The specificaiton for oceanographic survey Marine meteorological observations
Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Specification for oceanographic surveyMarine metearologicai observationsSubject content and scope of application
This standard specifies the technical requirements, observation methods and compilation of observation records for oceanographic meteorological observations. This standard is applicable to ocean meteorological observations in the investigation of marine environmental elements. 2 Referenced standards
GB12763.1General provisions of oceanographic survey specification
GB12763.7Oceanographic survey specificationOceanographic survey data processingGB4844Ammonia
GB4845
3 Technical design
Ammonia test method
Part I General provisions
3.1 Before conducting marine observations, technical design must be carried out according to the requirements of the task book or contract. 3.2 The main contents of the technical design are as follows:
Sea area scope and station layout;
Observation methods, projects and times;
Requirements for survey ships and major instruments and equipment: d.
Submit results;
Work progress and completion time.
4 Observation methods, projects and times
4. 1 Observation force method
GB12763.3
Marine meteorological observation adopts large-scale observation, cross-sectional observation, regular observation and fixed-point continuous observation. The specific requirements shall be implemented in accordance with the provisions of GB12763.1.
4.2 Observation items and times
4.2.1 Regular observations are carried out at 02, 08, 14, and 20 o'clock every month (Beijing standard time, the same below). The observation items are clouds, sea surface horizontal visibility, atmospheric phenomena, sea surface air temperature and humidity, sea surface wind, air pressure, etc. 4.2.2 Large-area observations and cross-sectional observations are carried out immediately after the survey ship arrives at the station. The observation items are the same as those in 4.2.1. 4.2.3 Fixed-point continuous observations are carried out at 02, 05. 08, 11. 14, 17. 20. 23 o'clock every day. The observation items are in addition to those specified in 4.2.1. Approved by the State Administration of Technical Supervision on March 22, 1991 and implemented on January 1, 1992
：comGB 12763.3—91
In addition, it is also necessary to conduct hourly observations or self-recording of sea surface air temperature, humidity, wind and air pressure; conduct precipitation observations at 02, 08, 11, and 20 o'clock every day; and conduct high-altitude meteorological detection (air pressure, temperature, humidity, wind direction, wind speed) at 08 and 20 o'clock. 5 Observation procedures
5.1 Sea surface meteorological observations
Each observation should be carried out 80 minutes before the observation. In winter, the thermometer must be de-iced. 20 minutes before the exact time, observe the sea surface horizontal visibility, cloud, weather phenomena, surface air temperature and temperature, sea surface wind, precipitation, air pressure, etc. in the following order. The air pressure observation should be as close to the exact time as possible. In the fixed-point continuous observation, the self-recording body should be replaced in time when it is full. 5.2 High-altitude meteorological detection
Each detection should be carried out in the following order 15 minutes before the scheduled release time. Place the sounding instruments that have passed the base point inspection, are ready to be launched, and are backup in the shutter box; 0.5 h before launching, conduct base value measurement and make preliminary calculations: Inflate the balloon: Check the receiving equipment, transmitter, and battery; Assemble the sounding instrument and listen to the signal; Launch and receive the signal on time. 6 Basic requirements for the current measurement site and instruments 6.1 The observation site for sea surface meteorology (except air pressure) should be selected on the high deck of the inspection ship, where the entire sky and the sea-to-earth boundary can be seen. The high-altitude meteorological detection site should be set up in an open area, and there should be no wires, ropes, or buildings above it that would hinder the launch of balloons. 6.2 All instruments and equipment used should comply with the provisions of GB12763.1. 7 Recording, collation, and acceptance of observation data 7.1 Observation data must be recorded in accordance with the provisions of GB12763.1. If a certain element is missing, a horizontal line should be drawn in the corresponding column of the record sheet. If a certain element is missed, it should be re-measured within 1 hour, and it will be treated as missing if it exceeds hours. If a certain element is delayed, the actual observation time should be recorded in the minutes column of the record sheet. The reasons for the above-mentioned situations should be written in the minutes column. In case of special records (such as extremely high or low temperatures), the reasons should be found out as soon as possible. Only when they are confirmed to be correct can they be used as formal records, and they should be explained in the minutes column. 7.2 A data report should be prepared after each voyage, and the report format should comply with the provisions of GB12763.7. Before preparing the data report, all original records should be proofread first. The transcription and calculation of the report should be proofread by a second person and signed separately. 7.3 Data acceptance and archiving shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB12763.1. Part II Observation of Horizontal Visibility on the Sea Surface
8 Terminology
8.1 Effective horizontal visibility
Effective horizontal visibility refers to the maximum horizontal distance that can be obtained within a range of more than one-third of the surrounding area of the measuring station. 8.2 Minimum horizontal visibility
Minimum horizontal visibility refers to the minimum horizontal distance that can be obtained when the horizontal visibility on the sea surface in all directions around the measuring station is inconsistent. 9 Technical requirements
9. Observe effective horizontal visibility and minimum horizontal visibility. 9.2 Take dry meters (km) as the unit, take decimal places, and discard the second decimal place. The accuracy is 20%. 10 Observation method bzxZ.net
10.1 Observation method of daytime visibility
10.1.1 Observation method of special targets
GB 12763.3: 91
According to the clarity of the sea-sky boundary, estimate the sea surface horizontal visibility with reference to Table 1. When the sea-sky boundary is completely invisible, estimate it based on experience.
Table 1 Reference table for sea surface horizontal visibility
Clearance of sea-sky line
F-Very clear
Relatively clear
Vaguely discernible
Completely indiscernible
10.1.2 Observation method with sweet objects
Eye height above sea level>7㎡
20. 0~~50. 0
10. 0 ~-20. 0
Eye height above sea level≤7m
20. 0~60. 0
10. 0~20. 0
4. 0~10. 0
10.1.2.1 When the color and fine details of the target are clearly distinguishable, the visibility is set at more than five times the distance of the target. 10.1.2.2 When the color and fine details of the target are vaguely distinguishable, the visibility is set at two and a half to five times the distance of the target. km
10.1.2.3 When the color and fine details of the target are difficult to distinguish, the visibility is set at a distance greater than the distance of the target, but should not exceed two and a half times the distance of the target.
10.1.2.4 When visibility is very low, the visibility should be estimated based on the targets on board. 10.2 Observation method of night visibility
10.2.1 Stay at the observation site for 5 muin, and observe after the eyes have adapted. 10.2.2 In the case of bright moonlight, if the outline of a larger target can be vaguely distinguished, the visibility is determined as the distance of the target; if the outline of a larger target can be clearly distinguished, the visibility is determined as the distance between the person and the target. 10.2.3 In the case of no target or no moonlight, estimate based on the trend of visibility changes before dark and the weather phenomena at the time, combined with practical experience.
11 Recording method
11.1 Record the effective horizontal visibility and the minimum horizontal visibility respectively in the sea and meteorological observation record table (see Table D1) before and after the oblique line of the visibility column. When it is less than 0.1 km, record 0.0. 11.2 When the sea surface horizontal visibility is less than 10.0 km, it should be accompanied by weather phenomena such as fog, precipitation, and floating dust. There should be no contradiction between the two. Part III Cloud Observation
12 Terminology
12.1 Cloud Maximum
Cloud Amount refers to the percentage of the sky covered by clouds. Total cloud amount refers to the total percentage of the sky covered by all clouds, and low cloud amount refers to the percentage of the sky covered by low clouds.
12.2 Cloud Distance
Cloud Height refers to the vertical distance from the sea surface to the cloud base. 13 Technical Requirements
GB12763.3—91
13.1 Public cloud observations are divided into total cloud amount and low cloud amount, in units of percentage (1/10). The accuracy is ±1%. 13.2 Cloud shape observations are divided into three families, ten genera, and nineteen categories, with resolution to category. The cloud shape classification is shown in Table 2, and the characteristics of each type of cloud shape are shown in Appendix A, 13.3 Cloud height: measure the low cloud height, and if there is no low cloud, measure the medium cloud height. The unit is meter, rounded to an integer. When the cloud height is 100m or below, the accuracy is =10m, and when the cloud height is above 100m, the accuracy is ±10% of the cloud height. Table 2 Classification of cloud shapes
Cumulonimbus
Stratocumulus
Altocumulus
Common cumulus
Cirrocumulus
14 Observation and recording methods
14.1 Observation and recording methods of cloud shapes and cloud shapes Abbreviations
Cumulus occidentalis
Cumulus congestus
Cumulonimbus bald
Cumulonimbus leucopsis
Stratocumulus translucent
Stratocumulus opacus
Stratocumulus cumuliformis
Stratocumulus stratus
Stratocumulus wall-like
Stratocumulus cumuliformis Cumulus
Stratus
Rainbow
Rainbow
Translucent Altostratus
Opaque Altostratus
Translucent Altocumulus
Hidden and opaque Altocumulus
Altocumulus in the English shape
Cumulus Altocumulus
Altocumulus in the flocculus
Castle-shaped Commercial Cumulus
Cirrus
Dense Cirrus
Pseudo-Cirrus
Cirrus
Cirrus
Cirrostratus in the hair
Cirrostratus in the river
Cirrocumulus
Cu hum
Cu cung
Cb caly
Sc tra
Se eug
Se cast
Sc lent
As tra
Ae tra
Ac lent
Ac cug
Ac flo
Ac cast
Ci fil
C i ucns
Ci nat
Cs fil
Ch nebu
GB 12763. 3—91
14.1.1 Observation and recording methods under general weather conditions 14.1.1.1 Cloud observations should be based on the appearance characteristics, structure, color, arrangement, height, accompanying atmospheric phenomena and cloud development and evolution process of various types of clouds in Appendix A, and refer to cloud charts to determine cloud families, cloud genera and cloud types. Records should be made using the simplified semi-deficient matrix of 29 types of clouds in accordance with the following regulations:. The cloud cover with more clouds should be recorded first; when the cloud cover of several types of clouds is equal, record them in the order of high clouds, middle clouds and low clouds: b. When there are no clouds, the cloud shape column is blank. When the cloud shape cannot be determined, record "\". 14.1.1.2 When observing cloud cover, the sky should be divided into ten equal parts, and the observation and recording should be carried out according to the following provisions: 8. If there are clouds all day, the total cloud cover is 0, the sky is completely covered by clouds, and the total cloud cover is 10; if there are clouds accounting for one tenth of the whole day, the total cloud cover is 11; if there are clouds accounting for one tenth of the whole day, the total cloud cover is 2, and so on; b. The observation method of low cloud cover is the same as that of total cloud cover. If there are no low clouds on a parasol day, the sky is half covered by low clouds, and the low cloud cover is 5; if there are low clouds all day, the sky is completely covered by low clouds, and the low cloud cover is 10 c. When recording, only integers should be recorded, and decimals should be rounded up. 14.1.2 Observation and recording methods under special weather conditions Method 14.7.2.1 When there is fog during observation, observe and record according to the following provisions: a. When the cloud amount and cloud shape cannot be distinguished, the total and low cloud amount are both recorded as 10, and the cloud shape is recorded as "3". h. When the cloud shape of the zenith can be judged through the fog, the total and low cloud amount are both recorded as 10, and the cloud shape is recorded as "3". c. Although there is fog, when the cloud amount and cloud shape in the sky can be fully distinguished, observe and record according to the provisions of 11.1.1. 14.1.2.2 When there are dust particles such as floating dust and dust particles during observation, observe and record according to the following provisions: 1. When the cloud amount and cloud shape in the sky cannot be distinguished at all or can only be partially distinguished, the total and low cloud amount are recorded as "3", and the cloud shape is recorded with the symbol of the weather phenomenon or the distinguishable cloud shape at the same time: b. When the cloud amount and cloud shape can be fully distinguished through these weather phenomena, observe according to the provisions of 14.1.1 14.1.3 Methods of observation and recording at night
Before observation, stay at the observation site for 5 minutes. When observing, stay away from lights and observe and record according to the following provisions: When there is moonlight, you can use the moonlight and the density and clarity of starlight, as well as the accompanying weather phenomena to refer to the distribution and evolution trend of clouds in the evening to judge the cloud shape and cloud amount: b. When there is no moonlight and the cloud shape cannot be distinguished, the percentage of the sky that is blocked by clouds and starlight is taken as the total cloud amount, and low clouds and cloud shapes are recorded as \.
14.2 Methods of measuring and recording cloud height
14.2.1 When measuring cloud height with a balloon, use a balloon with a known ascent speed to observe the time it takes to enter the cloud base, and calculate the cloud height according to formula (1): ht+
Where, — cloud height, m;
2——balloon ascent speed, m/s;
tThe time from the balloon’s release to its entry into the cloud base, 5 YaoThe distance from the balloon’s launch site to the sea surface, m. (l)
14.2.2 When measuring cloud height on a daily basis, the cloud shape must first be correctly determined. At the same time, it should also be estimated based on the cloud structure, the size, brightness, color and movement speed of the cloud blocks, combined with the survey of common cloud directions in the sea area. 14.2.3 When recording cloud height, the cloud shape should be added before the value. Only ten cloud genera and three cloud categories Fc, Fs and Fn are recorded for cloud shape. The measured cloud height should be marked in the upper right corner of the value, while the measured cloud height does not have S, such as: Sc2500Cu850. Part IV Observation of Weather Phenomena
15 Meter Language
Weather Phenomena
GB 12763.3- 91
Weather phenomena refer to precipitation, condensation of water vapor (excluding clouds), frozen matter, dry suspended matter, light and electricity phenomena generated or appearing in the atmosphere, on the sea surface and on the hull (or other buildings), and also include "-some wind characteristics. 16 Technical requirements
16.1 The types and symbols of atmospheric phenomena to be observed are shown in Table 3, and the characteristics of various weather phenomena are shown in Appendix B. 16.2 In scheduled observations, face observations and cross-sectional observations, only weather phenomena occurring during observations shall be observed and recorded. 16.3 In fixed-point continuous observations, the following weather phenomena shall be observed and recorded with the start and end time (hours and minutes): rain, showers, drizzle, snow, snow showers, sleet, showery sleet, sleet showers, sleet, sleet, ice pellets, ice, fog, chrysanthemum frost, rime, blowing head, ancient storm, tornado, thunder scene, aurora, and strong wind. Only the start time shall be observed and recorded.
17 Observation and recording methods
17.1 According to the characteristics of atmospheric phenomena in Appendix B, determine the various weather phenomena that appear in the visual area and record them in the weather phenomenon column using the symbols in Table 3.
17.2 In fixed-point continuous observation, the atmospheric phenomena that appear between two observations shall be recorded in the record table of the previous observation in the order of appearance. For weather phenomena that need to be observed and recorded with the start and end time, they shall be recorded in accordance with the following provisions: first record the symbol, then record the start and end time. Weather phenomena that appear continuously in several scheduled observations shall be recorded continuously in each scheduled record table. For example: there is fog from 07:15 to 11:20, in the record table at 05 o'clock, record = 0715-, in the record table at 08 o'clock, record -0800
, and in the record table at 11 o'clock, record = 1100-1120; b When the appearance time is less than one minute and ends, only the start time shall be recorded; the start and end time of wind, if the interval between the two periods of appearance is 15 minutes or less, shall be recorded as one time. 17.3 Weather phenomena that appear in the viewing area but do not appear at the observation station should also be observed and recorded, and should be noted in the minutes column. 17.4 When weather phenomena cause disasters, they should be recorded in detail in the minutes column. 17.5 All atmospheric phenomena related to horizontal visibility on the sea surface should be coordinated with horizontal visibility on the sea surface. Table 3 Weather phenomenon symbol table
Current name
Old guest rain
Rain
Frequent and refreshing snow
18 Terminology
Phenomenon name
Wind refers to the horizontal movement of air.
18.2 Wind direction
Wind direction refers to the direction in which the wind blows.
Chapter 5
Name of Phenomenon
Observation of Sea Surface Wind
Name of Phenomenon
18.3 Wind Speed
GB 12763. 391
Wind speed refers to the ratio of the distance traveled by an air particle to the time required to travel that distance. 1 Technical Requirements
19.1 Observation Items
Observe the average wind speed of 10 mn on the sea surface and the corresponding maximum wind direction. In the fixed-point continuous observation, in addition to the regular current measurement, the hourly wind direction and wind speed should also be obtained from the self-recording records, and the maximum wind speed, corresponding wind direction and time of occurrence should be selected. 19.2 Units, resolution and accuracy
19.2.1 Wind direction is in degrees (, with readings resolved to 1° and an accuracy of ±5. North is 0° and measured clockwise. 19.2.2 Wind speed is in meters per second (m/s), with readings resolved to 0.1 m/s. When the wind speed is less than or equal to 5 m/s, the accuracy is ±0.5m/s; when the wind speed is greater than 5m/s, the accuracy is ±10% of the wind speed. 20 Observation method
20.1 Sensor installation position
20.1.1 The installation position of fixed sensors should comply with the following principles:. As close to the fin as possible, it should be higher than the highest cabin, and the front main eaves pole or the front of the neck deck can be considered. The distance between the sensor and the antenna and the pole is not less than ten times their diameter; for large ships that cannot meet this requirement, a sensor can be installed on both sides of the pole, and the sensor on the windward side is used for observation. 20.1.2 When using a movable sensor, the front of the windward side of the upper deck should be selected for observation. 20.2 Sailing observation
Observation should be carried out when the ship's heading and speed are relatively stable. It is prohibited to observe when the ship accelerates, decelerates or changes its heading. While observing the wind, the ship's heading, speed and position must be measured. 20.3 Fixed-point observation
When the ship is anchored, the azimuth of the ship should also be observed when observing the wind. In fixed-point continuous observation, the azimuth of the ship should be observed hour by hour: when the self-recording volume is full, it should be replaced in time, and the start and end time and station position, etc. should be noted. 20.4 Daily wind measurement
In the absence of wind measuring instruments, the wind speed can be estimated with the help of sea surface conditions. The estimation method is shown in Appendix C. The wind direction can be estimated with the help of floating targets on the ship or the direction of the peak line on the sea surface. 21 Recording method and data collation
21.1 The observation records shall be recorded in the recording table according to the following provisions: a. Record the wind speed with one decimal place and the wind direction with an integer; b. When the wind is calm, record the wind speed as 0.0 and the wind direction as C; c. When measuring the wind visually, record the wind speed as the median of the wind speed column in Table C1 of Appendix C, and the wind direction as the median of the eight directions. At the same time, "test" should be marked in the minutes column. If the wind speed measured is not the average of 10 minutes, it should be noted in the minutes column: c. Record the height of the sensor from the sea surface with an accuracy of ±1m. 21.2 Arrange the observation data according to the following regulations. In the underway observation, the true wind direction and true wind speed are the vector base difference between the measured wind direction and wind speed and the ship's heading and speed (note that the heading and wind direction differ by 180°): b. In fixed-point observation, the measured wind speed indication is the true wind speed: the true wind direction is the sum of the measured wind direction indication and the ship's azimuth (if it is greater than 360°, 360° should be subtracted):
GB 12763. 3- 91
c. In fixed-point continuous observation, the hourly wind direction and wind speed are calculated from the self-recording records, and the maximum wind speed on Sunday, the corresponding wind direction and the time of occurrence are selected.
Chapter VI Observation of Sea Surface Air Temperature and Humidity 22 Terminology
22.1 Air Humidity
Air humidity is a physical basis for expressing the water vapor content and humidity in the air. It is usually expressed by water vapor pressure, relative condensation degree and dew point temperature.
22.2 Water Vapor Pressure
Water vapor pressure is the pressure of the water vapor part of the air acting on a unit area. When the water vapor in the air reaches the saturated state, the water vapor pressure is called the effective water vapor pressure.
22. 3 Relative humidity
Relative humidity is the ratio of the actual water vapor pressure in the air to the saturated water vapor pressure at the current temperature. 22.4 Dew point temperature
Dew point temperature is the temperature when the air temperature drops to the point where the water vapor is saturated under the condition that the water vapor pressure and air pressure remain unchanged, referred to as dew point. 23 Technical requirements
23.1 Observation and calculation items
23.1.1 Temperature
In regular observation, large-area observation and cross-sectional observation, observe the temperature at the time. In fixed-point continuous observation, observe the temperature at each time. Calculate the hourly temperature from the self-recording record and select the highest and lowest temperatures of the week and month. 23. 1.2 Humidity
In regular observation, large-area observation and cross-sectional observation, calculate the water vapor pressure, relative humidity and dew point at the time. Calculate the water vapor pressure, relative humidity and dew point at each time in the fixed point continuous observation, find the hourly relative humidity from the record 4 and select the minimum relative humidity of the week. 23.2 Units, resolution and accuracy
23.2.1 Dry bulb temperature (air temperature) and wet bulb temperature are in degrees Celsius (℃), the reading is resolved to 0.1℃, and the accuracy is ± 0.3C. 23.2.2 Water vapor pressure is in hectopascals (hPa), resolved to 0.1hPa, 23.2.3 Relative humidity is recorded in degrees Celsius, resolved to 1%. When the relative humidity is less than 50%, the accuracy is ± 5%; when it is greater than 50%, the accuracy is ± 2%.
23.2.4 Dew point temperature is in degrees Celsius (C), resolved to 0.1℃. 24 Observation and recording methods
24.1 Measurement site and instruments
24.1.1 The observation site should be located on the deck of the ship's hull, avoiding the influence of smokestacks and other heat sources as much as possible. There should be no particularly humid and highly reflective objects within 2 meters. The underlying surface should be equipped with a natural deck and painted green. 24.1.2 Large ships should be equipped with a sensor on each side. The sensor on the windward side should be used for observation. 24.1.3 The vertical distance between the sensing part of the instrument and the deck should be 1.4-1.6m. 24.2 Observation method
24.2.1 The following observations are required when using a dry-bulb thermometer: a. The line of sight should be kept at the same height as the top of the mercury column on the thermometer, and the reading should be quick and accurate. It is required to read the dry bulb first and then the wet bulb. Read the decimal first and then the integer. The reading should be resolved to 1.1°C. After reading, repeat the integer once. When the temperature is between 0 and -10.0°C, if the wet bulb gauze is frozen, it should be thawed 20-30 minutes before observation. The wet bulb indication should be stable during measurement. If the wet bulb indication is unstable, the reading should not be taken. After a few minutes, the wet bulb reading should be taken again to calculate the humidity (the temperature is still based on the first dry bulb temperature). When the temperature is below -10.0°C, stop observing the wet bulb temperature and use a hygrometer to measure the humidity. However, if the temperature is occasionally below -10.0°C in the winter, the wet bulb temperature can still be observed. 24.2.2 When the temperature is below -36.0C, the mercury thermometer must be stopped and replaced with an alcohol thermometer or other temperature measuring instrument. 24.2.3 For self-recording instruments, marks must be made on the self-recording paper or magnetic tape during regular observations. When the carrier is full, it should be replaced in time, and the start of recording, mountain time and station position, etc. should be noted.
24.3 Recording method
24.3.1 When the temperature is below 0, a minus sign *" should be added before the number". 24.3.2 When the wet-bulb gauze is frozen, a mark \B" should be made in the upper right corner of the wet-bulb reading. 25 Data compilation method
25.1 Instrument error correction
25.1.1 The instrument indication should be corrected according to the correction value or correction coefficient given on its calibration certificate to obtain the correct value. 25.1 .2 If the instrument indication exceeds the range of the calibration certificate, it shall be corrected with the corrected value of the highest (or lowest) reading listed in the calibration certificate. 25.2 Humidity calculation
25.2.1 Use the dry and wet bulb temperatures corrected by the instrument error to obtain the water vapor pressure and relative humidity from the humidity calculation table. The wet bulb freezing and non-freezing should be obtained in the corresponding parts.
25.2.2 Use the water vapor pressure value obtained above to obtain the dew point temperature from the dew point temperature calculation table, see Appendix E Table E1. 25.3 Self-recording
25.3.1 Based on the air temperature and relative humidity at each time, calculate the corrected value of each time record in the self-recording record, and then use the interpolation method to correct the hourly air temperature or relative humidity readings of the self-recording record to calculate the accurate value of the hourly air temperature or relative humidity. 25.3.2 Select the highest temperature, lowest temperature and lowest relative humidity readings on Sunday from the self-recording records, and obtain the accurate values of the highest temperature, lowest temperature and lowest relative humidity after interpolation correction. VII. Observation of atmospheric pressure
26 Terminology
Atmospheric pressure is the atmospheric pressure acting on a unit area. 27 Technical requirements
27.1 Observation items
Observe the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the plane.
In regular observations, large-surface observations and cross-sectional observations, observe the atmospheric pressure at that time. In fixed-point continuous observations, observe the atmospheric pressure at each time, and at the same time, calculate the hourly atmospheric pressure from the self-recording records and select the highest and lowest atmospheric pressures on Sunday. 27.2 Units, resolution and accuracy
The unit value is hectopascals (hPa), the resolution is 0.1 hPa, and the accuracy is ±1 hPa. 28 Observation and recording methods
28.1 Instrument installation
28.1.1 The empty box barometer and the ship's mercury barometer should be installed in a place away from heat sources, without direct ventilation, without direct sunlight, and with less swaying and vibration.
GB12763.3-91
28.1.2 The ship's mercury barometer should be equipped with a balance device, and the hanging height should be convenient for reading. The height of the mercury trough from the sea level should be measured. 28.1.3 The recording pen of the barometer should be perpendicular to the keel of the ship. 28.2 Observation and recording
28.2.1 First read the temperature on the attached screen and record it to 0.1C, then read the air pressure. In the case of wind and waves, the median of the highest and lowest air pressure values should be read, and 2 to 3 readings should be made for each observation, and the arithmetic mean of these readings should be recorded. 28.2.2 For recording instruments, marks must be made on the self-recording paper or tape during regular observations. When the carrier is full, it should be replaced in time, and the start and end time of the recording and the station position should be noted.
28.2.3 The empty box barometer should be calibrated with a mercury barometer at most once every three months. 29 Data collation method
29.1 When observing with an empty box barometer, the following corrections are required to obtain the sea level pressure: County scale correction, given by the calibration certificate;
b. Temperature correction, the temperature correction value is obtained by multiplying the auxiliary temperature (corrected by instrument error) by the temperature coefficient given by the calibration certificate. When making corrections, attention should be paid to the positive and negative signs of the temperature reading and the temperature coefficient; c. Supplementary correction, given by the calibration certificate;
d. Altitude correction, the pressure after the above three corrections is the on-site pressure, and then the altitude correction is the sea level pressure. The altitude correction value p) can be found in Table E2 of Appendix E.
29.2 When observing with a ship's mercury barometer, the following corrections are required to obtain the sea level pressure: instrument error correction, which is given in the calibration certificate: b. Temperature correction, the pressure and the auxiliary temperature after the instrument error correction are obtained from the "Common Meteorological Tables". If the auxiliary temperature is higher than 0℃, the correction value is negative, and if the auxiliary temperature is lower than 0℃, the correction value is positive; c. Gravity correction (including altitude gravity correction and latitude gravity correction), the pressure value after temperature correction, the altitude and latitude of the barometer are obtained from the "Common Meteorological Tables". If the mercury trough is higher than sea level, the altitude gravity correction value is negative; if it is lower than sea level, the altitude gravity correction value is positive. Latitude gravity correction is positive when the station latitude is greater than 45°, and negative when it is less than 45°. Only latitude gravity correction is performed on the survey ship, and altitude gravity correction is not performed:
d. Altitude correction is the same as that of the empty box barometer.
29.3 The self-recording records shall be sorted according to the following provisions: based on the sea level pressure observed at each time, the correction value of each time record in the self-recording record is calculated, and then the hourly pressure readings of the self-recording record are corrected by interpolation to calculate the sea level pressure at the time; b. Select the highest and lowest pressures in Zhoukou after correction from the self-recording record. Chapter 8 Observation of Precipitation
30 Terminology
Precipitation
Precipitation refers to the liquid or solid (after melting) precipitation that falls from the sky to the sea surface, and the detection of the horizontal area without evaporation, loss and diffusion.
31 Technical requirements
31.1 Observation items
Observe the precipitation 6 hours before the scheduled time and calculate the total precipitation on the Sunday. 31.2 Unit, resolution and accuracy
The unit is millimeter (mm), and the resolution is 0.1mm. GB12763.391
When the precipitation is less than or equal to 10 mm, the accuracy is ±0.5 mm; when the precipitation is greater than 10 mm, the accuracy is ±5%. 32 Observation and recording methods
32.1 Observation site and instrument installation
There should be no obstruction above the observation site, and the influence of tall buildings should be avoided as much as possible. The instrument should be firmly installed on the deck, and the sensing part should be equipped with a leveling device. The height of the instrument mouth from the deck is 0m, and it should be kept as half water as possible. 32.2 Observation method
32.2.1 Liquid precipitation should be measured directly with a special measuring cup proportional to the area of the mouth of the vessel. When reading, the line of sight should be aligned with the horizontal plane, and the lowest point of the concave surface is the best.
32.2.2 Solid precipitation must be measured after it melts. 32.2.3 Observation should be made immediately after the precipitation stops. 32.2, 4 Pure precipitation, dew, frost, rime, and blowing snow should not be observed. When snow appears, the precipitation should be observed. 32.3 Recording method
32.3.1 When there is no precipitation, the precipitation column is blank; when the precipitation is less than 0.05mm, record *0.0”32.3.2 Pure fog, dew, frost, rime, blowing snow, although there is precipitation, it is still recorded as no precipitation.32.3.3 When the wind and waves are strong and seawater splashes into the rain gauge, it is recorded as missing, but the reason and precipitation conditions should be noted in the minutes column, such as light rain, moderate rain, heavy rain.
Chapter 9 Detection of high-altitude air pressure, temperature and humidity33 Terminology
33.1 Inversion layer
Inversion layer refers to the temperature that increases with the increase of altitude. 33.2 Zero-degree layer
The zero-degree layer refers to the layer with a temperature of 0°C.
33.3 Tropospheric term
The tropospheric term refers to the transition layer between the troposphere and the stratosphere. The height and temperature of the tropopause vary with latitude and season, and are also related to the activity of the atmospheric system. 34 Technical requirements
4.1 Detection items, measurement units and resolution 34.1.1 Air, in hPu (hPu), with a resolution of 1 hPa. 34.1.2 Temperature, in degrees Celsius (℃), with a resolution of 0.1 C. 34.1.3 Condensation, relative humidity recorded in %, resolution to 1%: dew point in degrees Celsius (℃), resolution to 0.1℃, 34.7.4 Temperature dew point difference, in degrees Celsius (C), resolution to 0.1C. 34.1.5 Altitude, in geopotential meters, resolution to 1 geopotential meter: 34.2 Specified isobaric surfaces
Specified isobaric surfaces are! 000,850,700,600,500,400, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 70, 50, 40. 30, 20, 15. 10. 75 hPa.
34.3 Specified characteristic layers
Specified characteristic layers are sea surface layer, isothermal layer, inversion layer, temperature mutation layer, humidity mutation layer, zero-degree layer, troposphere top, termination layer and temperature peak measurement layer.
35 Detection method
35.1 Detection principle
GB 12763. 391
Detection principle: The sonde is carried into the air by a balloon. During the ascent, the sonde continuously senses the air pressure, temperature and humidity of the surrounding air and continuously sends out radio signals. After receiving these signals, the station will sort them out and calculate the air pressure, temperature and humidity at different degrees. 35.2 Balloons, nitrogen and ascent speed
35.2.1 Balloons
Sounding balloons should be No. 80 or No. 120. The balloon should be filled 0.5 to 1 hour before release. The filling speed should not be too fast, usually within 20 minutes. In stone.
35.2.2 Ammonia
Hydrogen must be used to inflate and deflate balloons, and oxygen is prohibited. The standard of oxygen should comply with the provisions of GB4844 nitrogen and GB4845 nitrogen test methods. The molecular weight of nitrogen is 4.00, and the buoyancy of 1m in the air is 7kg. 35.2.3 Opening speed and static lifting force
35.2.3.1 The balloon's rising speed should be controlled at about 400m/min, and it should have different net lifting forces under different weather conditions. 35.2.3.2 The net lifting force is calculated according to formula (2):
F= Wig + W2 — Wa
W—weight of the sonde and its attachments, B
W—weight of the inflatable nozzle, kgt
W.—weight of the code, kz:
9 —acceleration due to gravity, 9. 8 m/s2.
(2)
35.2.3.3 When using a No. 120 balloon, the net lifting force is usually 1500g. In thick cloud, rain or snow, the net lifting force should be increased by 800~1000g. 35.2.3.4 According to the balloon's ascent speed and the sea surface temperature and pressure values of the most recent hours, the standard density ascent speed value is obtained from the commonly used table for high-altitude meteorological observations, and then the net lifting force is obtained based on the standard density ascent speed value and the weight of the sonde and its accessories. 35.3 Preparation of sonde
35.3.1 Sonde inspection
The supporting inspection, appearance inspection, mechanical inspection and verification and calibration of the sonde should be carried out on land, and unqualified products should not be brought on the survey ship. 35.3.2 Base point inspection
Temperature and humidity viscosity point inspections are usually carried out in a humidity verification box. For the temperature base point inspection, the sonde should be placed in a temperature-stable environment for sensing for more than 0.5 hours. For the humidity base point inspection, the sensor should first be aged once, and then the inspection should be carried out from high humidity to low humidity. It is forbidden to carry out the inspection from low humidity to high humidity. The base point inspection is usually carried out on land. 35.3.3 Sensitivity check
The pressure sensitivity check should be carried out in a dedicated pressure box. Readings can only be taken continuously from high pressure to low pressure. It is forbidden to take readings when the pressure in the box is increased, that is, it is forbidden to take readings when the air is deflated. Pressure sensitivity checks are usually not carried out on survey ships. 35.3.4 Base value determination
Place the sonde (including the backup sonde) in the convex leaf box for sensing 1 hour before release, and carry out the base value determination 0.5 hours before release. The on-site air pressure during the base value determination refers to the air pressure at the height of the sonde. If the barometer and the sonde are not at the same height, they must be corrected to the height of the sonde. When the height increases by 1m, the air pressure decreases by 0.1hPa height decreases! m, air pressure increases 0.1hPa; b. Calculate relative humidity based on dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometer readings. When the temperature is lower than -10.0, use a hair hygrometer to measure relative humidity:
Calculate the base point variables of temperature, air pressure, and humidity. The base point variables are equal to the calibration symbol minus the instrument symbol:
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