This standard specifies the protection principles and basic requirements for subjects in X-ray diagnosis. This standard applies to all medical X-ray diagnosis practices. GB 16348-1996 Standard for Radiation Health Protection of Subjects in X-ray Diagnosis GB16348-1996 Standard download decompression password: www.bzxz.net

National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Radiological protection standard for the examinee in X-ray diagnosis1 Content and scope of application
This standard specifies the protection principles and basic requirements for the examinee in X-ray diagnosis. This standard applies to all medical X-ray diagnosis practices. 2 Referenced standards
GB4792 Basic standard for radiological protection
GB8279 Standard for radiological protection of medical diagnostic X-raysGB16349 Standard for radiological protection of X-ray examinations for women of childbearing age and pregnant women3 General provisions
GB16348-1996
3.1 The medical exposure to which the examinee is subjected in X-ray diagnosis must comply with the principles of justification of practice and optimization of radiological protection, so that the exposure that the examinee has legitimate reasons to receive is kept at the lowest level that can be reasonably achieved. 3.2 The quality assurance of X-ray diagnosis must be actively carried out and done well, the level of X-ray diagnosis must be continuously improved, and the radiation dose of the examinee must be reduced.
3.3 Medical units that provide X-ray diagnosis services and relevant clinical physicians, X-ray workers, etc. are directly responsible for the protection of the examinee.
4 Requirements for medical units
4.1 Medical units that provide X-ray diagnosis services must be equipped with medical diagnostic X-ray machines with qualified performance and corresponding protective equipment, auxiliary equipment, etc. All equipment (including protective equipment for the examinee) must be regularly tested and inspected for quality. 4.2 The X-ray work area must be reasonably set up, and there must be corresponding protective facilities and management measures to ensure that the waiting and accompanying personnel are effectively protected. 4.3 Personnel operating X-ray diagnostic equipment and performing X-ray diagnostic examinations must have sufficient professional skills and knowledge of radiation health protection. 4.4 When the examinee needs to transfer to another department or hospital for treatment, convenience should be provided so that the existing X-ray examination results can be used to avoid unnecessary repeated examinations of the examinee. www.bzxz.net
4.5 Strengthen the dose monitoring of the examinee, find problems in time and improve the protection level. 5 Justification judgment of X-ray diagnosis
5.1 Relevant clinical physicians must master the characteristics and indications of various medical imaging diagnostic technologies. In medical practice, correct clinical judgment should be made based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, clinical tests, etc. After comparing various available examination technologies, it can be determined whether to apply for X-ray examination according to the actual needs of the patient. 5.2 No patient shall be blindly applied for X-ray examination. At the same time, it must be noted to prevent the application of repeated X-ray examinations of little value. 5.3 Relevant clinical physicians must state the patient's main medical history and existing examination results in the X-ray examination application form, and point out the purpose and examination site of the X-ray examination, so that X-ray workers can review and correctly implement the examination. 5.4 X-ray workers should carefully review all applications for X-ray examinations. They have the right to return applications that do not meet the justification judgment. 5.5 The justification of group X-ray examinations must be judged based on the prevalence of relevant diseases in the region, the expected examination results, and the risk of the long-term effects of X-ray examinations, so as to determine whether the group examination is worth conducting and the scope to which it should be conducted. 5.6 Group X-ray examinations for the purpose of medical monitoring must appropriately control the number of people, parts, and frequency of X-ray examinations according to the actual situation of different groups. Group X-ray examinations of children and adolescents must be particularly cautious. 5.7 Applications for X-ray examinations of women of childbearing age and pregnant women must comply with the requirements of GB16349. 5.8 Applications for X-ray examinations of infants and young children must be strictly controlled. 5.9 The justification judgment of X-ray examinations for scientific research purposes should be conducted under the guidance of the radiation health protection department. Appropriate management limits must be established for each research plan. X-ray examinations for scientific research purposes must adhere to the principle of voluntary participation by the examinees. The examinees should also be made aware of the estimated radiation risks. Such irradiation shall be carried out by trained personnel only after approval by the person in charge of the relevant unit. 6 Main technical factors for the protection of the examinee
6.1 The protective performance, workplace protective facilities and safe operation of various medical diagnostic X-ray machines must all comply with the requirements of GB8279. 6.2 When deciding to carry out X-ray examination, the appropriate examination method should be selected through optimization analysis and the best examination procedure should be formulated. Strive to obtain satisfactory diagnostic information while reducing the exposure of the examinee to the minimum. 6.3 When determining the X-ray examination to be carried out, it is advisable to use X-ray photography as much as possible except for specialist needs. 6.4 The best working conditions must be selected according to the examination object and purpose. Under the premise of not affecting the acquisition of diagnostic information, the principle of "high voltage, low current, thick filter" should generally be adopted for work. 6.5 X-ray photography should use a collimation system that can adjust the useful beam rectangular irradiation field and adjust it appropriately, while paying attention to accurate alignment and controlling the use of the minimum irradiation field. The irradiation field area should generally not exceed 10% of the film area. 6.6 The position of the examinee must be properly selected according to the projection direction, and non-examination parts must be avoided as much as possible from being irradiated by the useful beam. 6.7 Attention must be paid to shielding and protecting the non-irradiation parts of the examinee, especially the gonads, active bone marrow, female breast, fetus and children's bones and other radiation-sensitive organs.
6.8 According to the specific diagnostic requirements, it is necessary to select a combination of film and intensifying screen with higher sensitivity as much as possible, and use appropriate filter grids and moving gap technology in conjunction.
6.9 When performing X-ray fluoroscopy, great attention must be paid to shortening the exposure time. When there is no condition to use equipment with image intensifier and remote control for fluoroscopy, the operator must undergo sufficient dark adaptation in advance. Attention must be paid to timely replacing the fluorescent screen that does not meet the performance requirements. 6.10 When X-ray fluoroscopy is required for orthopedic reduction and foreign body removal, continuous exposure is not allowed, and the cumulative exposure time must be shortened as much as possible. 6.11 Before performing an X-ray examination, X-ray workers must carefully check the performance of various equipment and supplies, carefully review the examination plan and working conditions, pay attention to the correct positioning and fixation of the examinee, etc., to avoid incorrect exposure. At the same time, they must pay great attention to film processing technology to avoid repeated filming.
GB 163481996
Appendix A
Average absorbed dose and effective dose equivalent of organs of the examinee caused by various X-ray diagnostic examinations (reference)
Examination type
Outpatient chest X-ray
Physical examination chest X-ray
Other X-rays
Esophagectomy
Upper digestive tract
Lower digestive tract
Total digestive tract
Head section
Shoulder and clavicle
Chest section
Abdomen plain film
Fetal photography
Cholecystography
Pelvic pelvic radiography
Hip, upper femur
26Arm
Red bone marrow
Check bone surface
Absorbed dose of each organ or tissue, mGy
Thyroid
Other average
<0.01<0.01
Effective dose equivalent
Additional remarks:
GB163481996
This standard is proposed by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. This standard is drafted by the Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and the Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences. The main drafters of this standard are Zheng Gouzheng, Lu Zhengfu and Su Xieming. This standard is interpreted by the Ministry of Health's Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, the technical unit entrusted by the Ministry of Health.
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