Some standard content:
ICS01.020
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T10112—2019/ISO704:2009
Replaces GB/T101121999
Terminology work
Principles and methods
Terminology work-Principles and methods(ISO 704:2009.IDT)
Published on August 30, 2019
State Administration for Market Regulation
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China
Implemented on March 1, 2020
Normative references
Terminology concepts and definitions
The essence of terminology
General concepts
Individual concepts
Relationships between concepts
Concept system
Nature of definition
Connotation definition
Definition writing
Supplementary information of definition
Inappropriate definition
Classification of designation
Formation of terms and names
Appendix A (Informative Appendix) Other types of definitions Appendix B (Informative Appendix)
Examples of terminology formation methods
Appendix ((Informative Appendix) Classification of names References
GB/T 10112—2019/ISO704:200918
This standard was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T1.12009. GB/T10112—2019/ISO704:2009
This standard replaces GB/T10112-1999 Terminology Working Principles and Methods. Compared with GB/T10112-1999, the main technical changes are as follows:
Addition of "technical agreed definitions", "illustrative definitions", "professional concepts", "terminology resources", "technical products", "technical editing products" and definitions (see 3. [-~3.6):
In addition to the concept characteristics "abstract and division\ (see 3.2.3 of the 1999 edition): In addition to the relationship between concepts "non-hierarchical relationship" (see 3.3.2 of the 1999 edition); Modified the description of the internal and external extension (see 5.4.3, 3.2.2 of the 1999 edition); Modified the insertion of the genus-species relationship (see 5.5.2.2, 3.3.1.1 of the 1999 edition); Added the description of the object (see Chapter 4): Added the description of the general concept (see 5.2): Added the description of the individual concept (see 5.3); Added the description of the reference (see Chapter 7) This standard adopts the translation method, which is equivalent to ISO0704:2009 Principles and methods of terminology work. It is consistent with the international documents referenced in this standard. The relevant Chinese documents are as follows: GB/T15237.1-2000 Terminology Working Vocabulary Part 1: Theory and Application (eqvISO1087-1:2000) This standard was proposed and coordinated by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Terminology and Language Content Resources (SAC/TC62): Drafting units of this standard: China National Institute of Standardization, Liaocheng University Beijing Language and Culture University, Municipal Institute of Science and Technology Information, Military Standards Research Center of Systems Engineering Institute of Academy of Military Sciences, China Quality Inspection Press, South China Normal University, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
The main drafters of this standard: Wang Haitao, Cao Xinning, Chen Yuzhong, Jia Yangli, Gou Endong, Liu Yao, Zhao Jianguo, Liu Xiaodong, Hao Tianyong, Zhou Changqing, Liu Liangliang, Xie Qi, Ding Yanyao. The previous versions of the standards replaced by this standard are: GB/T 10112-1988, GB/T 10112-1999Ⅲ
1 Scope
GB/T101122019/IS0704:2009
Principles and methods of terminology
This standard specifies the basic principles and methods for the formulation and compilation of terminology sets in various professional fields, describes the various connections between objects and concepts, and establishes the general principles of terminology composition and definition expression: This standard is applicable to terminology standardization work in various professional fields, and can also be used as a reference for other terminology work. This standard does not include the provisions for the preparation of terminology standards specified in ISO10241-1. 2 Normative references
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For all dated references, only the dated version applies to this document. For all undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document. ISO 1087-1 Terminology work Vocabulary—Part 1: Theory and application
3 Terms and definitions
1 The terms and definitions defined in ISO 1087-1 and the following apply to this document. 3.1
Stipular definition A definition formed by applying a term to a specific context for a specific purpose and is not a standard usage. 3.2
Ostensive definition
A definition given by pointing out or showing one or more instances of an object. 3.3
specialized concept
specialized concept
concept reflecting professional or technical knowledge in a specific professional field3.4
terminological resource
terminological data collection;TDC contains text or data resources with independent entries, which use specialized languages to record concepts and use one or more human languages to provide data related to this concept.
terminological product
terininologyproduct
any product produced from terminological resources. Any product produced from terminological resources to support a certain language detection and a certain terminological field.
Note: support a certain! Products used in terminology include: dictionaries, databases and other products that are used to disseminate professional terminology: products that support a certain terminology field refer to magazines, training manuals, tools, etc. 3.6
tcrminological product
Terminology product
Terminology product that supports a certain language and is compiled according to the principles of terminology or lexicography. 1
GB/T10112—2019/IS0704:2009
4 Object
In this standard, an object is defined as anything that can be perceived or imagined. For some objects, such as a machine, a diamond or a river, it is considered to be tangible or objective; for other objects, such as financial planning gravity, liquidity, etc., it is considered to be immaterial or abstract; and for some other objects, such as mythological characters, they should be considered to be purely fictional. In the process of creating a term or vocabulary, philosophical discussions about whether this object actually exists in the real world are meaningless and should be avoided. Instead, it is more appropriate to focus on how people deal with these objects in the communication process. For various objects, they are described and represented by their characteristics (see 5.1.1 for examples), but the characteristics of specific objects and the objects themselves are not recorded in the terminology. 5 Concepts
5.1 The conceptual nature of terminology
In the communication process, not all objects in the world are distinguished and named. Through observation and abstraction, that is, conceptualization, objects are divided into different categories, which are called concepts. In this way, concepts can be used in various communication processes (objects → concepts → communication). This standard does not discuss all concepts in language expression, but only those concepts that are expressed in terms. For terminology work, concepts should be understood as the psychological reflection of objects in a specific context or field. Concepts should not be confused with abstract or fictitious objects (that is, enough to say.Objects in a particular context, whether tangible, abstract or imaginary, will be conceptualized and then assigned a reference to the concept, rather than to the object itself). In this standard, the connection between an object and its reference or definition is realized through concepts, which are higher levels of abstraction. In the process of creating terms or vocabulary, the relevant concepts of a professional field in human knowledge should be fully understood. Because terminology work often deals with specialized languages in a specific field of cognition (that is, professional fields), concepts are considered not only as a unit of thought, but also as a unit of knowledge.
Professional concepts expressed in specialized languages can be used in various forms of communication between people. In natural language, concepts can be embodied in terms, names, definitions or other forms of speech: they can also be expressed in the form of symbols; in human language, they are embodied in the form of codes or formulas, and in multimedia, they are embodied in icons, pictures, charts, graphics, sounds, videos and other forms. Concepts can also be expressed through human body parts, such as speech, facial expressions or body movements. This standard does not cover concepts expressed through speech or body language.
Concepts are described and expressed by their various characteristics (see 5.4.2 Example 2) 5.2 General Concepts
If a concept reflects two or more objects that are grouped together because they have some common properties, then this concept is called a general concept. When using a specialized language to express it, it is expressed in the form of a term or symbol. Example 1:
Computer, gravity, and currency are general concepts. Example 2:
The symbols ? and ￥ also represent a concept.
5.3 Individual Concepts
If a concept reflects a single object, or when an object is composed of multiple parts but is still considered as a single whole, then this concept is called an individual concept. In a specific language, an individual concept can be represented by a name or symbol: or a sign (for example, Africa). Names can use names, titles, and other similar forms to refer to individual concepts, and should be distinguished from terms and words that represent general concepts 2
.
Example 1:
China, World Wide Web, Earth are individual concepts. Example 2:
means Philippines.
means Statue of Liberty.
GB/T10112—2019/ISO704:2009
Any unique object should be considered as an individual concept. When a name consisting of a joint entity is assigned to an individual concept, even if the joint vocabulary and terms represent multiple concepts, it is still considered an individual concept. Example 3:
A joint name with the central word omitted can be considered as an individual concept. For example, Southeast Asia is an individual concept, while East Asia and South Asia are two unrelated concepts.
Example 4:
A multi-word name with parallel modifier components can be considered as a single entity and assigned an individual concept. For example, "National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China" can be understood as a real statement, but not as two concepts, "National Development Commission of the People's Republic of China" and "National Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China". In the concept system of bureau-type relationship, individual concepts cannot be further subdivided, while in the concept system of whole-part relationship, individual concepts can be subdivided into different parts (see 5.5.2.2.2, 5.5.2.3.2). 5.4 Characteristics
5.4.1 Characteristics Essence
In the process of organizing human knowledge, concepts provide a way to identify objects and divide objects into meaningful units in a specific field. When classifying objects to form concepts, the properties of the objects should be determined (see the example below). Objects with the same properties are divided into the same , -unit, several objects with similar properties or a single object, if they are meaningful units in a certain field of human knowledge, then the properties of these objects are abstracted into features, these features are combined together in the process of concept formation, and objects in the real world are distinguished by their properties. Objects are imaged into concepts, and properties are abstracted into features of concepts. Abstraction is the process of identifying the common features of a specific set of objects, and on this basis, forming related concepts of the set of objects. Example:
real world
drum is abstracted into
is abstracted into
The relationship between the four concepts is further explained by the following statement: Each object has one or more attributes: similar properties are abstracted into features:
Each feature is part of one or more concepts; each concept is composed of one or more features; any object can be abstracted into one or more concepts. Abstraction
GB/T10112—2019/IS0704:2009
5.4.2 Terminology Analysis
To create concepts, features are often combined, although this process may vary between different cultural backgrounds, fields or thought groups. A specific set of different features forms a concept and is represented by a reference (including a term, name or symbol) in a specialized language. Since a reference is used for a concept rather than an object (a concept describes one or more objects), terminology analysis is based on concepts represented by a reference or definition. Therefore, the methodology used in terminology analysis requires: 1. Determine the language or professional field:
Determine the various properties of objects in the professional field; 1. Determine those properties that can be abstracted into features: combine these features to form a concept; 1. Give the concept a reference.
The properties used to describe an object and the features that constitute a concept are also concepts in themselves, and they are sometimes in the same professional field and sometimes different. Mapping concepts to specific objects may help analysis because if the properties of these objects can be actually observed or tested, then the characteristics of these concepts will be easier to abstract. Technical analysis should start with the object being discussed and the relevant professional field. Properties should be attributed to objects. Terminologists study how objects are referred to in specialized languages by analyzing discourses related to objects. By analyzing a certain number of linguistic expressions, terminologists have a clear understanding of the properties of various objects in different language environments, and thus determine which properties can be abstracted into features and which properties only belong to a single object and cannot be abstracted into features. Example 1:
The categories of object properties include parts, functions, components, colors, shapes, operations, positions, etc. Example 2:
Through visual observation, the specific objects in the following table have the following specific properties respectively - a device:
A device:
Ivory:
Can be manually operated along a solid flat surface
:
There is a small ball at its bottom:
There are three buttons:
There is a wire connected to the computer:
The axis can detect the
movement of the small ball at the bottom;
The small ball can control the movement of the pointer
on the computer screen
Blue:
Can be manually operated along a solid flat surface
:
At its bottom! There is a ball:
There are two buttons:
There is a wire connected to the computer; the roller can detect the movement of the ball at the bottom;
the ball can control the movement of the pointer on the computer screen
A device;
black;
can be manually operated along a hard, flat surface:
It has a ball at the bottom;
There are two buttons;
There is a wire connected to the computer; the roller can detect the movement of the ball at the bottom;
the ball can control the movement of the pointer on the computer screen
If these objects are combined All of these specific objects are limited to the field of computer hardware. These specific objects are taken as a set and conceptualized as "mechanical mice". In the process of conceptualization, the properties of these objects are abstracted into characteristics, that is, the properties of these objects are transformed into generalities and applied to the entire set of objects rather than just to individual objects. The following is a preliminary analysis of the concept of "mechanical mouse". For non-material object concepts, such as "bankruptcy", the same analysis can be carried out.
Concept: According to the abstract designation (term) of the set composed of all mechanical mice: Mechanical mouse
Properties of object 1
Ivory
Can be manually operated along a solid fan-flat
surface
|There is a small ball at the bottomWww.bzxZ.net
There are three buttons
There is a wire connected to the computer
The roller can detect the movement of the small ball at the bottom
The property of object 2
It can be manually operated along a solid flat
surface
There is a small ball at the bottom
There are three buttons
There is a wire connected to the computer
The roller can detect the movement of the small ball at the bottom
GB/T10112—2019/IS0704:2009
The property of object 3
It can be manually operated along a solid flat
surface
has a ball on top
has three buttons
has a wire to a computer
has a roller that detects the movement of the ball at the bottom
This feature is inherited from a higher-level concept and is referred to as a "physical entity" feature
has a color
can be manually operated along a solid shoulder
flat surface
has a ball on the bottom
at least one button
has a wire to a computer
has a roller (machine sensor) that detects the movement of the ball
Features are used to analyze concepts, model conceptual systems, form definitions, and in some cases establish references. Note: In choosing attributes and features, we always keep in mind the goal of conceptualization. In fact, the number of properties that can be used to distinguish different objects is infinite. For example, in the mouse example, the location of the manufacturer is an attribute that we do not need. Again, experienced terminologists can well foresee the features that will be needed.
5.4.3 Connotation and extension
The set of features that constitute a concept as a whole is called connotation. The set of objects that are abstracted into the concept is considered to be the extension. Connotation and extension are mutually dependent.
Example:
The features that constitute the connotation of "machine mouse" determine the extension, i.e., the objects that meet the conditions to be a machine mouse. 5.4.4 Common and Distinguishing Features
Each feature of the concept under study should be analyzed in relation to related concepts in the conceptual system. Common features indicate similarities between concepts; distinguishing features mark the differences that distinguish the concepts (see 5.5.2.2.1). Distinguishing features are the features that distinguish one concept from another. A feature of one concept may be a distinguishing feature with respect to another concept, but may be a unique feature with respect to another concept. By analyzing the similarities and differences between concepts, a unique set of features that represents a given concept can be obtained. This unique set of features will determine the position of the concept in a network of related concepts with similar and different features. The relationships between concepts should determine the basic structure of the concept system (see 5.6). Concept definition requires an understanding of the features used to construct the concept. 5.4.5 Necessary, sufficient and essential features In some fields, it is necessary to distinguish between necessary, sufficient and essential features. Necessary features correspond to all the extension objects of a concept, that is, necessary features are the features that all extension objects of the concept must have. Example 1:
For all extension objects of the concept "three right triangles with sides of 3cm, 4cm and 5cm respectively", the various features described below are necessary, that is, all objects have the following properties. These are the necessary features of the concept. Features
Adjacent side length: 3cm
Opposite side length: 4cm
Hypotenuse length: 5cm
Adjacent side length: 3cm
Opposite side length: 4cm
Hypotenuse length: rm
For all right triangles, the following formula is followed: +5-c5
GB/T 10112—2019/ISO 704:2009In this formula, , 6, respectively represent the lengths of the three sides of the right triangle. Therefore, the length of one side can be calculated from the lengths of the other two sides. Therefore, any two characteristics about the lengths of any two sides can fully define the concept of the right triangle. It should be noted that even if three different definitions are given, this concept is still about the combination of these characteristics. A sufficient characteristic is a characteristic that can determine whether a particular object is within the extension of a given concept. Not all objects in the extension of a concept need to have the same sufficient characteristic, but any object with the property corresponding to this characteristic belongs to the extension of this concept. Example 2:
Any object with the properties corresponding to the two characteristics of "having given birth to a child" and "being human" belongs to the extension of the concept "woman", but not all women have given birth to children.
The sufficient characteristic is not necessary for all objects in the extension of a concept, so the sufficient characteristic cannot be used to define the concept. If a certain characteristic is both a necessary characteristic and a sufficient characteristic, it is called an essential characteristic. Example 3:
The first day of October is both a necessary and sufficient feature for the extension of the concept "China National Day". In order to distinguish necessary, sufficient and essential features: the extension of a specific concept should be identified. Terminology work focuses on the internalization and reference of concepts. In this context, necessary, sufficient and essential features are no longer used. 5.5 Relationships between concepts
5.5.1 Types of relationships between concepts
Concepts cannot exist as isolated units of thought, but are related to each other. People's thinking process is constantly establishing and improving the relationship between concepts. A series of concept sets constructed according to various aesthetic systems form a concept system. In the process of constructing concepts into a concept system, the professional field of the generated concept should always be clear, and the needs and purposes of the target users should be considered. The role of the professional field is equivalent to a framework, and a concept domain (a collection of many related and unordered concepts) should be established within this framework. Example: Our task is to list and write the terms for point devices in computer hardware. "Machine mouse" is a concept conceptualized in the field of computer hardware. This concept is a part of the concept domain. Note: Mice outside the field of computer hardware, such as consumer mice and laboratory mice, are not included in this concept domain. In order to establish a certain concept system, all concepts in the concept domain must be checked and compared. For the purpose of this standard, at least the following relationships should be used to establish a concept system: a) Hierarchical relationship: 1) Genus-species relationship: 2) Whole-part relationship. b) United-United-States relationship. In addition, the concept system can be represented by a concept map. 5.5.2 Hierarchical relationship 5.5.2.1 Types of hierarchical relationship In a hierarchical relationship, concepts are organized into various levels, and the upper concept is divided into at least one lower concept. Superordinate concepts can be divided according to different standards. In this case, the resulting concept system is called multidimensional. Whether a concept is superordinate, subordinate or parallel does not depend on itself, but always depends on the relationship in the hierarchy. There are two types of hierarchical relationships described in this standard: a) genus-species relationship:
b) whole-part relationship.
5.5.2.2 Genus-species relationship
5.5.2.2.1 Genus-species relationship and general concepts
GB/T10112—2019/IS0704:2009
As described in 5.4.2, the characteristics related to a concept constitute the connotation of the concept, and the set of all objects related to the concept constitutes the extension of the concept. For two concepts, if the connotation of the lower concept contains the distinguishing features that the upper concept does not have, the relationship between the two concepts is called a genus-species relationship.
Example 1:
The connotation of "mechanical mouse" includes the connotation and distinguishing features of "computer mouse", that is, it has a roller (mechanical sensor) that can detect the movement of the ball. For the genus-species relationship, the inclusion relationship between the extensions of two concepts is unidirectional and irreversible, that is, the extension of the superordinate concept includes the extension of the subordinate concept.
Example 2:
Only a part of the object that belongs to the computer mouse can be classified as a mechanical mouse, so the extension of "computer mouse" includes the extension of "mechanical mouse". In the genus-species relationship, the superordinate concept is called the genus concept, and the subordinate concept is called the species concept. An important characteristic of the genus-species relationship is its inheritance, that is, if concept B is a species concept of genus concept A, then concept B will inherit all the characteristics of concept A. The principle of inheritance is a method that can be used to test and verify the genus-species relationship. The genus concept can be called the "father", the species concept can be called the "nucleus", and the parallel concept can be called the "brother".
Example 3:
In the genus-species relationship, "mechanical mouse" is called the genus concept "computer mouse". When explaining the various characteristics related to the genus concept, its genus concept should be listed, and it is not necessary to list all the inherited characteristics. When explaining the various characteristics related to the species concept, it is sufficient to list the various distinguishing characteristics that are added to distinguish the species concept from the genus concept, and at the same time list the characteristics that distinguish the species concept from its parallel concepts. Example 4:
In the following concept diagram, "computer mouse" is a species concept belonging to the genus concept "click device". Similarly, "mechanical mouse", "optoelectronic mechanical mouse" and "optical mouse" are all species concepts, which belong to the genus concept "computer mouse". "Mechanical mouse", "optoelectronic mechanical mouse" and "optical mouse" are three parallel concepts, and they all have a genus-species relationship with the genus concept "computer mouse". Clicking device
Touch pad
Mechanical mouse
Computer mouse
Optoelectronic mechanical marker
Optoelectronic pen
Optoelectronic mouse
When comparing the characteristics of a concept with those of its related concepts (genus, parallel and species), it may be necessary to adjust and refine the concept.
Example 5:
Comparison of various characteristics of "mechanical mouse" with its genus, parallel and species concepts GB/T10112—2019/1SO704:2009
Can be manually operated along a hard flat surface
at its bottom! There is a small ball
There is at least one button
The roller (mechanical sensor) can detect the movement of the small ball at the bottom
The movement of the small ball can control the movement of the pointer on the computer screen
Distinct from the genus concept "clicking device", inherited from the subordinate concept "computer mouse", and has a sharing relationship with the parallel concepts "photoelectric mechanical mouse" and "photoelectric mouse"It has a sharing relationship with the parallel concept "photoelectric mechanical mouse", but is different from all other concepts in the discussion
Distinct from the genus concept "clicking device", inherited from the subordinate concept "computer mouse", and has a sharing relationship with the parallel concepts "photoelectric mechanical mouse" and "photoelectric mouse"It is different from all other concepts in the discussion
It has a sharing relationship with the parallel concept "photoelectric mechanical mouse", but is different from all other concepts in the discussion
Note, the two features of "having color" and "having a wire connected to the computer" have no effect on the next step of analysis and are not used in the following analysis. Consider Example 6 again:
Pointing device
Tangible: A device that controls the movement of a cursor or pointer on a display screen
Touch pad
Mechanical mouse
A type of computer mouse
A roller (mechanical sensor) that
detects the movement of a ball
The movement of the ball causes the pointer
to move on the display screen
Computer mouse
Pointing device A type of
Has at least one button
Photoelectric pen
Rolls on a fixed plane
Photoelectric mechanical mouse
A type of computer mouse
The roller and light sensor can
detect the movement of the ball
The movement of the ball can make the pointer
move on the display screen
Specifying the tangible characteristics here is to illustrate that the pointing device is an objectively existing object. ....
Optical mouse
A type of computer mouse
Uses light (now more often
light emitting diodes) to detect
mouse movement
According to the principle of inheritance, a "mechanical mouse" is a "computer mouse", and a "computer mouse" is a "click device", that is, all mechanical mice are computer standards. The connotation of "computer mouse" is inherited by "mechanical mouse". However, when "mechanical mouse" is defined, it means that it has at least one basic feature that "computer mouse" does not have, that is, the sensor can reflect the movement of the mouse as the movement of the pointer on the computer screen. A series of concepts that reflect the relationship between genus and species concepts constitute a vertical () concept sequence (called a concept ladder), while a group of parallel concepts at the same level in the concept system constitute a horizontal In the (one →) concept sequence in the genus-species relationship, there can be many standards to subdivide a concept into many subordinate concepts. If multiple subdivision standards are used in a genus-species concept system, it is called multidimensional. Only when the same subdivision standards are used and they are at the same conceptual level can different concepts be called parallel relationships. In a genus-species concept system, a node may not have a specific reference, or it may have a reference in one language but not in another.
Example 7:
Touchpad pen
Subdivision standard:
Motion detection method
Mechanical mouse
The roller (mechanical sensor) of the computer mouse can detect
the movement of the ball
Clicking device
Tangible material \A device
that can control the movement of a cursor or pointer on a display screen. Computer mouse
A type of pointing device
Has at least one button
Rolls on a fixed plane
Opto-electronic mechanical mouse
The roller and light sensor of a computer mouse can detect the movement of a ball
Opto-electronic standard
A type of mouse
Uses light to detect the movement of the mouse
Listing tangible substances here is for the purpose of providing a pointing device that is a tangible object. GB/T10112—2019/IS0704:2009
Opto-electronic pen
Subdivision standard:
Computer connection
Wired mouse| |tt||A class of mice
Electronic connection
Wireless mouse
Class of mice
Wireless technology
Light or sound connection
"Mechanical mouse", "photoelectric mouse" and "optical mouse" use the same subdivision standard and are parallel concepts; "wired mouse" and "wireless mouse" are also parallel concepts.
Mechanical mouse
Optoelectronic mechanical mouse
Optoelectronic mouse
Wired mouse
Wireless mouse
The axis can detect the movement of the ball
Both the roller and the light sensor can detect the movement of the ball. The light (light emitting diode) can detect the movement of the ball. The cable
Wireless technology
When expressing the concept system of genus-species relationship, a tree diagram or an indented list can be used. Example 8:
The tree diagram can be shown in Example 6.
Example 9:
1. Clicking device
1.1 Touch pad
Computer mouse
Mechanical mouse
Opto-mechanical mouse
1.2.1.3 Optical mouse
Feature type
Movement detection method
Movement detection method
Movement detection method
Connection with computer
Connection with computer
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