Mechanical vibration and shock—Human exposure—Biodynamic coordinate systems
Some standard content:
ICS13.160
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T305752014/1SO8727:1997
Mechanical vibration and shock
Human exposure-Biodynamic coordinate system
Mechanical vibration and shock-Human exposure-Biodynamic coordinate syslems(ISO8727:1997,IDT)
2014-05-06Released
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of ChinaStandardization Administration of the People's Republic of China
2014-12-01Implementation
2Normative application documents
3Biodynamic coordinate system
3.1Direction
3.2 Whole body biodynamic coordinate system
3.2.1 Whole body anatomy coordinate system
3.2.2 Whole body basic coordinate system
|tt||3.3 Local anatomical coordinate system
3.3.1 Anatomical coordinate system: head
3.3.2 Anatomical coordinate system
3.3.3 Anatomical coordinate system: upper torso
3.3.1 Anatomical coordinate system: bone matrix
3.4 Biodynamic coordinate system
3.4.1 Anatomical coordinate system: hand
3.4.2 Coordinate system for the center of force or motion of the hand
Appendix A (informative) Diagrammatic illustration of biodynamic coordinate system
GB/T 30575—2014/IS0 8727:1997 Appendix B (Informative Appendix) Reference explanation of mechanical structure and biodynamic coordinate system Reference document GB/T 30575--2014/ISO87271997 This standard is in accordance with the rules of GR/T 1.1-2009 and 0B/T 20000.2-2005. This standard uses the translation method equivalent to the international standard ISO 8727:1597 "Mechanical vibration and shock biodynamic test factors". The Chinese documents that have a consistent correspondence with the international documents referenced in this standard are as follows: GB/T: 14777-1993 Direction of motion (mISO1503:1977) This standard is proposed and approved by the National Technical Committee for Mechanical Vibration, Impact and Condition Monitoring (SAC/TC53). The drafting units of this standard are: Jilin Safety Science and Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing Animal Protection Science Research Institute, Hangzhou Aihua Instrument Co., Ltd.
The main drafters of this standard are: Xiao Jianmin, Zheng Fane, Gao Li, Shao Ping, Zhang Shaodong, Zhang Shouxiong, Gan Yongsheng. GB/T30575—2014/1S08727+1997 Introduction
In many cases of biodynamics and human body dynamics engineering applications, the origin, amplitude and direction of the mechanical input or response (force or motion) should be determined based on a specific orthogonal reference system. Biodynamic coordinate systems require an origin defined within the human body or within an external reference structure that may be related to an anatomical coordinate system. Applications include evaluation of human exposure to vibration and impact, post-determination of the functional position and direction of biodynamic instrument systems, biodynamic models of forces and motions input to the human body and its parts or localities, and interdisciplinary or interprofessional comparisons of biodynamic data. In order to compare data between different individuals (or repeated measurements of the same individual), between humans and human models, or between measured data and the permissible mechanical input limits of the human body or its locality, it is necessary to use an origin at an identified, stable anatomical landmark that can be determined by phase or stereotactic methods (thus, bone path), and to define an anatomical coordinate system based on this. This standard embodies the basic principle of this approach: it particularly opposes the use of an inaccurately defined origin in the heart or other structures that are soft and moving. The precise definition of the anatomical coordinate system is important for biodynamics because all biodynamic measurements should be consistent with the human body's bone structure. 30575—2014/ISO 8727:1997 Mechanical vibration and shock Human exposure
Biodynamic coordinate system
This standard specifies the anatomical coordinate system and basic center coordinate system used for biodynamic measurement, reference for drafting relevant standards, and accurate description of human exposure to mechanical vibration and shock. The local anatomical coordinate system specified in this standard is applicable to the head, base of the neck (driving point of the head and neck system), pelvis and neck. For the establishment of corresponding anatomical coordinate systems for other bone parts, this standard specifies a principle. The biodynamic coordinate system specified in this standard is applicable to the description and measurement of linear and rotational vibration and shock of the human body. NOTE 1: This anatomical coordinate system is specified for humans, but with comparative anatomy knowledge, it is also applicable to non-human primates or other animal species where the anatomical coordinate system of the skeletal structure is identifiable and comparable, and radiographically related to human anatomy. 2: When other local anatomical coordinate systems of organs are used (e.g., hindquarters, groin, or toe), these coordinate systems should be determined according to the corresponding anatomical and standardized principles and may be recommended in subsequent revisions of this standard. NOTE 3: This standard assumes that there is no difference between male and female anatomical structures related to the definition and application of biodynamic coordinate systems. In addition, the same principles apply when determining anatomical coordinate systems of human mammals for measurement and biodynamic studies, tests, and evaluations.
2 Normative references
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For all dated references, only the version with the date applies to this document. For all undated referenced documents + their latest versions (including all amendments), this document shall apply. GB/T 15619-2005 Mechanical vibration and shock recording vocabulary (ISO 5805: 1997-112 ISQ 1so3: 197 Geometric aoric spacing and directions of movements 3 Biodynamic coordinate system
When collecting, converting, analyzing, summarizing, comparing or evaluating the mechanical vibration and shock input data of the human body and the resulting human structure and system responses, a standard biodynamic coordinate system should be used if practicable. NOTE 1 The biodynamic coordinate system can be based on a hierarchy of coordinate systems oriented in inertial space (see Figures A1 and A2). This type of system is centered on the Earth, with its basic components in the direction of the Earth's gravity, or a basic center point on the surface of the body (or a fully oriented structure that is connected to this point) where the forces or flows of interest are directed. For example, the basic center coordinate system can be based on the structure of a transport worker, a work station or a laboratory. Direct vibration or shock source. For example, the moving worker or equipment, or the research equipment, motion simulator or impact device is used to determine. For research and evaluation, the biodynamic coordinate system itself can provide an external reference for the instrument calibration system. It is used to define the inertial motion of the human body. Note 2: From a geometric point of view, any fixed posture of the human body can be regarded as a completely fixed object (see Figure A, 3). Note 3: The use of an amorphous or flexible soft fabric that can be deformed or moved in the human body with its origin in the human body. Or the standard of the visual mark system of the surface of the solution station (for example, the coordinate system defined in the center of the heart is not accurate or light, so it is not used. All the scientific coordinate systems defined in this standard have their origins located at obvious landmarks that can be determined by radiography or stereotactic (including palpable) and are oriented from the north. In addition, these coordinate systems are also applicable to the comparative biodynamics of functional simulation bodies (dummies or human models) of non-human mammals and humans. 1
GB/T 30575—2014/SO 8727:1997 NOTE 4: Radiographically determinable landmarks are those which, for research and clinical purposes, can be measured by X-ray or ultrasound anthropometric methods and at their locations. Landmarks may also be stereotactically determinable if they are palpable in the anatomy (or closely related to palpable structures): It should be recognized that in many important fields and applications it is not possible or practicable to determine the relevant anatomical position by radiographic methods. Nevertheless, when specific measurements are made on the human body, where such measurements can be related to a standard anatomical coordinate system to the extent practicable, a common anatomical landmark or coordinate system should be identified. 3.1 Directions
All orthogonal coordinate systems used in biodynamics should be referred to as right coordinate systems (see Figure A,4). The axes, axes and directions of the anatomical coordinate system shall be determined in accordance with ISO 1503:1977 (see Figures A.5 and A.6 for examples of these axes). The directions and axes of the basic central coordinate system (e.g. in a vehicle) shall be determined in accordance with the principles of ISO 1503:1977: Note: The anatomical coordinate system used specifically for measuring the maximum (see 3.4.1) may be an exception to the principle of placing the coordinate system on the right. 3.2 Whole-body biodynamic coordinate system
3.2.1 Whole-body anatomical coordinate system
In most cases (e.g. when considering the transmission of movement or movement input to the whole body by the contact or support surface of the person in the standing, sitting or lying position), the selected anatomical coordinate system should be the coordinate system determined by the pelvis (see 3.3.4). NOTE 1 When practical considerations clearly require that this be more appropriate, whole-body motion input may be stabilized in an alternative coordinate system under load. When data are reported with reference to such an alternative coordinate system, the whole-body motion input and the position and orientation of the body relative to the source of motion or impact should be clearly identified. For example, whole-body motion input applied primarily to the body, such as motion from a powered seat back or powered backpack, may be related to the anatomical coordinate system of the upper torso. Unless otherwise specified, full-body motion or impact is applied to the body in the (traditional) "standard" anatomical position, i.e., about the axes of the local anatomical systems (i.e., head and legs) with the center of gravity forward. When the body assumes a special posture (e.g., the body is in a standing position) during the motion measurement, the test should be performed as far as possible to determine the relative orientation of the local non-standard systems related to the measurement. This determination can be achieved by quantitatively expressing the degree of rotation (and possible translation of the base axis of each local anatomical system) relative to its standard anatomical position. NOTE 2: This standard recommends the use of local anatomical systems. In the sitting system, the back of the human body is slightly symmetrical (left-right direction) is a certain condition. 3.2.2 Basic center coordinate system of the whole body
Origin: The midpoint of the line passing through the support area and the lowest point of the ischial tuberosity on the contact plane of the sitting person (such as the vehicle seat).
Note that this line is the center of the vertical plane. When a habitual sitting posture and sitting direction are adopted (such as when the operator is on the workbench), it can be determined according to the direction of the device as an actual object. The direction is determined by the method similar to the above method of determining the basic center coordinate system of the standing person, according to the origin and the contact plane. The end of the axis points to the open side of the research object.
Note 1: When the seat is positioned horizontally, the basic center coordinate system of the person sitting on the seat can be assumed to be close to the direction of the reference coordinate system (pelvis).
Note 2: For some applications, such as in the evaluation of aircraft seat ergonomics or ergonomics, the basic center coordinate system with the seat mark point SIPC (ISO5353) as the origin is used as the reference coordinate system for the vehicle (or aircraft human body model). This application is limited to the seat being positioned within its adjustment range based on the structure of the vehicle. It is related to the geometric dimensions of the vehicle. The reference point H (equivalent to the seat mark point SP in the tractor driver's seat) is sometimes used in ergonomics in the automotive industry. This application has not yet been generally accepted internationally and is not intended for use in the biodynamic assessment of human body exposure to vibration and impact prior to exercise. Note 3: When a whole body vibration measurement is performed using a properly shaped absorber seat at the interface between the user and their seat (see 15.103.2012), the seat cushion serves as a contact table. The origin and direction of the seat's basic center coordinate system can be determined from this contact table, thus providing a reference system for the associated instrument coordinate system. Note 4: When analysing, comparing and reporting biodynamic data or interpreting the subject's body vibration and impact standards, appropriate consideration should be given to any significant angles that may exist between the individual seat and the center of the earth (or vehicle) and instrument coordinate system. 2
3.3 Local anatomical coordinate system
GB/T 30575—2014/IS0 8727:1997 Note: The implicit assumption in determining and using the following anatomical coordinate systems is that each body part in each coordinate system is subject to sufficiently accurate rigid fluid dynamics. (This is already confirmed for some important skeletal parts of anatomy, namely the head and pelvis.) See Figures A1 to A.6.
3.3.1 Anatomical coordinate system: Head
Origin: Midpoint of the line connecting the upper and lower edges of the external auditory canal on the left side of the skull: Note: In traditional anatomy, this line is the base (limit point) of the triangle of the human head, i.e. the third point of the plane that determines the plane , usually the left side is down, that is, follow the
direction: the axis of this coordinate system passes through the origin from back to front and is located in the clavicular section of the head: the 3rd axis passes through the origin, located in the same plane, the positive direction to the left is the axis, and is perpendicular to the axis. The axis is perpendicular to the other two axes and approximately points to the nuchal point of the skull. 3.3.2 Anatomical coordinate system: cervical root
Origin: the first spinous (TI) plane, the front edge of the body, direction: the axis of the wall coordinate system passes through the origin and passes from back to front through the midpoint of the straight line of the 1st plane connecting the posterior superior and posterior inferior points of the posterior spinous sinus of T1. The auxiliary axis passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the industrial axis and the axis, The axis of the semi-orbital system does not have to be completely parallel to the upper anatomy (in standard anatomy) line, but it will always deviate from the line as the upper torso changes. However, for the purpose of describing the behavior and movement of the upper torso in standard anatomy, it can be assumed that the axis of the semi-orbital system is 11. The midplane and the directions of the middle plane are sufficient approximations, and the directions of these coordinate systems are determined in space to accurately describe the relationship between the parts of the human body.
3.3.3 Anatomical coordinate system: Upper trunk
The origin is at the anterior superior edge of the pelvis (T1) in the midplane. Direction: The same method as for T1 above is used. Note: The notes in 3.3.2 apply to this system. 3.3.4 Anatomical coordinate system: Pelvis
Origin: The midpoint of the line connecting the anterior superior spines of the left and right pelvis. This line forms the base of an inverted triangle connecting the anterior superior spine of the ilium and the most anterior superior point of the symphysis pubis, thus forming the vertex of the triangle. Direction: The axis of this coordinate system points forward from the origin and is perpendicular to the triangular plane determined above. The axis is the line connecting the anterior superior spines of the pelvis to the left. Coordinate system 2 passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the other two axes. It lies in the plane of the triangle and bisects the triangle.
Note: The coordinate system of the present invention is perpendicular to the horizontal plane of the human body or vertical to the horizontal plane of the human body. Note 2. The basic anatomical reference point of the skeletal structure of this system is usually known (and radiographically identifiable) in human subjects. However, it cannot be determined with complete accuracy because the skeletal structure is an irregular and complete protrusion. If the dorsal disc test point can be determined more accurately by analytical methods, it can be used to replace the above test point. In addition, the biomechanical application of this system assumes that the bone is nearly symmetrical. bzxZ.net
Note 3: When biodynamic measurements of the human body are made assuming that pelvic motion produces lumbar thrust: the position and orientation of the boundary between the sacrum and the fifth lumbar spine (L) should be determined in all positions.
Note 4: Although the majority of the weight of the person can be passed through the upper and lower body parts in the recumbent and supine positions, for the purpose of assessing the body's maximum exposure to systemic motion or impact, the applied motion or impact may be considered to act through the pelvis or the approximate center of mass of the body. Obvious exceptions to this general rule shall be reported.
3.4 Biodynamic Coordinate System of the Hand
3.4.1 Anatomical Coordinate System: Hand
Origin: Arbitrary - center of the first metacarpal bone (middle finger) of the hand 3
CB/T3D575-2014/IS0 8727:1997 Orientation: The coordinate system is oriented by using the bone anatomy of the hand to determine the axis. The axis passes approximately through the origin and the long axis of the first metacarpal bone. When the hand is open in the standard posture, that is, the palm faces forward (see Figure A, 3), the coordinate system axis is approximately perpendicular to the hand, pointing from the origin to the front. The axis passes through the origin approximately from the base of the index finger to the base of the little finger, and is perpendicular to the axis and the axis. Method 1: As part of an orthogonal semi-orthogonal coordinate system, the axis of the rotational coordinate system (hand) is defined as being oriented from right to left (i.e. from the base of the index finger to the base of the little finger when performing a rotational posture). The mirror image of this coordinate system is only applicable when performing specific measurements and is only used as the basis for reporting transmitted vibration data (see IS5349) for accurate identification. When using a symmetrical part of the human body, the use of the rotational coordinate system may result in anomalies in the algebraic matching of the quantities (e.g., a positive signal in the product of the quantities) if the resulting data are compared directly with data derived from a rotational coordinate system.
NOTE 2: The absolute direction of the coordinate system (hand) in the rotational coordinate system should vary with the position and posture of the body, the arm and the upper limb. Therefore, its process is consistent with the corresponding human body. The local (head, chest, pelvis) axis is parallel to the specified rigid reference system, and when reference is made to the external coordinate system (hand), the hand position should be specified as accurately as possible. For many applications, the orientation of the reference system may be determined from an appropriate basic center coordinate system, for example from a basic center coordinate system generated by vibrations in the tool, workpiece or vehicle or control device during research. For measuring the vibrations transmitted to one hand, when the instrument is fixed and held in the hand, this basic center coordinate system serves at the same time as the guide of the instrument semi-reference system. NOTE 3: When the hand holds a nearly circular handle in the manner appropriate for working or holding a tool, the rotation of the reference system (hand) need not be assumed to be about the axis of the handle. This assumption is not necessary for certain measurements. It may be a good approximation, meaning that the force direction of the anatomical lifting system (hand) determined by the third metacarpal bone is within the range of motion of most people: it is not essentially dependent on the hand being stretched or straight (see Figure 6). 3.4.2 Basic central coordinate system for hand transmission of force or motion 3.4.2.1 When holding tools or equipment with one or both hands Origin: A straight line on the handle or surface of the tool or equipment parallel to the axis of the hand or cylinder approximating the measurement or application standard, or a point on a straight line determined by two identifiable points on the hand or shell. Note: Alternatively, when the axis of the driving axis is used as the measuring point due to geometric transformation of the instrument or data, the origin of the basic central coordinate system can be identified as the midpoint of the axis of the body approximating the body of the tool or equipment, and any distance from the instrument or equipment is recorded below. Regardless of the method used, the origin position and orientation of the basic center mark system (hand) should be reported in detail, as the accuracy of this aspect is extremely important in the measurement of the hand or instrument. The working axis of this coordinate system is the projection line through and including the origin determined by the above method: When the working axis is approximately the functional axis of the tool equipment (such as in the housing of an electric drill or air shovel), or a line parallel to it, the positive direction of the axis should be considered to be in the direction of action of the tool equipment (mostly the workpiece). When the handle is perpendicular to the direction of action or at a large angle to it (such as a chain saw handle), the non-input direction should be considered to be in the direction of the thenar (base of the fingers), as determined by the method used to support or guide the tool when the operator holds the handle or housing in standard operation. The axis of the basic center mark system (hand) intersects the handle at the origin and is perpendicular to the hand and is placed vertically on the handle or housing where the theoretical input point of the operator's hand or instrument mounting is located. The axis passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the axis and the auxiliary axis.
Note: The coordinate system defined here is mainly used for single-handed gripping of the tool axis and the basic geometric axis or line of action of the standard magnet, and the other hand is used to support or guide the lower part of the housing or shell of the machine (similar to the back hand inspection image). In many such machines (also drilling, pneumatic shovels. In standard machines, the outer wall of the two sections of the equipment approximates a cylinder with the basic axis in the direction of its action. For the power end, suitable for large-scale crushers and large-scale customers, the two hands are used to hold, guide or support the tool. 1. For each tool and for the two hands when holding the tool (such as a hammer) and the workpiece separately, a similar basic technical center mark system can also be determined. 3.4.2.2 The origin of the hand and fingers guiding or pressing on the tool or workpiece without holding it is the center of the limit of the pressure area caused by contact between the card and the workpiece (when the finger or finger is marked with a mark The direction of the hand acting on the tool or workpiece should be determined or defined as accurately as possible: the axis of the coordinate system passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the above table. The direction of the hand should be considered as the direction in which the hand acts on the tool equipment. The axis passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the work axis and is within the surface of the pressure area. The direction of the axis should be as parallel as possible to the axis of the anatomical coordinate system (hand) determined by the operating hand in the habitual or most exposed position, or to GB/T30575-2014/IS08727.1997 determined by two identifiable points on the tool equipment. The axis of the basic center coordinate system (hand) passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the work axis and the axis. In addition, the basic center coordinate system of Kefangda can be used to determine the surface center of the tool equipment or workpiece, and its direction is determined according to the geometry of the tool equipment or workpiece structure. In either case, the basic center is used. The origin and orientation of the coordinate system and the instrument coordinate system shall be reported accurately. Note: Wherever practicable, the two axes of the machine-based reference system shall be determined in accordance with the principles of ISO 1503, 197?, the working axis or general functional geometry of the equipment. In some applications, the basic center reference system may be considered to have its origin on the working axis of the machine or a point on an identifiable position on the workpiece. Appendix A of GB/T 30575--2014/1S08727.1997 (Informative Appendix) Illustration of the biodynamic coordinate system The illustration of the biodynamic coordinate system is shown in Figures A.1 to A.6. Figures A.5 and A.6 show the approximate directions of the working axes and axes determined by the main anatomical parts mentioned in this standard. In each case, the three axes are The figures should be considered to be projected vertically outward from the plane of the illustration. Note that these illustrations are intended to illustrate the principle only and are therefore neither drawn to scale nor intended to be anatomically accurate. Explanation:
Geocentric coordinate system (laboratory frame for testing): 2
Origin of the basic central coordinate system (e.g. perturbation test bench); Origin of the anatomical reference system (head): Origin of the instrument coordinate system (e.g. head-mounted and stationary reference such as an accelerometer). Figure A1
Illustration of the hierarchy of biomechanical coordinate systems in a fixed position such as a laboratory Explanation:
Origin of the basic central coordinate system (inverted, descending and aircraft center): 3 -- Origin of the anatomical reference system (head), GB/T30575-2014/1S08727:1997 Note: This example represents the pilot coordinate system in aircraft operation. There is no description here, but it may be collected only for human installation and aircraft installation. Each installation has a certain instrument collection system. The specific system can be exemplified by the human body or aircraft structure and service. According to the vertical direction of the earth's center (the direction of the force), the instantaneous determination is the direction of the machine [center) coordinate system. Figure A.2 Illustration of the hierarchy of biomechanical coordinate systems in a freely moving vehicle Figure A.3 Illustration of the standard anatomical posture (front view, that is, looking at the figure in the direction) GB/T30575-2014/ISO8727:1997 Illustration of the three axes in the right-handed orthogonal coordinate system represented by the,, and z axes Figure 4.4
b) Thoracic spine (such as T1 or T4)
) A person stands on the floor or deck (the basic center coordinate system of the whole body) Note: The first three figures 8), b) and c represent the anatomical wall coordinate systems defined in this standard. The last figure d) represents the basic center biometric system of a standing person. In all four figures 3 should be imagined as pointing away from the viewer. Figure A.5 shows a graphic illustration of a biodynamic coordinate system directly related to a person (not to scale or relative orientation) 85 Illustration of a biodynamic coordinate system directly related to a person (not to scale or relative orientation) 85 Illustration of a biodynamic coordinate system directly related to a person (not to scale or relative orientation) 81. Single-handed or two-handed holding of the tool Origin: A straight line on the handle or body of the tool parallel to the axis of the hand or body to be measured or the standard to be applied, or a point on a straight line determined by two points identifiable by the hand or body. Note: Alternatively, when the axis is used as the measuring point by geometric transformation of the instrument or data, the origin of the basic central coordinate system can be identified as the midpoint of the axis of the body that is approximately the same as the tool or body. In any case, regardless of the method used, the origin position and direction of the basic central coordinate system (hand) should be reported in detail. The accuracy of this aspect is very important in the measurement of the hand or body. In addition: The working axis of this coordinate system is the projection line passing through and including the origin determined by the above method: When the working axis is approximately the functional axis of the tool (such as in the housing of an electric drill or air shovel), or a line parallel to it, the positive direction of the axis should be considered to be in the direction of action of the tool (mostly the workpiece). When the handle is perpendicular to the direction of action or at a large angle to it (e.g., chain saw grip), the non-input position should be considered to be in the thenar direction (base of the fingers), as determined by the operator's usual method of supporting or guiding the tool in standard operation when the operator holds the handle or housing. The axis of the basic center reference system (hand) intersects the handle at the origin and is perpendicular to the hand and is perpendicular to the handle or housing where the theoretical input point of the operator's hand or instrument mounting is located. The axis passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the axis and the handle.
Note: The coordinate system defined here is mainly used for handles where the axis of the hand holding the tool or the workpiece is approximately the same as the angle between the basic geometric axis or the straight line of action. The other hand is used to support or guide the lower part of the casing or shell of the machine (similar to the back hand inspection image). In many such machines (also drilling, pneumatic shovels, etc.), the outer wall of the two parts of the equipment is approximately a cylinder with the basic axis in the direction of its action. For power ends, suitable for crushers and large-scale customers, a similar basic technical center mark system can also be determined for tools that are held, guided or supported by both hands, and for tools (such as hammers) and workpieces when both hands are used to respectively operate the tool (such as a hammer) and the workpiece, a similar basic technical center mark system can also be determined. 3.4.2.2 The origin of the hand and fingers guiding or pressing on the tool or workpiece without holding it is the center of the limit of the pressure area caused by contact between the card and the workpiece (when the finger or finger is marked with a mark The direction of the hand acting on the tool or workpiece should be determined or defined as accurately as possible: the axis of the coordinate system passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the above table. The direction of the hand should be considered as the direction in which the hand acts on the tool equipment. The axis passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the work axis and is within the surface of the pressure area. The direction of the axis should be as parallel as possible to the axis of the anatomical coordinate system (hand) determined by the operating hand in the habitual or most exposed position, or to GB/T30575-2014/IS08727.1997 determined by two identifiable points on the tool equipment. The axis of the basic center coordinate system (hand) passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the work axis and the axis. In addition, the basic center coordinate system of Kefangda can be used to determine the surface center of the tool equipment or workpiece, and its direction is determined according to the geometry of the tool equipment or workpiece structure. In either case, the basic center is used. The origin and orientation of the coordinate system and the instrument coordinate system shall be reported accurately. Note: Wherever practicable, the two axes of the machine-based reference system shall be determined in accordance with the principles of ISO 1503, 197?, the working axis or general functional geometry of the equipment. In some applications, the basic center reference system may be considered to have its origin on the working axis of the machine or a point on an identifiable position on the workpiece. Appendix A of GB/T 30575--2014/1S08727.1997 (Informative Appendix) Illustration of the biodynamic coordinate system The illustration of the biodynamic coordinate system is shown in Figures A.1 to A.6. Figures A.5 and A.6 show the approximate directions of the working axes and axes determined by the main anatomical parts mentioned in this standard. In each case, the three axes are The figures should be considered to be projected vertically outward from the plane of the illustration. Note that these illustrations are intended to illustrate the principle only and are therefore neither drawn to scale nor intended to be anatomically accurate. Explanation:
Geocentric coordinate system (laboratory frame for testing): 2
Origin of the basic central coordinate system (e.g. perturbation test bench); Origin of the anatomical reference system (head): Origin of the instrument coordinate system (e.g. head-mounted and stationary reference such as an accelerometer). Figure A1
Illustration of the hierarchy of biomechanical coordinate systems in a fixed position such as a laboratory Explanation:
Origin of the basic central coordinate system (inverter, test bench and aircraft center): 3 -- Origin of the anatomical reference system (head), GB/T30575-2014/1S08727:1997 Note: This example represents the pilot coordinate system in aircraft operation. There is no description here, but it may be a donation for installation on the aircraft. Each installation has a specific instrument collection system. The specific system can be exemplified by the body or aircraft structure and service. The direction of the coordinate system is determined instantaneously according to the center of the earth (direction of force). Figure A.2 Illustration of the hierarchy of biomechanical coordinate systems in a freely moving vehicle Figure A.3 Illustration of the standard anatomical posture (front view, that is, looking at the figure in the direction) GB/T30575-2014/ISO8727:1997 Illustration of the three axes in the right-handed orthogonal coordinate system represented by the,, and z axes Figure 4.4
b) Thoracic spine (such as T1 or T4)
) A person stands on the floor or deck (the basic center coordinate system of the whole body) Note: The first three figures 8), b) and c represent the anatomical wall coordinate systems defined in this standard. The last figure d) represents the basic center biometric system of a standing person. In all four figures 3 should be imagined as pointing away from the viewer. Figure A.5 shows a graphic illustration of a biodynamic coordinate system directly related to a person (not to scale or relative orientation) 81. Single-handed or two-handed holding of the tool Origin: A straight line on the handle or body of the tool parallel to the axis of the hand or body to be measured or the standard to be applied, or a point on a straight line determined by two points identifiable by the hand or body. Note: Alternatively, when the axis is used as the measuring point by geometric transformation of the instrument or data, the origin of the basic central coordinate system can be identified as the midpoint of the axis of the body that is approximately the same as the tool or body. In any case, regardless of the method used, the origin position and direction of the basic central coordinate system (hand) should be reported in detail. The accuracy of this aspect is very important in the measurement of the hand or body. In addition: The working axis of this coordinate system is the projection line passing through and including the origin determined by the above method: When the working axis is approximately the functional axis of the tool (such as in the housing of an electric drill or air shovel), or a line parallel to it, the positive direction of the axis should be considered to be in the direction of action of the tool (mostly the workpiece). When the handle is perpendicular to the direction of action or at a large angle to it (e.g., chain saw grip), the non-input position should be considered to be in the thenar direction (base of the fingers), as determined by the operator's usual method of supporting or guiding the tool in standard operation when the operator holds the handle or housing. The axis of the basic center reference system (hand) intersects the handle at the origin and is perpendicular to the hand and is perpendicular to the handle or housing where the theoretical input point of the operator's hand or instrument mounting is located. The axis passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the axis and the handle.
Note: The coordinate system defined here is mainly used for handles where the axis of the hand holding the tool or the workpiece is approximately the same as the angle between the basic geometric axis or the straight line of action. The other hand is used to support or guide the lower part of the casing or shell of the machine (similar to the back hand inspection image). In many such machines (also drilling, pneumatic shovels, etc.), the outer wall of the two parts of the equipment is approximately a cylinder with the basic axis in the direction of its action. For power ends, suitable for crushers and large-scale customers, a similar basic technical center mark system can also be determined for tools that are held, guided or supported by both hands, and for tools (such as hammers) and workpieces when both hands are used to respectively operate the tool (such as a hammer) and the workpiece, a similar basic technical center mark system can also be determined. 3.4.2.2 The origin of the hand and fingers guiding or pressing on the tool or workpiece without holding it is the center of the limit of the pressure area caused by contact between the card and the workpiece (when the finger or finger is marked with a mark The direction of the hand acting on the tool or workpiece should be determined or defined as accurately as possible: the axis of the coordinate system passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the above table. The direction of the axis should be considered as the direction in which the hand acts on the tool equipment. The axis passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the work axis and is within the surface of the pressure area. The direction of the axis should be as parallel as possible to the axis of the anatomical coordinate system (hand) determined by the operating hand in the habitual or most exposed position, or to GB/T30575-2014/IS08727.1997 determined by two identifiable points on the tool equipment. The axis of the basic center coordinate system (hand) passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the work axis and the axis. In addition, the basic center coordinate system of Kefangda can be used to determine the surface center of the tool equipment or workpiece, and its direction is determined according to the geometry of the tool equipment or workpiece structure. In either case, the basic center is used. The origin and orientation of the coordinate system and the instrument coordinate system shall be reported accurately. Note: Wherever practicable, the two axes of the machine-based reference system shall be determined in accordance with the principles of ISO 1503, 197?, the working axis or general functional geometry of the equipment. In some applications, the basic center reference system may be considered to have its origin on the working axis of the machine or a point on an identifiable position on the workpiece. Appendix A of GB/T 30575--2014/1S08727.1997 (Informative Appendix) Illustration of the biodynamic coordinate system The illustration of the biodynamic coordinate system is shown in Figures A.1 to A.6. Figures A.5 and A.6 show the approximate directions of the working axes and axes determined by the main anatomical parts mentioned in this standard. In each case, the three axes are The figures should be considered to be projected vertically outward from the plane of the illustration. Note that these illustrations are intended to illustrate the principle only and are therefore neither drawn to scale nor intended to be anatomically accurate. Explanation:
Geocentric coordinate system (laboratory frame for testing): 2
Origin of the basic central coordinate system (e.g. perturbation test bench); Origin of the anatomical reference system (head): Origin of the instrument coordinate system (e.g. head-mounted and stationary reference such as an accelerometer). Figure A1
Illustration of the hierarchy of biomechanical coordinate systems in a fixed position such as a laboratory Explanation:
Origin of the basic central coordinate system (inverter, test bench and aircraft center): 3 -- Origin of the anatomical reference system (head), GB/T30575-2014/1S08727:1997 Note: This example represents the pilot coordinate system in aircraft operation. There is no description here, but it may be a donation for installation on the aircraft. Each installation has a specific instrument collection system. The specific system can be exemplified by the body or aircraft structure and service. The direction of the coordinate system is determined instantaneously according to the center of the earth (direction of force). Figure A.2 Illustration of the hierarchy of biomechanical coordinate systems in a freely moving vehicle Figure A.3 Illustration of the standard anatomical posture (front view, that is, looking at the figure in the direction) GB/T30575-2014/ISO8727:1997 Illustration of the three axes in the right-handed orthogonal coordinate system represented by the,, and z axes Figure 4.4
b) Thoracic spine (such as T1 or T4)
) A person stands on the floor or deck (the basic center coordinate system of the whole body) Note: The first three figures 8), b) and c represent the anatomical wall coordinate systems defined in this standard. The last figure d) represents the basic center biometric system of a standing person. In all four figures 3 should be imagined as pointing away from the viewer. Figure A.5 shows a graphic illustration of a biodynamic coordinate system directly related to a person (not to scale or relative orientation) 81997 Note: This example shows the pilot coordinate system in the aircraft. There is no explanation here, but it may be collected for the installation of the aircraft and the aircraft. Each installation has a specific instrument collection system. The specific system can be exemplified by the body or aircraft structure and service. The direction of the coordinate system is determined instantaneously according to the vertical direction of the earth's center (direction of force). Figure A.2 Illustration of the hierarchy of biomechanical coordinate systems in a freely moving vehicle Figure A.3 Illustration of the standard anatomical posture (front view, that is, looking at the figure in the direction) GB/T30575-2014/ISO8727:1997 Illustration of the three axes in the right-handed orthogonal coordinate system represented by the z-axis, ... The last figure (d) shows the basic central biodynamic coordinate system for a standing person. In all four figures 3 should be imagined as pointing away from the observer. Figure A.5 shows a graphic illustration of the biodynamic coordinate system directly related to the person (not to scale or relative orientation) 81997 Note: This example shows the pilot coordinate system in the aircraft. There is no description here, but it may be collected for the installation of the aircraft and the aircraft. Each installation has a specific instrument collection system. The specific system can be exemplified by the body or aircraft structure and service. The direction of the aircraft (the center of the body) coordinate system is determined instantaneously according to the vertical direction of the earth's center (the direction of the force). Figure A.2 Illustration of the hierarchy of biomechanical coordinate systems in a freely moving vehicle Figure A.3 Illustration of the standard anatomical posture (front view, that is, looking at the figure in the direction) GB/T30575-2014/ISO8727:1997 Illustration of the three axes in the right-handed orthogonal coordinate system represented by the z-axis, z-axis, and z-axis Figure 4.4
b) Thoracic spine (such as T1 or T4)
) A person stands on the floor or deck (the whole body basic center coordinate system) Note: The first three figures 8), b) and c represent the anatomical wall coordinate system defined in this standard. The last figure (d) shows the basic central biodynamic coordinate system for a standing person. In all four figures 3 should be imagined as pointing away from the observer. Figure A.5 shows a graphic illustration of the biodynamic coordinate system directly related to the person (not to scale or relative orientation) 8
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