Ergonomic principles for the design of control centres Part 5 : Principles for the design of control centres
Some standard content:
DL/T 575.5—1999
This standard is compiled with reference to the contents of control center design in the research results of ergonomics standardization at home and abroad (see Appendix B). The series of standards DL/T575 takes "Guidelines for ergonomics design of control centers" as the general title, including 12 sub-standards: DL/T575.1 Guidelines for ergonomics design of control centers DL/T575.2 Guidelines for ergonomics design of control centers DL/T575.3 Guidelines for ergonomics design of control centers DL/T575.4 Guidelines for ergonomics design of control centers DL/T575.5 Guidelines for ergonomics design of control centers DL/T575.6 Guidelines for ergonomics design of control centers DL/T575.7 Guidelines for ergonomics design of control centers Part 1: Terms and definitions;
Part 2: Field of view and visual zone division Division;
Part 3: Division of hand reach and operation area;
Part 4: Dimensions of confined space;
Part 5: Design principles of control center;
Part 6: Principles of overall layout of control center;
Part 7: Layout of control room;
Part 8: Layout and dimensions of workstations;DL/T575.8 Guidelines for ergonomic design of control centerDI-/T575.9 Guidelines for ergonomic design of control center Part 9: Display, controller and interaction:DI./T575.10 Guidelines for ergonomic design of control centerDI/T575.11 Guidelines for ergonomic design of control centerDI./T575.12 Guidelines for ergonomic design of control centerAppendix A of this standard is a suggestive appendix,
Appendix B of this standard is a suggestive appendix.
This standard was proposed by the former Ministry of Electric Power Industry of the People's Republic of China. Part 10: Principles of environmental requirements; Part 11: Evaluation principles for control rooms; Part 12: Visual display terminal (VDT) workstations. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the Power Automation Research Institute of State Grid Corporation of China. The main drafting units of this standard are: China Institute of Standardization and Information Classification and Coding, Power Automation Research Institute of State Grid Corporation of China, and Nanjing Railway Medical College. The main drafters of this standard are: Liu Wei, Tong Shizhong, Hua Donghong, Fu Wenchen, Ma Changshan, and Zhang Jinhua. 1262
1 Scope
Electric Power Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
Guidelines for the ergonomic design of control centres
Part 5: Principles for the design of control centres Part 5: Principles for the design of control centres This standard specifies the basic principles and procedures for the ergonomic design of control centres. DL/T575.51999
This standard applies to the design of new control centers at all levels, and also to the technical transformation design of existing control centers. 2 Referenced standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised, and parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. DI./T575.1--1999 Guidelines for ergonomic design of control centers Part 1: Terms and definitions DL/T575.6--1999 Guidelines for ergonomic design of control centers DL/T575.71999 Guidelines for ergonomic design of control centers DL/T575.8-1999 Guidelines for ergonomic design of control centers DL/T575.9-1999 Guidelines for ergonomic design of control centers Part 6: Principles of overall layout of control centers Part 7: Layout of control rooms
Part 8: Layout and dimensions of workstations
Part 9: Displays, controls and interactions DL/T 575.10--1999
Guidelines for ergonomic design of control centers
Part 10: Principles of environmental requirements
DL/T 575.11---1999
Guidelines for ergonomic design of control centers
Part 11: Evaluation principles for control rooms
DL/T 575.12---1999
Part 12: Guidelines for ergonomic design of control centers with visual display terminals (VDT) workstations
3 Definitions
The definitions adopted in this standard are given in DL/T575.1-1999.
4 Ergonomic design process
4.1 Basic principles of ergonomics
This standard is based on the following basic concepts. 4.1.1 Ergonomic design method
Ergonomic design method refers to the coordinated integration of various factors related to people in the design. These factors include hardware, software, environment, management and operating practices, as shown in Figure 1. Special attention should be paid to cognitive factors in the design process, which are very important for problem solving and decision making. If people with physical disabilities are to be arranged to work in control centers, their special needs should be considered in the design process. Human-machine engineering design methods need to be coordinated with traditional function-oriented design methods. In particular, human characteristics are the basis of design specifications. Human characteristics should include not only basic human abilities or limitations (such as perception), but also how operators grasp the knowledge of "design objects" and their interactions. The design objects include machines (hardware and software), environment, operation and management. Highly automated and large systems have higher requirements for human factors, and therefore human psychological needs must be considered, including workload, self-realization needs, motivation and cultural background. 4.1.2 Fault-tolerant design
Human errors and cognitive limitations are inevitable, so it is necessary to carry out fault-tolerant design. Fault-tolerant design provides information to users in an appropriate manner so that they understand the situation they are facing; or provides redundancy, interlocking, automatic operation and operator support systems. 4.1.3 Iteration and correction process
In actual applications, the design has its inherent iteration process, which requires repeated approval until the operator and the design object achieve the predetermined requirements through interaction.
It should be noted that the effectiveness of each unit in the design does not guarantee that the system assembled with these units is effective. Sometimes even a small correction may lead to unexpected side effects, although the correction itself is reasonable. Although users can consciously or unconsciously change their behavior to adapt to these corrections, these behavioral changes are not necessarily optimal from an ergonomics perspective. Information from operational experience (i.e. operational feedback) is particularly important in the iterative process, and ergonomic design methods can broaden the scope of the traditional design process. Factors related to ergonomic design include: planning, conceptual design, detailed design, manufacturing, initial testing, operation, training, management, and the application of operational experience to current and future systems. 4.1.4 Task Analysis
During the ergonomic design process, task analysis should be conducted at each stage of the design process to determine the necessary design inputs and approve the design plan. This standard requires three types of task analysis in three design steps: the first type: determining the tasks assigned to people or machines (step 3); the second type: drafting detailed design specifications (steps 9A to 9F); the third type: analyzing and evaluating feedback information (step 11), the results of which can be incorporated into the first type of task analysis during the design of the control center or technical transformation design.
4.2 Flowchart of ergonomic design process
The design process should be carried out according to the design flow chart shown in Figure 2. The design flow chart consists of 5 stages, each of which contains one or more steps:
· Stage 1: Clarify the problem;
Stage 2: Functional design,
Stage 3: Conceptual design;
Stage 4: Detailed design;
Stage 5: Operation feedback.
The several feedback loops in Figure 2 represent the iteration process in the design. All design steps (including the iteration process) in the design should be documented and filed for easy reference.
A design team composed of multidisciplinary experts should be established to organize and guide the design project. The disciplines included in the design team should be determined according to the target system.
For specific requirements and suggestions for steps 9 and 10, please refer to DL/T575 of this series of standards.6--1999~575.11---1999. 4.3 Phase I: Clarification of the Problem
The purpose of the United States is to clarify the operating objectives and determine the constraints related to the design of the control center. · A control center is an integration of the main control room and its supporting facilities and local control stations, which together control · a target system or a group of target systems. … A target system should be composed of several subsystems.
Phase 1: Clarify the problem
Phase 2: Functional design
DL/T575.5 -1999
1. Clarify the purpose and basic requirements
2. Determine the system performance (functional analysis and description) 3. Determine the task requirements (task analysis)
Human characteristics and needs
Simulation test
Phase 2: Conceptual design
Phase 4: Detailed design
Overall layout of the control center
Simulation test
4. Allocation of human-machine functions
5. Operation design
6. Inspection and approval of functional design
7. Conceptual design of the control center
8. Verification and approval of the conceptual design
Layout of the control room
Layout of workstations and
Displays and www.bzxz.net
Controllers
Machine characteristics and requirements
10. Verification and approval of the control center (detailed design) Stage V: Operation feedback
11. Accumulation of operation experience
Application of operation and
Management to other projects
Figure 2 Ergonomic design process for control center 4.3.1 Step 1: Clarify the purpose and basic requirements Clarify the relevant links between the functional objectives of the target system and between the subsystems, and document them to make a clear description of the subsystems that make up the target system. The requirements or constraints to be considered in the design of the control center are as follows: a) functional standards; b) safety and security requirements; c) operation and control requirements; d) ergonomic requirements; e) operational and organizational requirements; f) company policies; g) company standards; h) technical limitations; i) resource limitations; i) operating experience; k) lack or inadequate information. For further requirements, see Appendix A. Feedback from other projects should also be considered (step 1). For requirements with minor problems, relevant documents should be provided, and evaluation and judgment should be made. 4.4 Phase II: Functional Design
According to the system performance requirements, determine the task requirements, allocate human-machine functions, determine the operator's work (tasks assigned to people), and check the operation specifications
4.4.1 Step 2: Determine system performance requirements
In order to complete the overall operation objectives (phase I) and its sub-objectives, a functional analysis should be conducted to determine the system performance requirements: Under different operation modes, the performance requirements of the target system will also change accordingly. The operation modes that should be considered are: a) Steady-state operation
An operation mode in which the output of the system (such as power) remains constant. b) Normal transient operation (startup, shutdown) An operation mode in which the output of the system changes between normal states in a controlled manner (i.e., startup, shutdown, load tracking). This type of operation usually requires more operators than normal steady-state operation. C) Emergency (abnormal) operation
An operation mode used to implement short-term recovery measures or mitigation measures under abnormal conditions. In the design of the control center, special attention should be paid to this operation mode.
d) Post-emergency operation
An operating mode used to implement long-term recovery or mitigation measures after emergency (abnormal) operations, sometimes including administrative control functions. e) Planned maintenance
Includes regular or irregular inspection and maintenance by administrative and maintenance personnel of the target system. Planned maintenance sometimes requires special procedures because instruments and control systems are not always in full operational status, they may be under inspection or maintenance. 4.4.2 Step 3: Determine mission requirements
Perform a mission analysis to specify the tasks that need to be performed to meet the performance and functional requirements determined in step 2. These tasks should be determined based on quantitative measurements, logic or any other description, which will become the basis for the preparation of design specifications in the third stage. In the mission analysis, it is also necessary to describe the possible human behaviors under a series of expected system conditions. 4.4.3 Step 4: Human-machine function allocation
When determining the tasks assigned to operators, the ergonomic principles given in Table 1 should be met, and the characteristics of the user group, such as age, ability, gender, ethnicity, nationality, experience, body shape, psychological factors (such as attention, boredom and collaborative work), etc., should be considered. Task allocation should be flexible to allow the main users to have room for choice and to make dynamic adjustments according to their own ideas. At this stage, the tasks assigned to the operator support system should also be determined. Table 1 shows the basic procedures for assigning tasks to people or machines. Its main purpose is to fully consider human capabilities, characteristics and human values in task allocation. In addition, the scope of the user group, technical level, cultural background, education level, profession, etc. should also be comprehensively considered. This process should be repeated until all task allocations reach the expected results. 4.4.4 Step 5: Job design
The purpose of job design is to determine the jobs assigned to each operator. In this step, the following requirements should also be determined: a) work organization (such as the organizational structure and number of operators); b) communication requirements between operators and between the control room and the local control station; c) operating procedure requirements;
d) training requirements.
The work organization should be considered from the perspective of ergonomics, so that the work is adapted to the characteristics, training level and ability of the operator. In order to meet these requirements, in addition to establishing a set of ergonomic job assignment criteria, a temporary work organization should also be determined, because the iteration of job assignment will cause the work organization to change continuously. The job assignment criteria and work organization should meet the requirements for use and management described in step 1. If collaborative work is required to complete a task, the information that operators need to exchange or share should be clearly defined in the job design. The results of the job design should be incorporated into the requirements of the operating procedures, training system and functional specifications. 1266
1. First assignment
DL/T 575. 5 --1999
Table 1 Basic procedures for human-machine function allocation
(1) The following tasks are allocated to machines:
On the premise of ensuring the performance, safety and reliability of the system, according to the personality, ability and characteristics of people [see note (1. Make a preliminary allocation
2. Second allocation
From the perspective of ergonomics and system efficiency [see note (3) 1. Complete supplementary or flexible allocation 3. Third allocation
Based on fault-tolerant methods, provide support measures for operators Note:
From the perspective of load, time limit, speed, action complexity, decision-making, etc., tasks that are not suitable for humans [see note (2):
Tasks involving system safety.
(2) Assign tasks that machines are not capable of. (1) and (2) Tasks that cannot be allocated are allocated in the next step (1) Adjust the allocation completed in step 1 (1) and 1-(2). And consider supplementary allocation, (a) When When the following conditions are met, reallocate some of the tasks originally assigned to the machine in 1-(1) to the human:
It enables the operator to take full responsibility;
It enables the operator to better understand the status of the machine;
It can reflect the self-worth of the operator,
(b) When the following conditions are met, reallocate some of the tasks originally assigned to the human in 1-(2) to the machine:
The tasks are highly repetitive and boring;
It helps to improve the efficiency of the system.
(2) Use the system's criteria to assign tasks that cannot be assigned in step 1. At any time, as long as the conditions are found to be appropriate, consider supplementary or flexible task assignments and give users the ability to actively change task assignments (1) When the information collection and processing process can be simplified [see Note (5), assign some of the tasks previously assigned to humans [see Note (41)] to the operator support system. (2) When functional failures caused by human errors endanger system safety.There should be corresponding fault-tolerant measures, such as interlocking, redundancy, system backup, system buffering, etc. See Note (6) (1) In management guidelines and standards, there are often situations where certain tasks need to be automatically assigned to machines. (2) Tasks that are difficult for people to perform may have the following characteristics: the load is too large or too small;
· The time margin is too short or too long:
- Complex action logic.
(3) Assigning tasks to people can provide them with a better on-the-job training environment, which can usually effectively improve their skills and thinking patterns.
(4) When selecting tasks to be supported by the operator support system, the following factors should be considered: human authority;
· Understanding of the situation;
- Education or training effect.
(5) The operator support system determined in this step should be implemented in step 9D (design of display and controller). (6) The fault tolerance measures determined in this step should be required in terms of the machine. 4.4.5 Step 6: Verification and approval of functional design The work assignments (including the allocation of man-machine functions) should be verified and approved. A set of approval criteria should be developed, including the work assignment criteria and other relevant requirements (such as the need for parallel work, frequent communication). Checklists should be used to check whether these criteria are met, and computer simulations (such as isochrone analysis) can be used as a means of verification. 4.5 Phase 3: Conceptual design
DL/T 575. 5- 1999
The purpose of this step is to develop a set of preliminary design specifications, which should be based on the results of the previous steps, such as user requirements, regulatory requirements, standards, work assignments and related performance requirements, work organization, etc. 4.5.1 Step 7: The conceptual design of the control center should start from the perspective of system performance, and systematically reorganize the results obtained in the previous steps to form a complete set of conceptual design specifications. For example, the work organization requirements (such as the organizational structure and number of operators) and the work design results should be used as the basis for workplace requirements. The formulation of the conceptual design specifications should include the following: a) space allocation; b) functional connection; e) arrangement of the control room and its supporting rooms; d) control room layout; e) workstation layout and size; f) display and controller; h) environmental conditions; h) operation and management system. Before formulating the design plan, the design criteria (including equipment selection plan) should be determined, and the criteria should comply with user requirements, regulations, guidelines, standards, etc. In order to ensure the systematic nature of the conceptual design specifications formulated, task analysis in terms of materials and information (such as communication) should be carried out. 4.5.2 Step 8: Verification and approval of the conceptual design The formulated conceptual design specifications should be verified and approved. A set of validation criteria (including design criteria and other similar inferences that are more detailed than those in step 6) should be developed, and checklists should be used to check whether these criteria are met, and computer simulations can be used as a means of validation.
4.6 Stage 4: Detailed Design
The purpose is to develop practicable and detailed design specifications for the construction of the control center. In the design process, appropriate ergonomic data should be used.
4.6.1 Step 9A: Overall layout of the control center 4.6.1.1 The requirements for developing the overall layout design specifications of the control center are as follows: a) determine the functional areas that constitute the control center; b) estimate the space required for each functional area; ) determine the working connections between the functional areas; d) prepare a preliminary layout plan.
4.6.1.2 Steps 3 and 5 should be used as the basis for this step. In addition, ergonomic and architectural requirements related to cultural factors and environmental conditions should also be considered. The control center generally includes: a) control room; b) meeting room; c) equipment room; d) office; e) maintenance room; f) rest room; g) dining area, kitchen and toilet; h) local control station. The proposed overall layout design specification should ensure that all activities in the control center can be carried out smoothly. The specific design requirements for the layout of the control center are given in DL./T575.6. 4.6.2 Step 93: Layout of the control room
4.6.2.1 The layout of the control case shall determine the following:1268
a) usable space;
DL/T 575.5-1999
b) office furniture and equipment required in the control room; c) required working connections between people and facilities in the control room; d) access requirements for staff, visitors and maintenance. 4.6.2.2 The layout shall take into full consideration the task requirements and operation design mentioned in the previous steps, as well as the characteristics of the user group. Any detailed layout shall consider the following:
a) workstations;
b) equipment structure;
c) storage space inside and outside the workstations; d) entrances and exits,
e) shared displays (screens) outside the workstations. The proposed layout shall ensure support for the previously determined operational connections (including face-to-face communication, equipment sharing and collaborative work). For the specific requirements of control room layout design, please refer to DL/T575.7.4.6.3 Step 9C: Workstation layout and size4.6.3.1 To develop the design specifications for workstation layout and size, the following tasks need to be completed: a) Analyze and clarify the tasks (operation and maintenance) that the workstation needs to complete; b) Determine the components required to make up the workstation; c) Develop the specifications for workstation layout and size. 4.6.3.2 The layout of the workstation needs to consider the detailed ergonomic requirements related to the following devices and workstation features: a) Display;
b) Controller;
c) Writing space;
d) Communication facilities;
e) Seat, armrest and footrest
For detailed requirements of workstation layout, please refer to DL/T575.8.4.6.4 Step 9D: Design of displays and controllers Develop the design specifications for displays and controllers used in the control room and ensure that they meet the previously determined functional national standard requirements. Displays and controllers involve many hardware and software selection issues, including: a) Conventional devices. Mainly include instruments, recording devices, alarms, shared displays, rotary switches, and buttons. b) Screen display. Mainly include displays or monitors, related software, touch screens, and closed-circuit television (CCTV) displays. In addition to the basic requirements of ergonomics, special attention should be paid to the cognitive characteristics of users, and the density, content, quality and timely display of information are crucial. In addition, it is also important to choose a device suitable for operation. For detailed requirements on display and controller specifications, see DL/T 575. 9.
4.6.5 Step 9E: Environmental Design
Develop environmental condition specifications for the control center, including: a) thermal environment;
b) air quality:
c) lighting environment:
d) acoustic environment;
e) vibration.
Specific ergonomic requirements of environmental design specifications are shown in DL/T575.10. 4.6.6 Step 9F: Operation and management requirements
4.6.6.1 The following factors should be considered when formulating specific operation and management requirements: 1269
DL/T 575. 5--1999
a) The human-machine function allocation determined in the previous design stage has put forward the requirements of the main users; b) The overall layout of the control center, the layout of the control room, the layout of the workstations and the display devices are suitable for the requirements of work organization; c) The design has appropriately reflected the specific requirements of the users and the requirements for contact with other teams outside the control room; d) It is easy to meet communication requirements:
e) The characteristics and requirements of secondary users have been appropriately considered. 4.6.6.2 Provide relevant information on management and organization work to the relevant personnel using the system to avoid exceeding the conditions provided by the design and performing erroneous or even risky operations. These materials include: a) the designer's assumptions;
b) the designer's intentions;
c) the correct method of use;
d) the displayed and specific display content;
e) the differences from the previous control center design. 4.6.7 Step 10: Inspection and approval of the control center (detailed design) The detailed design specifications should be formally inspected and approved. A set of approval criteria (design criteria and other criteria including operational effectiveness) should be established, and checklists should be used to check whether these criteria are met. When approving, special attention must be paid to time-related dynamic characteristics. The dynamic characteristics can be approved by the operator's dynamic simulation. The specific requirements for the inspection and approval of the detailed design are shown in DL/T575.11.4.7 Stage 5: Operational Feedback
The purpose is to continue to check the effectiveness of the control center during its service life. After the target system begins operation, collect and check the operational feedback information. This information is beneficial to future engineering projects and the renovation of existing control rooms. 4.7.1 Step 11: Accumulation of operational experience
In order to discover and determine the non-compliance with ergonomic principles in the design of the control center, operational experience should be systematically accumulated. Field observation, interviews or other systematic methods can be used to collect operational experience. Task analysis can be used to analyze operational feedback information. The analysis results can be used in the design of new control centers or the updating of existing devices.
At any stage, if there is non-compliance with ergonomic principles, the design procedures introduced in this standard should be used as remedial measures. In this step, detailed operational and management requirements should be formulated. 1270
A1 Overview of the target system
The target system includes:
DL/T 575.5--1999
Appendix A
(Appendix to the standard)
Basic requirements and constraints to be clarified in step 1 (4.3.1)a) Name of the project and the target system;h) Owner or customer (state-owned, collective or private enterprise);c) Location and site conditions (such as climate, geographical information);d) Social impact and social background;
e) Infrastructure and public utility conditions;
f) Type of target system and its overall specifications (such as size, capacity);g) Control objectives (such as source materials, information, personnel);h) System description (such as description of functions and operations);i) Framework of the project (such as organization, procedures, budget);) Time schedule;
k) Plan revision and procedure update.
A2 Safety and protection requirements
Safety and protection requirements include:
a) Protection against dangerous or polluting sources (such as flammable gases/liquids, toxic gases/liquids, electromagnetic radiation, etc.); b) Fire protection system;
c) Safety alarm system;
d) Explosion-proof measures;
e) Earthquake-proof measures;
1) Diagnostic system for equipment and/or system; g) Emergency shutdown system;
h) Accident handling;
i) Procedures/regulations.
A3 Operation and control requirements
Operation and control requirements include:
a) Operation type and process characteristics (such as continuous, batch, decentralized, intermittent); b) Control objectives (such as raw materials, energy, transportation, vehicles, information, personnel); c) Tasks (such as control, monitoring, processing, instructions); d) Control type (such as steady-state control, program control, sequence control); e) Real-time requirements (such as dynamic processes, fire alarm points); f) Online requirements (such as networks, human resources); f) Control center mode (such as integrated, centralized, distributed); h) Backup mode (such as redundancy, hybrid, hardware); i) Staffing (such as the number of operators/staff); 1271
j) Shift system;
k) Work and rest system;
1) Emergency facilities.
Ergonomic requirements
Ergonomic requirements include:
a) user groups;
b) operator quality;
c) work organization;
d) work auxiliary facilities;
e) personnel selection;
f) training plan;
g) collaborative work;
h) visitor visits;
i) safety;
DL/T 575. 5--1999
j) requirements for supporting auxiliary rooms (such as equipment rooms, restaurants, lounges, and conference rooms). A5
Restrictions and limitations
Restrictions and limitations include:
a) local laws and regulations;
b) national regulations and standards.
A6 Further constraints
Further constraints include:
a) Owner's criteria;
b) Lack of management information.
Appendix B
(Suggested Appendix)
Main references
17ISO/DIS 11064-1 (1997) Ergonomic design of control centers [2]] ISO13407 Human-oriented design process for interactive systems Part 1: Principles of control center design
【37GB/T16251—1996 Ergonomic principles for work system design (eqv1SO6385—1981) 12725--1999
j) Requirements for supporting auxiliary rooms (such as equipment rooms, restaurants, lounges, and conference rooms). A5
Restrictions and limitations
Restrictions and limitations include:
a) Local laws and regulations;
b) National regulations and standards.
A6 Further restrictions
Further restrictions include:
a) Owner's guidelines;
b) Lack of management information.
Appendix B
(Suggested Appendix)
Main References
17ISO/DIS 11064-1 (1997) Ergonomic Design of Control Centers [2]] ISO13407 Human-Oriented Design Process for Interactive Systems Part 1: Principles of Control Center Design
【37GB/T16251—1996 Ergonomic Principles for Work System Design (eqv1SO6385—1981) 12725--1999
j) Requirements for supporting auxiliary rooms (such as equipment rooms, restaurants, lounges, and conference rooms). A5
Restrictions and limitations
Restrictions and limitations include:
a) Local laws and regulations;
b) National regulations and standards.
A6 Further restrictions
Further restrictions include:
a) Owner's guidelines;
b) Lack of management information.
Appendix B
(Suggested Appendix)
Main References
17ISO/DIS 11064-1 (1997) Ergonomic Design of Control Centers [2]] ISO13407 Human-Oriented Design Process for Interactive Systems Part 1: Principles of Control Center Design
【37GB/T16251—1996 Ergonomic Principles for Work System Design (eqv1SO6385—1981) 1272
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