of new information. 5.1.2.1 Functions and functional units
The functions of the system under study must be clearly defined in the scope of the LCA study. The functional unit is a measure of the output function of the product system. The basic role of the functional unit is to provide a reference benchmark for the relevant input and output operations to ensure the comparability of the LCA results. When evaluating different systems, the comparability of LCA results is essential, otherwise they cannot be compared on the same basis. A system may have only three functions at the same time. Which one is selected in the study depends on the purpose and scope of the study. The relevant functional units must be defined and made measurable.
Example: The function of a certain oil speed system Functional units can be defined as the unit area of the external surface that is protected within a specified time limit. 5.1.2.2 System Boundary
The system boundary determines which unit processes the ICA may include. Factors that determine the system boundary include the application intention of the study, the assumptions made, the delimitation criteria, the data and cost restrictions, and the communication objects.
The selection of inputs and outputs, the degree of integration of data in a certain data type, and the establishment of the system model must all meet the research objectives. When establishing the system model, the inputs and outputs near the boundary should be basic flows. The criteria for the system boundary should be set in the research scope to determine and demonstrate, and the ICA study that publishes the comparative conclusions to the outside world must conduct material and energy flow analysis to determine what should be included in the scope of the study
5. 1.2.3 Data quality requirements
Data quality requirements specify the overall characteristics of the data required in the study. These requirements must ensure that the objectives and scope of the study are met. Data quality requirements should consider:
- Time span:
Geographical breadth;
- Technical coverage: bzxz.net
- Accuracy, completeness and representativeness of the data;
- Consistency and reproducibility of the methods used in the LCA process;
- Representativeness of the data sources and sources;
- Uncertainty of information.
When the study is used to make public and comparative conclusions to the outside world, the data quality requirements for all of the above aspects must be specified. 5.1.2.4 Comparison between systems
In comparative studies, the equivalence of the systems being compared must be evaluated before the results are interpreted. The systems must be compared based on the same functional units and equivalent methodological considerations, such as performance, system boundaries, data quality, allocation procedures, inputs and outputs, and impact assessment criteria. Any differences between the systems with respect to these factors must be identified and reported. If the comparative statement is intended for the public, it must be evaluated according to the critical review process specified in 7.3.3. One of the requirements for comparative statements intended for the public is that an impact assessment must be conducted. 5.1.2.5 Considerations for critical review
Critical review involves evaluating whether the planned LCA study meets the methodological, data, and reporting requirements of this standard. The need for a review, the manner in which the review will be conducted, and the personnel who will conduct the review must be determined in the scope of the study. In general, the LCA critical review is optional and can be done in any of the ways described in 7.3. If the purpose of the ICA study is to obtain comparative conclusions for the public, a critical review must be conducted and the critical review process specified in 7.3.3 must be followed.
5.2 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
5.2.1 Overview of Life Cycle Inventory
Inventory analysis includes data collection and calculation procedures, which are the quantification of the relevant inputs and outputs of the product system. The inputs and outputs may include the use of resources related to the system, and emissions to air, water and land. According to the purpose and scope of the LCA, the above data can be interpreted in accordance with GK/T 24040-1999
. At the same time, these data are also part of the input of the life cycle impact assessment. Inventory analysis is an iterative process. When a batch of data is obtained and the system is further understood, new data requirements may appear, or the original limitations may be discovered, which may require the data collection procedures to be modified to suit the purpose of the study. Sometimes the purpose or scope of the study may also be modified.
5.2.2 Data Collection and Calculation Procedures
Qualitative and quantitative data to be included in the inventory shall be collected for each unit process within the system boundary. The procedure for collecting data may vary for different unit processes, the scope of the study and the purpose of the application. The collection of data may be a resource-intensive process. Reasonable restrictions on data collection should be considered in the scope of the study and included in the study report.
The following situations should be considered in the calculations:
--- Allocation procedures are required when dealing with systems containing multiple products (such as multiple products generated by oil refining). Materials, energy flows and emissions to the environment should be allocated to different products according to clearly defined procedures. The procedures should be justified and documented. The calculation of energy flows should take into account different sources of fuel or electricity, the efficiency of energy conversion and energy flow allocation, and the inputs and bearings when generating and using the upstream energy. 5.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
The purpose of impact assessment in LCA is to evaluate the extent of potential environmental impacts based on the results of the life cycle inventory analysis. Generally speaking, the process of linking inventory data to specific environmental impacts and understanding these impacts. Which impacts are assessed, how detailed the assessment is and the methods used are determined by the purpose and scope of the study. LCA assessments generally involve repeated reviews of the study objectives and scope to determine whether the study objectives have been achieved. If the assessment results indicate that they cannot be achieved, the objectives and scope will be revised. The impact assessment stage may include the following elements: - Incorporating inventory data into impact types (classification): - Modeling inventory data according to impact types (characterization): - In specific cases, only when meaningful, combine (weight) the results. Note: Data before weighting should be retained.
The methodology and theoretical framework for impact assessment are still under development, and the various impact category models are still in different stages of formation. There is currently no generally accepted method to establish a consistent and accurate relationship between inventory data and specific potential environmental impacts. There are subjective factors in life cycle impact assessment, such as the choice of impact type, modeling and evaluation. Transparency is essential in impact assessments, otherwise it is difficult to ensure that assumptions are clearly described and reported. 5.4 Life cycle interpretation
In I.CA, life cycle interpretation is the process of considering the findings of the inventory analysis and the impact assessment in accordance with the specified objectives and scope, and then forming conclusions and making recommendations. If it is a life cycle inventory study only, only the results of the inventory analysis will be considered. Interpretation of findings can take the form of presenting conclusions and recommendations to decision makers, depending on the objectives and scope of the study. Interpretation can include an iterative process of reviewing and revising the scope of the LCA and the nature and quality of the data collected in accordance with the study objectives.
The interpretation of findings should reflect the results of all sensitivity analyses conducted, and the environmental implications identified in the interpretation of findings may be reflected in subsequent decisions and measures, but they go beyond the scope of the LCA study because they also include considerations of technical means, economic and social factors. 6 Reporting
The results of the LCA must be reported to the user in a fair, complete and accurate manner. The type and format of the report must be specified in the scope of the study.
1A The results, data, methods, assumptions, limitations, etc. of the study must be transparent and described in sufficient detail to enable readers to understand the complexity and deterioration inherent in LCA studies. The report must also allow the use and interpretation of these results in a manner consistent with the purpose of the study.
If the results of the LCA are to be communicated to any third party (other than the LCA client or the practitioner), a third-party report must be prepared regardless of the form of communication. The report is an explanatory document that must be available to any third party to whom the results are communicated. The third-party report must include the following: a) Basic information:
1) LCA client, LCA practitioner (internal or external); 2 Report date:
3) Statement that the study was conducted in accordance with this standard. b) The purpose and scope determined.
c) Dust life cycle inventory analysis: data collection and calculation procedures. d) Dust life cycle impact assessment: impact assessment methods and their results; e) Dust life cycle interpretation:
1) Results;
2) Limitations in the interpretation of results related to methodology and data assumptions; 3) Data quality assessment.
f) Critical review:
1) Name and unit of reviewer;
2) Critical review report:
3) Comparison of the proposed equivalence,
When used for comparative assertions. The report shall also include the following: - Analysis to determine whether material and energy flows are included within the system boundary; - Evaluation of the accuracy, completeness and representativeness of the data used; - Description of the equivalence of the compared systems according to 5.1.2.4; - Description of the qualitative review process.
7 Critical review
7.1 Overview of qualitative review
The critical review process shall ensure that:
-- The methods used to perform LCA are consistent with this standard; - The methods used to perform LCA are scientifically and technically valid; - The data used are appropriate and reasonable for the purpose of the study; - The interpretation reflects the identified limitations and the purpose of the study; - The study report is transparent and consistent. Since this standard does not specify requirements for the design or application of LCA studies, a critical review cannot be used to judge and confirm the design of a selected ICA study or the application of LCA results. The scope and type of critical review should be specified at the stage of determining the scope of the LCA study. 7.2 Necessity for a critical review A critical review helps various parties (such as stakeholders) understand the LCA study and improve the credibility of the study. Using the results of an LCA to support comparative claims raises special concerns and requires a critical review. This is because this application may affect stakeholders other than the LCA study. In order to reduce the possibility of misunderstanding or negative impact on external stakeholders, a critical review must be conducted for ICA studies whose results are used to support comparative claims. On the other hand, the fact that a critical review has been conducted does not imply an endorsement of comparative claims based on a particular LCA study.
7.3 Critical review process
GB/T 24040—1999
If a critical review is required for the LCA study, the scope of the review should be determined at the stage of determining the purpose and scope of the study, which should include the reasons for the review, the content of the review, the level of detail of the review, the personnel participating in the review, etc. If necessary, it should include an agreement to keep the content of the LCA study confidential. 7.3.1 Internal expert review
The critical review can be undertaken by internal personnel. In this case, it must be undertaken by an internal expert who is independent of 1.The expert who conducted the LCA study shall be the expert. This expert shall be familiar with the requirements of this standard and have relevant scientific knowledge and technical experience. The person engaged in the ICA study shall prepare a review report and it shall be reviewed by the above-mentioned internal experts. The review report shall also be prepared entirely by the expert.
The review report shall be included in the ICA study report. 7.3.2 External expert review
The appraisal review may be undertaken by external personnel. In this case, an external expert who is independent of the LCA study shall be the expert. This expert shall be familiar with the requirements of this standard and have relevant scientific knowledge and technical experience. The person engaged in the ICA study shall prepare a review report and submit it to the above-mentioned external experts for review. The review report may also be prepared entirely by the expert.
The review report, the practitioner's opinions and the response to the reviewer's suggestions shall be included in the LCA study report. 7.3.3 Stakeholder Review
The study commissioner shall select an independent external expert to serve as the review team leader, and the latter shall select other qualified independent persons to serve as reviewers based on the month and scope, as well as the funds provided for the review. The team may include other stakeholders affected by the conclusions of the LCA study, such as government agencies, non-governmental organizations, competitors, etc. The review report and review team report, as well as expert opinions and responses to the reviewers or review team construction shall be included in 1. CA study report:
GB/T24040--1999
Appendix A
(Suggested Appendix)
Art Examination Paper
[1 ISO 14042
Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Life Cycle Impact Assessment:2J 1S0 14043
Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Life Cycle Interpretation
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