GB 12379-1990 Regulations on Environmental Nuclear Radiation Monitoring
Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Regulations of monitoring for environmental nuclear radiation
Regulations of monitoring for environmental nuckear radiations1 Main content and applicable scope
This standard specifies the general criteria for environmental nuclear radiation monitoring. This standard applies to all environmental nuclear radiation monitoring conducted within the territory of the People's Republic of China. 2 Referenced standards
GB8703 Radiation protection regulations
3 Terminology
3.1 Source unit
GB 12379-90
All units engaged in activities accompanied by the release of nuclear radiation or radioactive substances into the environment and whose radiation source activity or radioactive material operation volume is greater than the exemption limit value specified in GB8703. 3.2 Environmental protection supervision and management department
The administrative supervision and management department responsible for environmental protection in the state and provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the jurisdiction of the state and relevant national departments. 3.3 Nuclear facilities
All nuclear engineering facilities and high-energy accelerators that must be assessed for safety and/or radiation safety, from uranium ore mining and smelting, nuclear fuel element manufacturing, nuclear energy utilization to nuclear fuel reprocessing and radioactive waste disposal.3.4 Isotope application
The use of radioactive isotopes and radiation sources for scientific research, production, medical examination, treatment, irradiation, tracing and other practices.3.5 Environmental background survey
The source unit conducts a survey of the radiation level in its surrounding environment, the content of radionuclides in the environmental medium, and the environmental parameters and social conditions required for evaluating the public dose before operation.3.6 Conventional environmental monitoring
The source unit conducts regular measurements of the radiation level in its surrounding environment and the content of radionuclides in the environmental medium during normal operation.3.7 Supervisory environmental monitoring
The environmental protection supervision and management department conducts regular or irregular measurements of the impact of various nuclear facilities and radioisotope application units on the environment for management purposes. wwW.bzxz.Net
3.8 Quality Assurance
All planned and systematic activities carried out during the whole monitoring process to make the monitoring results sufficiently credible. 3.9 Quality Control
Various measures taken to achieve quality assurance. 3.10 Representative Samples
National Environmental Protection Agency 1990-06-09 Approved 1990-12-01 Implementation
GB1237990
The collected samples have the same properties as the sample source during the sampling period. 3.11 Accuracy
The quantity that indicates the degree of difference between the average value of a group of monitoring results or a monitoring result and the corresponding correct value. 3.12 Precision
In data processing, the quantity used to express the degree of deviation of a group of data from their average value. 4 Environmental Nuclear Radiation Monitoring Organization and Responsibilities
4.1 All source units must establish or employ environmental nuclear radiation monitoring organizations to perform environmental nuclear radiation monitoring. Nuclear facilities must have an independent environmental nuclear radiation monitoring agency. Other units with nuclear radiation can hire qualified units to perform environmental nuclear radiation monitoring on their behalf. 4.1.1 The scale of the nuclear radiation monitoring agency of the source unit shall be determined based on the nature, activity, total amount, emission method and potential danger of the radioactive nuclides discharged into the environment.
4.1.2 The environmental nuclear radiation monitoring agency of the source unit shall be responsible for the environmental nuclear radiation monitoring of the unit, including the environmental background survey before operation, routine monitoring during operation and emergency monitoring in case of accidents; evaluate the environmental pollution level during normal operation and accident discharge, investigate the pollution change trend, track and measure the transfer path of radioactive nuclides during abnormal discharge; and report the environmental nuclear radiation monitoring results to the relevant environmental protection supervision and management departments and competent departments on a regular basis according to regulations. (Reports shall be made at any time when environmental pollution accidents occur). 4.2 The environmental protection management departments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall establish environmental nuclear radiation monitoring agencies. 4.2.1 The scale of the environmental nuclear radiation monitoring agency of the environmental protection supervision and management department shall be determined based on the scale of current and expected development of nuclear radiation practices in the area under its jurisdiction.
4.2.2 The environmental nuclear radiation monitoring agency of the environmental protection supervision and management department is responsible for implementing supervisory environmental monitoring of various source units in the region; conducting investigations, evaluations and regularly publishing monitoring results on the environmental nuclear radiation level and the content of radionuclides in the environmental medium in the area under its jurisdiction; in the event of a nuclear pollution accident, it shall quickly provide the current status of environmental nuclear radiation pollution in the area under its jurisdiction and be responsible for reviewing and verifying the environmental nuclear radiation monitoring results reported by various source units in the region.
5 Environmental Nuclear Radiation Monitoring Program
5.1 Before implementing environmental nuclear radiation monitoring, a practical environmental nuclear radiation monitoring program must be formulated. 5.2 The formulation of the environmental nuclear radiation monitoring program must follow the principle of radiation protection optimization. 5.2.1 When formulating an outline for environmental nuclear radiation monitoring, the first thing to consider is the objectives of the monitoring: a. To evaluate the effectiveness of nuclear facilities in containing radioactive materials and controlling discharge flows; to determine changes in radionuclide concentrations or exposure rates in environmental media; b. To evaluate the actual exposure and potential doses received by the public, or to estimate possible upper limits on doses, to discover unknown exposure pathways, and to provide a basis for determining the transport model of radionuclides in the environment; d. To maintain the ability to quickly estimate the state of environmental contamination when an incident occurs; to identify contamination caused by other sources; to conduct an investigation into the background level of environmental radioactivity; to demonstrate whether the regulations and requirements for limiting the discharge of radioactive materials into the environment are met. 5.2.2 In formulating the environmental nuclear radiation monitoring outline, the following objective factors should also be considered: a. the content of radioactive substances in the discharge flow of the source unit, the amount of discharge, the relative toxicity and potential danger of the discharged nuclides; b. the operating scale of the source unit, the type, probability and environmental consequences of possible accidents; the current status of discharge flow monitoring, and the degree of requirements for the implementation of environmental nuclear radiation monitoring; d. the number of people in the exposed group and their distribution; the land use and property situation around the source unit: the cost and effect of implementing environmental nuclear radiation monitoring; f. the availability of practical environmental nuclear radiation monitoring instruments: g. GB1237990 h. Various interference factors that may occur in environmental nuclear radiation monitoring. 5.3 For nuclear facilities, the environmental nuclear radiation monitoring outline should include the pre-operation environmental background survey outline and the environmental nuclear radiation monitoring outline during operation.
5.3.1 Outline of Environmental Background Survey before Operation
5.3.1.1 Outline of Environmental Background Survey before Operation shall reflect the following purposes: Identify the key radionuclides, key pathways and key resident groups discharged by nuclear facilities into the environment; determine the changes in environmental background levels; and conduct inspections and simulation training on the monitoring methods and procedures to be adopted during operation.
5.3.1.2 The content of the environmental background survey before operation of nuclear facilities shall include the types, concentrations, radiation levels and changes of radionuclides in environmental media; hydrological, geological, geothermal and meteorological data near nuclear facilities; major biological (aquatic and terrestrial) populations and distribution; land use; population distribution, diet and living habits, etc. 5.3.1.3 The radioactivity level survey before operation of nuclear facilities shall obtain at least two consecutive years of survey data before operation, and understand the changes in radioactivity background within one year and the possible range of changes between years. 5.3.1.4 The geographical scope of the pre-operation environmental background survey is determined by the operating scale of the source unit. For large nuclear facilities, the environmental parameters for evaluation are generally surveyed up to 80km.
5.3.2 Environmental Monitoring Program during Operation
5.3.2.1 The formulation of the environmental nuclear radiation monitoring program during the operation of nuclear facilities shall be based on the characteristics of the monitoring object and the data obtained from the pre-operation background survey.
5.3.2.2 The environmental nuclear radiation monitoring during the operation of nuclear facilities shall take into account the key nuclear cases, key pathways, and key resident groups determined by the pre-operation background survey. At least part of the measurement or sampling points must be the same as the measurement or sampling locations during the pre-operation background survey. 5.3.2.3 For nuclear facilities with accidental discharge risks, the environmental nuclear radiation monitoring program during operation must include emergency monitoring content. 5.3.2.4 For nuclear facilities to be decommissioned, an environmental nuclear radiation monitoring program must be formulated during the decommissioning period and the long-term management period after decommissioning.
5.4 For the utilization of radioactive isotopes and associated radioactive mineral resources, the contents of the environmental nuclear radiation monitoring program can be simplified accordingly. 5.4.1 For the practices specified in Article 5.4, it is generally not necessary to conduct extensive pre-operation background surveys, but environmental radioactive background data that can be used as a basis for comparison should be obtained before operation. 5.4.2 For the practices specified in Article 5.4, under normal operating conditions, their environmental nuclear radiation monitoring should mainly be carried out on the discharge outlets or discharge pathways of radioactive discharge flows.
5.5 With the change of situation (source and environment) and the accumulation of experience in environmental nuclear radiation monitoring, the monitoring outline should be adjusted in time. Generally, after accumulating enough monitoring data, the environmental nuclear radiation monitoring outline should be simplified. 6 On-site measurement
6.1 On-site measurement preparation
6.1.1 Before on-site nuclear radiation measurement, a detailed measurement plan must be formulated. When making a plan, the following factors should be considered: a. The nature of the measurement object, including the type of nuclide to be measured, the expected activity range, physical and chemical properties, etc.; the possible influence of environmental conditions (topography, hydrology, meteorology, etc.); b.
The adaptability of the measuring instrument, including the range, energy response characteristics and minimum detectable limit, etc. The possible failures and remedies of the equipment and measuring instruments on site: d.
The technical quality of the measuring personnel;
The importance of the measurement and the guarantee of funds: t.
6.1.2 Instruments and equipment must be prepared before on-site measurement. 6.1.2.1 For routine on-site measurements, instruments and equipment must be counted and the working status of the instruments checked before each departure. 6.1.2.2 For on-site measurements as emergency response, an emergency monitoring box must be prepared in advance, and the instruments in the emergency monitoring box must be kept in working condition at any time.
GB 12379—90
6.1.3 Personnel engaged in on-site nuclear radiation monitoring must be trained in advance to make them familiar with the performance of the monitoring instruments, be able to perform simple maintenance on site, and have the ability to judge whether the monitoring data is reasonable. 6.2 Implementation of on-site measurements
6.2.1 On-site nuclear radiation monitoring must be carried out in representative places, and the measurement points should usually be selected in flat and open places. 6.2.2 Check the working status of the instrument at the measurement site to ensure that the data can be read only after the instrument is working normally. 6.2.3 When the radiation field itself is unstable, the on-site measurement time should be increased to measure the possible range of changes in the radiation field. 6.2.4 When conducting radioactive contamination measurements on site, be sure to prevent the measuring instruments from being contaminated. 6.3 On-site measurement data should be preliminarily analyzed on site to determine whether the data is abnormal so that remedial measures can be taken in a timely manner. 6.4 All original data of on-site measurements must be carefully recorded, and environmental parameters that may affect the measurement results should be recorded together. All matters that need to be recorded should be printed in the original data record table in advance. 7 Sample Collection 7.1 Basic Principles of Sample Collection 1.1 Environmental sample collection must be carried out according to the sample collection procedure established in advance. 7.1.2 When collecting environmental samples, attention must be paid to the representativeness of the samples. Except for special purposes, when collecting environmental samples, the following factors should be avoided:
Places where natural radioactive substances may be concentrated; the influence of buildings;
The influence of precipitation scouring and stirring;
Situations where a lot of dust is generated;
River backwater area;
Water near the shore
Amorphous plant communities.
7.1.3 When collecting environmental samples, the parameters must be recorded in full, including the environmental parameters near the sampling point, the sample properties description parameters, the sampling period and the person in charge, etc.
7.1.4 The sampling frequency should be reasonable. The determination of the frequency depends on the stability of the pollution source, the half-life of the nuclides to be analyzed, and the specific monitoring purpose.
7.1.5 The size of the sampling range is determined by the operating scale of the source unit and the possible impact area. 7.1.5.1 For nuclear section construction, the sampling range should be consistent with the evaluation range of its environmental impact report. 7.1.5.2 For the application practice of radioactive isotopes and associated radioactive mineral resources, sampling should be carried out near the discharge point of the discharge flow. 7.1.6 The collection volume of environmental samples should be determined based on the analysis date and the analysis method adopted, and a margin should be left when collecting on site. 7.1.7 The collected environmental samples must be properly stored to prevent loss during transportation and storage, prevent sample contamination or cross contamination, prevent the loss of nuclei on the wall due to chemical and biological effects when the samples are stored for a long time, and prevent the sample labels from being damaged and lost. 7.2 Air sampling
: 7.2.1 Determine the sampling object, and thus determine the appropriate sampling method and sampling procedure. 7.2.2 Determine the movement mode of the sampling element relative to the sampled air during sampling, active air flow or passive adsorption. 7.2.2.1 When using active air flow sampling, the flow error must be controlled. Before sampling, the flow device must be calibrated and the sealing of the entire sampling system must be tested.
7.2.2.2 When passive adsorption sampling is used, the sampling material should be placed in a place where air flow is not restricted and humidity is not too high, and the average temperature and humidity of the sampling site should be recorded. 7.2.3 Ensure stable sampling efficiency
7.2.3.1 When active airflow sampling is used, the sampling airflow should be stable to prevent the sampling material from being blocked or the sampling material from being saturated and penetrating.
GB 12379—90
7.2.3.2 When passive adsorption sampling is used, attention should be paid to the effect of humidity on the sampling efficiency, and sensitivity correction should be made when necessary. 7.3 Fallout collection
7.3.1 Fallout collection points
7.3.1.1 For specific nuclear facilities, the fallout collector should be placed downwind of the dominant wind direction, and the fallout should be collected regularly and analyzed for its activity and nuclide types.
7.3.1.2 To monitor radioactive fallout over a large area, several fallout collectors should be deployed to form a collection net. 7.3.2 When collecting atmospheric fallout, appropriate sampling equipment should be used to prevent the resuspension of collected samples and minimize the interference of resuspended materials on the ground.
7.3.3 The frequency of sampling of atmospheric fallout depends on the changes in the activity of radioactive nuclides in the fallout. 7.3.4 When sampling atmospheric fallout, meteorological data must be recorded at the same time. 7.4 Water sampling
7.4.1 Determine the sampling object, and thereby determine the appropriate sampling plan and sampling procedure. 7.4.1.1 If the discharge volume and concentration of the radioactive liquid effluent flow vary greatly, a continuous proportional sampling device should be used to collect mixed samples at the discharge outlet of the effluent flow.
7.4.1.2 When collecting surface water from rivers, lakes and other receiving water bodies of radioactive effluents, avoid taking in suspended matter on the water surface and sediment at the bottom of the water.
7.4.1.3 For large flowing water bodies, water samples should be collected at different sections and depths. 7.4.1.4 When taking seawater samples, fresh water at the estuary, mixed water and seawater far from the estuary should be collected separately. 7.4.2 When collecting water samples, the sampling pipeline and container should be flushed several times with the water sample to be collected. 7.4.3 The collected water samples must be pre-treated to prevent changes in the concentration of radionuclides in the water due to chemical or biological effects. The following factors should be considered in the handling and storage of water samples: a. At low concentrations, some nuclides may be exchanged by specific elements in the composition of the vessel; b. Algae in the container and sampling pipeline can absorb radionuclides in the solution; c. When the acidity is low, the radionuclides may be adsorbed on the vessel wall; d. When the acidity is too high, the suspended particles can be dissolved and the content of soluble radionuclides can be increased; e. Adding acid can convert iodine compounds into elemental iodine, causing volatilization; acid can cause quenching of liquid scintillator, making low-energy user analysis invalid; 7.5 Sampling of bottom sediments
7.5.1 In order to evaluate the deposition of insoluble radioactive substances, the sediments of the receiving water body of the radioactive discharge flow should be sampled and analyzed regularly.
7.5.2 The best time to collect sediment samples is before the spring flood. 7.5.3 When collecting sediment samples, appropriate tools and methods should be used to ensure that samples at different depths do not interfere with each other. 7.5.4 When collecting sediment samples, water conditions should be recorded at the same time. 7.5.5 The collected sediment samples should be dried in time, and the drying temperature should be appropriate. 7.6 Collection of soil samples
7.6.1 The following situations require the collection and analysis of soil samples: b. To investigate the level of natural radioactivity in the soil, b. To determine the pollution of the surrounding soil caused by the operation of nuclear facilities; . To evaluate the pollution of the nuclear accident to the Shiyan
7.6.2 According to the purpose of analysis, select the appropriate sampling method. 7.6.2.1 For the investigation of natural radioactivity levels, samples that can represent the base soil should be taken, and the surface soil should be removed. 7.6.2.2 In the investigation of the sedimentation pollution of artificial radionuclides, the surface soil must be collected. 7.6.2.3 To evaluate the pollution near the discharge point of the liquid discharge flow, soil at different depths must be taken GB12379-90
7.6.3 When collecting soil samples, the natural conditions near the sampling point must be recorded. 7.6.4 If earth weir samples need to be stored for a long time, they must be air-dried. 7.7 Collection of biological samples
7.7.1 For a given source item unit, the type of biological samples to be collected depends on the local environmental conditions and the purpose of the assessment. 7.7.1.1 To evaluate the impact on humans, organisms related to the human food chain should be collected and the edible parts should be analyzed. 7.7.1.2 For radioecological studies, organisms that are not part of the human food chain but can concentrate radionuclides should also be collected. 7.7.2 Biological samples should be collected near the discharge point of the source unit liquid discharge flow and at the place where the radioactivity concentration in the ground air is the highest. 7.7.3 If biological samples cannot be analyzed immediately, they must be pretreated. 8 Laboratory analysis and measurement
8.1 Radiochemical analysis
8.1.1 Sample processing The samples should be processed using standard or proven procedures. In the process of sample processing, the loss of nuclides and contamination of samples should be prevented.
8.1.2 Radiochemical separation
8.1.2.1 Standard or proven procedures should be used. 8.1.2.2 Appropriate amounts of parallel samples and spiked samples with known radioactive contents should be added during analysis. However, the analyst should not be able to identify which samples are parallel samples and spiked samples.
8.1.2.3 The radiochemical laboratory should regularly participate in inter-laboratory comparison activities. 8.1.3 Sample preparation for measurement
8.1.3.1 The preparation of samples for radioactivity measurement must be strictly operated to ensure that the samples are of uniform thickness and size and to prevent the samples from wrinkling and deforming.
8.1.3.2 For accurate measurement, background samples and standard samples of the same shape and mass as the samples should be prepared. 8.2 Radioactivity measurement
8.2.1 Selection of measuring instruments
8.2.1.1 The appropriate instrument should be selected according to the type of nuclide to be analyzed, the activity range of the sample, and the physical and chemical state of the sample. 8.2.1.2 The instrument to be selected must be sensitive enough to ensure that its minimum detectable limit, see Appendix A (reference >) is lower than the presumed management limit.
8.2-2 Measurement preparation
8.2.2.1 Any measuring instrument must be carefully checked before measurement to ensure that it is in normal working condition. 8.2.2.2 Before measuring any rigorous measurement, the counting efficiency should be determined using a standard source with the same shape, geometric size and mass as the sample.
8.2.2.3 For low background and user measurements, background verification must be performed in advance. When measuring rigorously, background counting should be performed using a background sample with the same shape, geometric size and mass as the sample. 8.2.3 Radioactive measurement
8.2.3.1 When performing radioactive measurement, the procedure of background, sample, background, or background, standard source, sample should be used. 8.2.3.2 When using a spectrometer, the instrument stability should be checked regularly using a standard source. 8.2. 3.3 When measuring low-energy β with a liquid scintillation counter, attention must be paid to quenching correction. 8.2.3.4 When measuring thermoluminescent dosimeters, the technical standards for environmental thermoluminescent dosimeters must be followed. 8.2.4 Recording of measurement results
The measurement results must be recorded completely, and any factors that significantly affect the measured value should be recorded. 9 Statistical processing of data
9.1 Data reliability analysis
GB 1237990
9.1.1 In order for environmental monitoring data to be effectively used for evaluation and comparison, accuracy estimates and precision estimates should be given for any monitoring results.
9.1.1.1 Accuracy estimate is to give the maximum possible error of the monitoring data, which should include errors caused by various links such as sampling, radiochemical separation and radioactivity measurement.
9.1.1.2 Precision estimate is to give the deviation of the relative mean of a group of monitoring data (at least 10). 9.2 Data distribution test
9.2.1 Before averaging a group of monitoring data, a statistical test should be performed first to determine whether they belong to the same whole. 9.2.2 A statistical distribution test should be performed for the elimination of any suspicious data. 9.3 Center value and dispersion estimate
9.3.1 If the monitoring data obeys a normal distribution If the data are distributed according to the log-normal distribution, the arithmetic mean and standard deviation should be calculated. If the data are distributed according to the log-normal distribution, the geometric mean and geometric standard deviation should be calculated. If the dose evaluation is performed, the arithmetic mean and standard deviation should be given at the same time. 9.3.2 When calculating the central value, abnormal data must be excluded to obtain a stable average value. 9.3.3 The whole screen average, see Appendix B (reference), is a method to obtain a stable average value. 9.3.4 When the environmental radioactivity level is very low and more than half of the data are less than the detection limit of the instrument, the probability diagram extrapolation method can be used to determine the central value and deviation.
9.4 The measured data should be carefully checked before the final report to ensure that it meets the expression specifications of valid characters, mean and standard deviation. 10 Evaluation and Report of Environmental Monitoring Results
10.1 Evaluation
The evaluation of environmental monitoring results should be carried out according to the monitoring purpose determined in advance. 10.1.1 In order to evaluate the dose received by the public, the public dose must be estimated based on the relevant models and parameters, and the calculated dose must be compared with the relevant dose limits.
10.1.2 If the purpose of monitoring is to calculate the accumulation of radioactive substances in the environment, the monitoring results should be expressed in specific activity and compared with the pre-operation survey and previous monitoring results to evaluate the trend of changes. 10.1.3 If the purpose of monitoring is to check whether the emissions of source units to the environment meet the prescribed emission limits, the monitoring results should give both emission concentration and total emission, and compare them with the prescribed emission export limits and total emission limits. 10.2 Report
10.2.1 The content, format and frequency of the environmental monitoring reports submitted by each source unit should be determined according to the purpose of the report. 10.2.2 The content of the monitoring reports submitted by each source unit to the competent department and the environmental protection supervision and management department should include: Since. The geometric location of the sampling or on-site measurement site: b.
Nuclide type,
Analysis method:
Measurement method;
Monitoring results and their errors;
f. Simple evaluation,
11 Quality Assurance
Quality assurance must run through the entire process of environmental nuclear radiation monitoring. 11.1
11.2 The instruments used for environmental nuclear radiation monitoring must be reliable. When purchasing, it is necessary to consider whether their technical indicators can meet the requirements of environmental monitoring.
11.3 The measuring instruments must be calibrated regularly, and the standard source used for calibration should be traceable to the national standard. When important components are replaced or the working position is changed or repaired, recalibration must be carried out and records must be made. 11.4 Before starting measurement, the environmental nuclear radiation monitor should check the background count rate and detection efficiency, and record them in the quality control chart.
GB12379
5 Environmental nuclear radiation monitors must implement a daily registration system11- 5
11.6 The collection of environmental samples must be carried out by experienced personnel in accordance with pre-established procedures. 11.7 The radiochemical laboratory must establish a strict quality control system. 11.8 Personnel engaged in environmental monitoring must undergo professional training and cannot independently engage in environmental nuclear radiation monitoring work without passing the examination. 11.9 Monitoring data must be reviewed or recalculated and signed. 11.10 Environmental nuclear radiation monitoring agencies should establish and preserve complete relevant quality assurance documents. GE 12379—90
Appendix A
Estimation of the lower limit of analysis or measurement
(reference)
Assume that the lower limit of analysis or measurement is A, and A has the following relationship with other parameters: A:
In the formula:
- is the unit conversion factor;
Total sampling volume:
wfrete-r
The number of samples used for measurement as a percentage of the total sampling volume; - Recovery rate of nuclides in radiochemical analysis, - Counting efficiency of the detector;
The minimum number of counts that the detector can detect within a specified time: Decay constant of the radioactive nuclide to be measured:
The time interval from sampling to radioactivity measurement. Appendix B
Meaning value (arithmetic mean) by whole media method
(reference)
Assume, 2, is a set of measurement results arranged from small to large, then the whole screen average value T. is: T. P2tm++ + acan+2 + tn-Cana-1 + p, -tann(1 _ 2a)
wherein = 1+[m]-m;
is the largest integer represented by:
一 is the percentage of the two ends of the sequence deleted when calculating the average value after a set of data is arranged from small to large, usually a = 25%
is the total number of a set of data;
is the arithmetic mean, because the data that are too large and too small are deleted when calculating T., so this average value is a stable average value.
Additional explanation:
This standard is jointly proposed by the State Environmental Protection Administration and China National Nuclear Corporation. This standard was drafted by Huaqing Company of China National Nuclear Corporation. The main drafter of this standard was Zhao Yamin.Therefore, this average value is a stable average value.
Additional Notes:
This standard is jointly proposed by the State Environmental Protection Administration and China National Nuclear Corporation. This standard is drafted by Huaqing Company of China National Nuclear Corporation. The main drafter of this standard is Zhao Yamin.
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