Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Compilation specifications for1 :100 o0o topographic maps1Subject content and scope of application
GB12344--90
This standard specifies the mathematical basis, accuracy, editing work, technical methods and comprehensive indicators of various elements of map content for compiling and drawing 1:100000 national basic scale topographic maps.
This standard is applicable to the compilation and drawing of 1:100000 topographic maps by various departments of national economic construction. It can also be used as a reference for the compilation and drawing of geographic base maps for thematic maps.
2 Reference standards
GB123421: 25000, 1:50000, 1:100000 topographic map diagram 3 General rules
3.1 Nature, use and basic requirements of topographic maps3.1.11: 100000 topographic map is the national basic scale topographic map, which is mainly used by various departments of national economic construction for survey, planning, design, scientific research, etc., and can also be used as the basic data for compiling smaller scale topographic maps or thematic maps. 3.1.21: 100000 topographic map should meet the following requirements:a. The symbols and annotations of the topographic map should be implemented in accordance with GB12342;b. The mean error of the plane position of the feature points on the map with respect to the nearby field control points shall generally not be greater than ±0.50mm, and in special cases, it shall not be greater than ±0.75mm;
℃. The representation and integration of each element should be able to reflect the geographical characteristics of the mapping area. The map content is highly current, well-organized, and easy to read. The map lines are fine, the specifications are accurate, and the colors are bright. 3.2 Mathematical basis, framing and numbering of topographic maps 3.2.1 Mathematical basis
The coordinate system adopts the 1980 Xi'an coordinate system, and the ellipsoid is the IAG-75 ellipsoid. The projection adopts the Gauss-Kerringer projection, which is divided into 6° zones. The elevation system adopts the 1985 National Elevation Base. 3.2.2 Framing and numbering
3.2.2.1 The international framing system of millionth maps is adopted. Framing is based on a longitude difference of 30° and a latitude difference of 20°. The longitudes on the east and west sides of the map outline are straight lines, and the latitudes on the north and south sides are curves. For the convenience of display, the latitudes are replaced by broken lines, and their breaking points are the midpoints of the upper and lower map outlines (i.e., the intersection of the longitudes with a longitude difference of 15' and the north and south latitudes).
3.2.2.21: The numbering of 100000 topographic maps shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of Appendix B of GB12342-90 "1:25000, 1*50000, 1:100000 Topographic Map Format".
3.2.2.3 In addition to the map number, each map should also be marked with a map title. The map name should be the name of the main settlement within the map sheet. For maps without settlements, other geographical names or elevation point annotations can be used as map names. 3.2.2.4 Combined and split-map outline maps
Approved by the State Administration of Technical Supervision on June 4, 1990318
Implemented on December 1, 1990
GB 1234490
For maps located near the national border or dominated by the sea, when there are only a few territorial, land or sea elements in the map close to the adjacent map, and the map is not used to connect other maps, it can be merged with the adjacent map and drawn into a combined map. The area of the combined map should not exceed the double-sided map, and the merged part still uses the longitude and latitude lines as the outline boundaries. The map number of the combined map is annotated in a composite form, with the map number of the whole map in front and the map number of the merged map in the back, separated by a comma. If the merged elements are only between the inner and outer outlines, the inner outline is broken and the map number of the adjacent map is not annotated. 3.3 Basic contour intervals
Basic contour intervals vary according to the terrain type of the mapping area. The regulations are shown in the following table: Table 1
Terrain type
Contour interval
20(10)
Hills
When the terrain is very flat or the map requires it, the basic contour interval can be the value in brackets. Only one basic contour interval is used in a map.
3.4 Printing colors of topographic maps
Black, brown, blue and green are used for printing. 4 Editing preparation
Collection, analysis and selection of mapping data
4.1.1 Collection of mapping data
4.1.1.1 Data that meets the following requirements should be collected as basic data: the latest topographic map measured or compiled with a larger scale than the mapping scale; a.
b. The accuracy of the topographic map shall meet the requirements of Article 3.1.2.b; c.
The topographic map should be highly current.
Generally, a 1:50000 topographic map should be used as the basic data. In special cases, a topographic map with the same scale as the map compilation can be collected as the basic data for the local area of the map sheet.
4.1.1.2 As a supplement or reference to the basic data, the following data should also be collected: a.
Survey control point results table, basic data calendar; the latest surveyed or compiled relevant nautical charts;
Aerial photographs, photo sketches, photo plans, etc.; d.
Administrative divisions, water systems, transportation, place names and other highly current thematic maps and text materials. Analysis and evaluation of mapping data
Data used for compiling and drawing 1:100000 topographic maps should be evaluated briefly based on careful analysis, and the content generally includes: the surveying and mapping agency, mathematical basis, and the year of mapping; a.
The currentness of the data and the completeness of the content; b.
The degree of conformity of the classification and grading of each element in the data with the classification and grading of this specification and the diagram, and the conversion principle. c.
Based on the above analysis and evaluation, determine the degree and method of using basic data, supplementary data, and reference data. 4.1.3 The collection of basic data should be completed before the compilation and drawing operation. The collection of current data such as the administrative level of residential areas above the county level and changes in political regions should generally be completed before the original printed map is sent to the factory. 4.2 Research on the mapping area and preparation of the regional editing design book 4.2.1 Research on the mapping area
The research on the mapping area is based on basic data, combined with supplementary data and reference materials, to understand the geographical overview and basic characteristics of the mapping area as a whole. The main contents of the research are: the distribution characteristics and density differences of residential areas, the basic characteristics of the plane figures of residential areas and their administrative significance, etc. a.
b. The grade, traffic conditions, distribution characteristics and density differences of roads, and the distribution of road ancillary facilities; 319
GB 12344—90
The status of boundaries at all levels, especially whether there are any problems to be dealt with at national and provincial boundaries; c
d. f. Structural characteristics of river systems and river network density, lake types and distribution characteristics, distribution of artificial water objects such as canals, ditches, and reservoirs;
Coastal types, distribution characteristics of islands, reefs, and navigation facilities, and morphological characteristics of submarine landforms; f.
Types and morphological characteristics of landforms;
gDistribution characteristics of various vegetation;
h. Distribution of landforms with special cultural, historical or economic value; i. Distribution of other elements
Through the above analysis and research, write a brief description of the geographical characteristics of the mapping area in accordance with the needs of the compilation and mapping work. 4.2.2 Regional Editing Design Book
The regional editing design book is a technical document guiding the compilation and mapping of each map sheet in the mapping area. It is drafted by the responsible editor who undertakes the task and implemented after approval by the superior competent department. Its contents are: a. Task overview (including the scope of the mapping area, the number of sheets, the deadline and requirements for completing the task); b. A brief description of the geographical features of the mapping area; c.
Evaluation and use of mapping data;
d. Compilation and drawing technical methods: specific provisions on the processing of basic data and the production methods of the original map; e. Compilation and drawing of various elements of the map content: focus on the specific description of the selection index, summary method, and the processing of the relationship between each element. Supplementary provisions should be made for special technical issues not covered in the specifications; f. Production of printed original maps: specify the operation method of engraving or clearing of specific sheets (or element plates), and put forward technical requirements for engraving (drawing) of each element;
g. Attachments to the regional editing design book: generally include the mapping area sheet connection table, basic data outline map, administrative division outline map, comprehensive sample map, new and old diagram symbol comparison table, copy and connect edge relationship map, etc. 5 Compilation and drawing technical methods
5.1 Compilation and drawing methods and data processing
The following methods can generally be used to produce the original map: a. Enlargement and drawing method: Based on the basic data, the symbol specifications and comprehensive indicators are enlarged according to the corresponding magnification of the map scale to compile the topographic map content, and then reduced to the map scale, and the printed original map is obtained by engraving (drawing) in sections. The annotation version is compiled by cutting and pasting transparent annotations on a transparent base, and is used as the annotation version of the printed original map. b.Equal-size compilation method: Mark and trace the elements that are not suitable for photography on the basic data, and then reduce them to the scale of the map, and compile them on one or two plates (line plate, annotation plate).
c. Compilation and engraving (drawing) method: Mark and trace the elements that are not suitable for photography on the basic data, or mark and compile them according to the complexity of the topographic map content, and then reduce them to the scale of the map, and compile and engrave (draw) them in one plate. The topographic map content added or modified according to the supplementary data should generally be transferred to the basic data during the marking and compilation. When transferring, when the accuracy of the supplementary data is good and the scale is greater than or equal to the compilation scale, use the corresponding symbols to accurately transfer; if the supplementary data is general data or the scale is small, it should be transferred according to the relevant position and annotated with "sketches". 5.2 Preparation of base map
5.2.1 Mathematical basis
Draw the rectangular coordinate grid points, outline points, longitude and latitude grid intersection points and survey control points every 2 km on the mounting plate (or film) at one time. For the western edge of each projection zone, the map sheets with the serial numbers 1, 13, 25, 37, 49, 61, 73, 85.97, 109, 121, 133, the adjacent zone coordinate grid should also be drawn.
In order to ensure the collage accuracy of the map compilation data, the control points used for collage base map in each map are generally 16 to 20, and they should be evenly distributed. It is preferred to use high-level survey control points as collage control points. When there are no survey control points or the number is insufficient, the intersection points of the coordinate grid can be used. 320
Precision requirements for display points:
GB12344—90
Rectangular coordinate network tolerance; the error of each side length shall not exceed ±0.1mm, the error of the diagonal shall not exceed 0.2mm, and the error of the adjacent coordinate network point shall not exceed ±0.1mm.
Diagram outline tolerance: the error of the outline point shall not exceed ±0.1mm, the error of the outline side length shall not exceed ±0.15mm, and the error of the diagonal shall not exceed ±0.2 mm.
Measurement control point tolerance: the point error shall not exceed ±0.1mm. 5.2.2 Collage of map data
Data used for collage should have clear graphics, solid lines, no background color, no yellow spots, and be easy to re-photograph. The outline side length should be slightly smaller than the theoretical size, but generally should not be less than 0.4%~1% (except for film maps). The outline edge cutting error shall not be greater than 0.1mm. Collage accuracy requirements: the point error does not exceed 0.1mm, the overlap and crack does not exceed 0.2mm, and the true line deformation loss does not exceed 0.2mm. When using a large version of the map scale that is doubled, the error is allowed to be magnified by half. 5.3 Preparation before drawing, drawing order and color. 5.3.1 Preparation before drawing
a. Check whether the mathematical accuracy of the base map meets the requirements, whether the drawing quality is suitable for depiction, and whether the mapping data is complete. b. Draft a map drawing description and formulate a map work plan. The map drawing description refers to the technical description of the single map drawing operation, which should be formulated in accordance with the provisions of the specifications and the regional editing design book, combined with the actual situation of the specific map. Its contents include: analysis of the map content, use of mapping data, selection indicators of each element, generalization method and relationship processing, etc.
C. Determine the comprehensiveness of each element at the edge of the map and the connection with the adjacent map. 5.3.2 Compilation and drawing sequencewwW.bzxz.Net
Generally, the following sequence should be followed:
Map outline. Rectangular coordinate grid lines;
Plane interception points, elevation points, industrial and mining buildings, public facilities and independent features; water systems and appurtenances;
Railways, major residential areas;
Highways and road appurtenances;
Secondary residential areas and general roads;
Pipelines and fences;
Landforms and soil quality;
Boundaries;
Vegetation;
Map sheet copying edges;
Map outline decoration;
Notes.
If the equal-size compilation and drawing method is adopted, the general coloring of water areas and color-coded vegetation should be carried out on the compilation and drawing base map first. For maps with many colored vegetation, a single colored vegetation plate made of polyester film can be made, and the colored vegetation model line can be drawn, and the map is not dyed. This plate can be used as a colored plate for printing the original map. If the method of splitting and engraving (drawing) is adopted, the water system plate should generally be engraved (drawn) first, and then the landform plate, landform plate, colored vegetation plate, and annotation plate should be engraved (drawn) in sequence. The plates should be checked for plate registration and the avoidance relationship should be handled well. 5.3.3 Colors for editing and drawing
Use light colors to dye water areas, light purple to dye colored vegetation, green to draw water system symbols and lines, brown to draw landforms and soil, and black to draw other elements of map content.
5.4 Quality requirements for editing and drawing original maps and filling in the map calendar 5.4.1 Quality requirements for editing and drawing original maps
a. Mathematical accuracy should meet the requirements.
GB12344—90
b. Correctly and fully use various mapping materials. c. The integration and representation of the various elements of the topographic map content shall comply with the provisions of Chapter 6 and the regional editing design book, and the relationship between the various elements shall be clear and reasonable.
d. The symbol specifications shall comply with the provisions of the diagram, the lines shall be solid, the colors shall be suitable for copying, and the map surface shall be clean. e. All kinds of annotations shall be correct, the configuration shall be appropriate, and the instructions shall be clear. f. The content outside the map outline shall be correct, complete, and the configuration shall comply with the regulations. g. The copying and joining edges of the map sheets shall be correct.
For the maps that are compiled and engraved (drawn), their quality shall also meet the quality requirements for printed original maps in Article 7.1.4. 5.4.2 Filling in the map calendar
The map calendar shall correctly reflect the compilation and drawing process of each topographic map. The map calendar shall record the mathematical basis of the compiled map sheet, the coordinates of the plane control points. Collage accuracy, map sheet compilation and drawing instructions, data usage, handling of major problems and map quality assessment. The calendar book should be filled in by the operator and the relevant editors and inspectors at each stage of topographic map compilation. 6 Compilation of various elements of topographic map content
6.1 Survey control points
Survey control points should generally be indicated. When dense, leveling points, buried stone points and low-level triangulation points can be appropriately selected. Survey control points located in residential areas may not be indicated if they affect the clarity of the residential areas. Other control points can only be indicated by symbols without noting the elevation. Before drawing survey control points, the coordinate values of the control point results table should be used to check the point position. If the point position does not match the coordinate value and the error is more than 0.2mm (excluding 0.2), it should be discarded or changed to elevation point representation. If the error is within 0.2mm, it should be corrected on the map. The tolerance for point drawing is 0.1 mm.
6.2 Industrial and mining buildings, public facilities and independent featuresa. Industrial and mining buildings, public facilities and independent features should be selected according to different feature densities and terrain conditions. In urban residential areas, generally only prominent features with certain orientation functions, cultural relics with certain historical and cultural significance, and features that can reflect the level of development of modern science and technology and economic construction are indicated, such as bell (drum, city) towers, towers, TV transmission towers, stadiums, gymnasiums, scientific observation stations, etc.
In the periphery of the city and densely populated areas, features with orientation functions and important significance should also be selected, such as water towers, smokestacks, tower-shaped buildings, monuments, power plants (stations), meteorological stations (stations), etc. Symbols of features that have neither orientation functions nor obvious economic significance can be largely discarded, such as kilns, threshing grounds that are not based on scale, earth piles, pits, graveyards, etc. In residential areas and areas with sparse features, short and non-prominent features should also be indicated as appropriate, such as independent stones, independent graves, earthen burials, earth pits, etc. b. Industrial and mining buildings, public facilities and independent features with positioning points should be accurately depicted, and the depiction error shall not exceed 0.2mm. When overlapping with residential areas, water systems, roads and other landforms, the residential areas, water systems and road borders can be interrupted to draw the symbols of the above landforms completely. c. When the landforms represented by scale in the mapping data are smaller than the size of the symbols not based on scale due to the reduction of scale, the symbols not based on scale should be used instead.
6.3 Water systems and ancillary facilities
Correctly represent the type, primary and secondary relationship, ancillary facilities and names of the water system; reasonably reflect the distribution law of water system elements and the density comparison of different regions; fully display the achievements of water conservancy construction; and properly handle the relationship between the water system and other elements. 6.3.1 Coastline
The coastline includes the coastline, river coastline, lake coastline and the coastline of other water system objects. When synthesizing the coastline graphics, the morphological characteristics of various types of coastlines, the comparison of the curvature of the coastline and the comparison of the water and land areas should be correctly reflected. The curvatures smaller than 0.5mm×0.6mm on the map can be simplified, and the characteristic curvatures should be as large as 0.5mm×0.6mm. When the shoreline is close to the contour line, it is necessary to pay attention to the coordination with the contour line figure. When the shoreline overlaps with the protection dike, the shoreline can be omitted. 6.3.2 Rivers, canals, ditches
6.3.2.1 Representation of rivers, canals, ditches GB 12344-90
Rivers with a width of more than 0.4mm on the map are represented by double lines according to the scale, and those with a width of less than 0.4mm are represented by single lines. Rivers represented by single lines should be represented by 0.1~0.4mm gradually changing line thickness. When the single and double lines of the same river change frequently, it should be represented as a whole by a single line or double line, or by alternating single and double lines to simplify. Canals and ditches with a width greater than 0.4mm on the map should be represented by double lines according to the scale, and those less than 0.4mm should be represented by single lines, and according to their primary and secondary, they should be represented by 0.3mm and 0.15mm line thickness respectively. 6.3.2.2 Selection and synthesis of rivers, canals and ditches All rivers, canals and ditches with a length of more than 1cm on the map should be represented. The spacing between dense rivers and canals is generally not less than 3mm, and the spacing between cross-flows in floodplains of old riverbeds and areas with dense ditches should not be less than 2mm. Disappearing river sections with a length of more than 2mm, underground river sections with a length of more than 1mm, and seasonal rivers with a length of more than 1.5cm on the map should be represented. Seasonal rivers that are the source of rivers are represented as perennial rivers when their length is less than 5mm. Dry ditches with a length of more than 1.5cm on the map should be represented. When selecting rivers, canals and ditches, they should be selected in order from large to small, from primary to secondary. Boundary rivers, single-flow rivers, small rivers connecting lakes and desert water-scarce areas must be selected.
Rivers, canals and larger ditches should indicate the flow direction. The flow velocity must be indicated for navigable river sections. Longer rivers and ditches are generally marked repeatedly every 15 to 20 cm1.
When the distance between the high water boundary and the waterline is greater than 2 mm on the map, it should be indicated. When the distance is greater than 2 mm for most of the time and less than 2 mm for only some parts, the high water boundary should be regarded as a continuous whole and fully indicated. The section between the high water boundary and the waterline should be filled with the corresponding soil and vegetation symbols. When the high water boundary coincides with a steep bank or embankment, the high water boundary is omitted; when it coincides with a contour line, the contour line is omitted. 6.3.2.3 Names of rivers, canals and ditches Names of rivers, canals and ditches longer than 5 cm on the map should be annotated. Longer canals should be annotated every 15-20 cm. The annotations should be kept in a certain level according to the relationship between the main tributaries of the river and the upstream and downstream. Seasonal rivers (lakes) should be annotated with water months. If the water months are the same in a map, a note can be added outside the map outline, but no annotation is made on the map. 6.3.3 Lakes and reservoirs
Lakes and reservoirs with an area larger than 1mm on the map should be indicated. Small lakes with an area smaller than this but of great significance (such as small lakes near the border, small lakes as river sources, and freshwater lakes in water-deficient areas) should be exaggerated to 1mm2. When lakes are densely clustered, their distribution range and characteristics should be maintained, and some lakes with an area smaller than 1mm2 should be appropriately selected, but they cannot be merged. Lakes and reservoirs should generally be annotated with names, and clustered lakes can select their main annotated names. Name annotations should be kept in a certain level according to the size of the lake or reservoir area or the size of the reservoir capacity. Non-freshwater lakes must be filled with water quality.
Reservoirs with a capacity of more than 10 million cubic meters must be filled with reservoir capacity. 6.3.4 Wells, springs, karez, and reservoirs
Wells, springs, karez, and reservoirs in water-scarce areas should be indicated. In other areas, only wells and springs with directional significance and famous ones should be indicated. Reservoirs are generally not indicated. Wells that cannot be drunk must be filled with the nature of the water. The main wells can be annotated with the depth from the wellhead to the water surface and the ground elevation. Artesian wells, hot spring wells, mineral springs, hot springs, geysers, poisonous springs, etc. should be annotated with properties. Geothermal wells and geothermal pools should generally be indicated. Wells and springs with proprietary names should be annotated in sparsely populated areas, and in other areas, they should be annotated as needed. 6.3.5 Swamps and salt pans
a. Swamps with an area larger than 25 mm2 on the map should be indicated, and saline-alkali swamps should be annotated. Narrow and long swamps distributed along rivers with a length of more than 1 cm should be selected.
b. Salt pans with an area larger than 2mm2 on the map should be indicated, salt pans with an area of 2 to 4mm2 should be indicated with symbols not in accordance with the scale, and salt pans with an area larger than 4mm2 should be indicated in accordance with the scale. For salt pans indicated in accordance with the scale, the grid lines of each part of the interior should reflect the actual density and planning characteristics. Salt pans with proprietary names should be noted with the names. 323
6.3.6 Islands, reefs, and beaches
6.3.6. 1 Islands
GB 12344-90
Islands (sandbanks) with an area larger than 0.5mm on the map should be indicated. When depicting islands, their precise location and basic outline shape should be maintained. When islands are too dense to be represented individually, they can be selected on the basis of maintaining their outer edge outlines and density contrast, but they cannot be merged. Isolated famous islands or small islands located on both sides of the national border should generally not be discarded and can be exaggerated to 0.5mm. Named islands (sandbanks) should be named, and islands on both sides of the national border should be named as much as possible. 6.3.6.2 Reefs
Open reefs, hidden reefs, and dry reefs should all be indicated, and they can be appropriately selected or discarded when they are dense. Reefs represented according to scale should be explained and annotated. Reefs that cannot be represented according to scale after the scale is reduced can be represented by corresponding non-scale symbols. Named reefs should be named.
6.3.6.3 Dry beaches, underwater beaches, and aquaculture farmsa. Dry beaches with an area larger than 4mm on the map should be indicated, and beaches with an area smaller than 4mm should be appropriately merged into larger beaches within 2mm of each other, and the types can be undifferentiated. Isolated beaches with an area smaller than 1mm can be expanded or discarded according to the situation. Small beaches distributed in patches can be selected or discarded. Dry beaches with a width narrower than 1mm are represented by narrow dry beach symbols. F When the river channels and tidal channels within the beaches are dense, they can be selected or discarded. Double-row dotted river channels and tidal ditches with a width of less than 0.4 mm on the map can be represented by single-row dotted lines instead, and attention should be paid to coordinating with the connected rivers represented by single or double lines. b. In-water shoals (shallows) and gravel beaches with an area larger than 1 mm on the map should be represented, and their distribution range and arrangement direction should be correctly reflected. When the underwater shoals are dense and small in area, those with a spacing of less than 2 mm can be appropriately combined for representation, but they must not be combined into a large area. ". Aquaculture farms should generally be indicated, and the product name should be noted. 6.3.7 Steep banks, bank barriers, dangerous banks, waterfalls, and rocky beaches a. Banks with a length of 5mm and a specific height of more than 2m on the map should be indicated, and the specific height should be noted. If the distance between a steep bank with a beach and the coastline on the map is more than 1mm, the corresponding soil symbol should be filled in. If the symbol of a steep bank without a beach cannot be drawn in a river represented by two lines, it can be moved to the outside of the coastline and drawn close to the coastline. A river represented by a single line does not represent a steep bank without a beach. b. Banks with a length of 5mm and a specific height of more than 1.5m on the map should be indicated. Banks with a width of less than 1mm are indicated by a single row of short lines, and banks with a width of more than 1mm are indicated by double rows of short lines.
c. Dangerous banks with an area of more than 25mm2 on the map should be indicated. d. Waterfalls, cascades, and rocky beaches in rivers represented by two lines and in rivers represented by one line The main rivers to be indicated should be indicated, and those in other river sections can be omitted. Waterfalls with a drop of more than 5m should be annotated with a specific height. Famous waterfalls must be named. 6.3.8 Isobaths, water depth notes, tidal directions and ocean name notes a. Indicates the isobaths with water depths of 2, 5, 10, 20.30, 50, 100, and 200m. Isobath notes are generally arranged in groups, and the letterheads indicate shallow water. Slope lines should be drawn in places where the slope direction is difficult to judge and on the lowest closed isobath. When the spacing between isobaths in steep slopes is less than 0.2mm, individual isobaths can be interrupted. b. The density of water depth notes is based on the principle of dense in shallow water and sparse in deep water, and is determined according to the seabed topography. The number of selections per 4cm on the map is generally: 4 for a water depth of less than 20m, 1 for a water depth of 20~40m. Note 2~3, and select 1 for water depths above 40m. Water depth notes around shoals, estuaries, islands, reefs on both sides of the channel and at places where the terrain changes abruptly should be given priority and can be slightly more frequent than the above indicators. Water depth notes are accurate to whole meters. c. Indicate the main tidal direction.
d. The names of oceans, straits, bays, estuaries, trenches, troughs, capes, etc. must be noted, and the size of the notes should maintain a certain level of difference. 6.3.9 Ancillary facilities of water systems
a. Dikes: Main dikes with a length of 5mm and a height of more than 5m on the map and protective dikes with flood and tide control functions should be indicated, and the elevation of the dike top should be added. Generally, dikes can be selected based on regional characteristics, orientation, size of earth dikes and other factors. b. Embankments: Embankments with a length of 5mm and a height of more than 5m on the map should be indicated, and the elevation of the dike top should be noted. c. Water dams, rolling dams, and water check dams: They should be indicated on rivers indicated by double lines and major rivers indicated by single lines. Other rivers should be indicated as needed.
GB12344-90
Reinforced banks: Those longer than 2mm on the diagram should be indicated. Reinforced banks in rivers indicated by single lines and rivers indicated by double lines narrower than 0.7mm on the diagram d.
are not indicated.
e. Piers, berths, dry docks, breakwaters, and water control dams: They should generally be indicated in rivers indicated by double lines. When the width of the river is too narrow to be depicted, the symbol size can be reduced or omitted. Water delivery channels and canal heads: Water delivery channels that cross rivers, canals, and roads indicated by double lines should be indicated, and others can be selected appropriately. Canal heads can be indicated by f.
.
Ferry crossings and fords: Ferry crossings and fords connected to roads should be indicated, and others can be omitted. g.
Aids to navigation: Select and indicate. Lighthouses must indicate the height of the lighthouse. h.
Hydrological station: Generally, it should be indicated and corresponding explanations should be added. 6.4 Settlements
Correctly indicate the location, outline, basic structure, traffic conditions, administrative significance and name of the settlements, and reflect the types and distribution characteristics of the settlements as well as the relationship between the settlements and other elements. 6.4.1 Selection of settlements
6.4.1.1 Indicators for selection of settlements
The indicators for selection of settlements are determined according to the actual distribution density of settlements, and are divided into the following table: Table 2
Sparse area
Medium-dense area
Relatively dense area
Dense area
Large and medium-sized
Small and medium-sized
The actual number of settlements per 100 square kilometers is less than 60
60 around
60~110
110-200
More than 200:
The number of settlements selected per square decimeter on the map
Basically all
110~130 4
130-~150
The above provisions are the average number of settlements selected in a larger area. The density of settlements distributed in basins, rivers or along roads is generally greater than that of surrounding areas. Therefore, within the same density area, the distribution characteristics and density comparison relationship of settlements in local areas should be reflected, and the selection index of local areas can be higher than the average index. 6.4.1.2 Principles for selection of settlements
All represent administrative centers at all levels above townships and towns, as well as markets, streets, markets, fields, dams and major villages. Other settlements are selected according to the selection indexes specified in Table 2 based on the density of settlements in various regions, and are carried out from primary to secondary. The principle of gradually increasing density should be followed. Settlements located at traffic lines, road intersections, river confluences, passes, mineral resources, national borders, etc. and settlements with political, economic, historical and cultural significance should be given priority. 6.4.2 Representation of settlements
6.4.2.1 Block-type settlements
Blocks.
Urban residential areas: should reflect the shape of the city's outline and the characteristics of the city's plane structure. Distinguish between primary and secondary streets, densely populated blocks and sparsely populated blocks. Select primary and secondary streets based on factors such as street traffic conditions, road width, and economic significance, and pay attention to maintaining the geometric characteristics of the street network, such as rectangular, radial, and irregular shapes. When the main streets are too dense, some of the main streets should be changed to secondary streets. The area of the block unit (referring to the block blocks divided by streets) in densely populated areas on the map is generally 16~25mm; the area of the block unit in the sparsely populated areas of the city's periphery and suburbs is generally 4~16mm. The area of the small block units that are divided to show the characteristics of the street network and the small block units that cannot be merged in the city's periphery is generally 2~4mm. The vacant land within the block area less than 2mm on the map can be omitted. The convex and concave blocks and corners less than 0.5mm on the map can be omitted or exaggerated.
Ordinary houses on the outer edge of the block that are not in scale shall not be incorporated into the block. Appropriate selection shall be made, and priority shall be given to ordinary houses related to the outer contour shape of the residential area.
GB 12344—90
Factories, schools, hospitals and other units near cities can be incorporated into blocks when the ratio of building area to total area on the map is greater than 40%. h. Block-type rural residential areas: All streets connected to roads are represented as main streets, and others are represented as secondary streets. The unit area of the block in Figure 1 is generally 4~16mm, and the minimum area shall not be less than 1mm2. When the convex and concave parts of the block are less than 0.5mm, they can be discarded or enlarged.
Ordinary houses inside the residential area can be incorporated into the block when the distance between them and the adjacent blocks is less than 0.3mm; ordinary houses at the exit shall generally not be incorporated into the block. Ordinary houses on the outer edge of the residential area that are not in scale can be discarded as larger ones. 6.4.2.2 Hash-type settlements
Pay attention to reflecting the range, shape and density of the settlements. Give priority to selecting houses that are expressed according to the scale and ordinary houses located in the center and peripheral features of the settlements. When the hash-type settlements are distributed in a star-shaped manner along natural elements such as rivers and roads, the houses at both ends should generally be selected first, and house symbols should be appropriately selected and configured in the middle. 6.4.2.3 Dispersed settlements
Pay attention to reflecting the general range of the settlements, house distribution characteristics and density comparison. For settlements whose range can be clearly determined based on the terrain and name, appropriate emphasis should be placed on the expression.
6.4.2.4 Cave-type settlements
Pay attention to reflecting the distribution of cave-type settlements. When the caves distributed in rows cannot be expressed one by one, the positions of the caves at both ends should be kept accurate, and the middle should be interpolated, and the different situations of continuous and discontinuous arrangement should be distinguished. For caves distributed in multiple layers, the positions of the upper and lower layers should be kept accurate, and the middle layer should be interpolated. For settlements composed of cave dwellings and houses, the density contrast between cave dwelling symbols and house symbols should be maintained. Cave dwelling symbols should be arranged along the slope and be coordinated with the contour lines. 6.4.2.5 Mongolian yurts and sheds
Represent fixed or seasonal Mongolian yurts and pastoral tents. Sheds are only indicated in areas with sparse settlements, and seasonal sheds are not indicated. 6.4.3 Name annotation of settlements
All selected settlements should generally be annotated with names. When the annotations are too dense in densely populated areas, individual settlements are allowed not to be annotated with names. Settlements above the town level are annotated with the full administrative name. When the administrative name is inconsistent with the natural name of the settlement, the natural name of the settlement is annotated as the secondary name. The secondary name of settlements above the county level is annotated in medium-line font two levels smaller than the main name. The secondary name of settlements at the town level is annotated according to the general village annotation.
Settlements at the township level are annotated with the administrative name, and "township" is omitted. State-owned farms, forests, animal husbandry and fisheries should be noted in full, and the word "state-owned" can be omitted. Villages are noted by natural names. Factories, schools and other units are noted by proper names.
The population of the administrative district where the township and town governments are located should be noted. The population is noted below the name of the residential area, and a legend is given. When the township and town governments are located in the same residential area and only one of the names is noted on the map, only the population of the administrative area is noted. The population is not noted for administrative areas above the county level (including the county level).
The name of the residential area should be appropriately configured and clearly indicated, and avoid covering the entrances, road intersections and other important features of the residential area. When the name of a dispersed residential area is unclear, it should be noted according to the distribution of house symbols and the location of the name annotation on the data; regional name annotations, such as X×gou, ×Xpo, XXgang, etc., should be noted as much as possible according to the corresponding terrain direction. When a settlement has a general name and a sub-name, the general name and part of the sub-name should generally be selected first; when the general name is unclear, the sub-name can also be retained and the general name removed.
When the settlement name is prefixed with above, below, east, west, south, north, front, back, big, small, etc., it cannot be processed according to the general name and sub-name. When it is dense, the name of the larger village should be selected.
In areas with sparse settlements, the names of settlements (such as pastures) often have the same characteristics as place names (such as grasslands, hillsides, sandy land, valleys, etc.). When the scale is reduced, they should be scattered and annotated according to the size of the map, or according to the corresponding terrain direction, or some scattered place names should be changed to settlement (pasture) names and annotated without separation.
6.5 Roads and ancillary facilities
GB12344-90
Correctly indicate the type, grade and location of roads, and reflect the structural characteristics, traffic conditions, distribution density and relationship between roads and other elements of the road network.
6.5.1 Selection and Representation of Roads
a. Double-track railways, single-track railways and railways in construction should all be represented. Branch railways leading to industrial and mining areas and factory areas, if shorter than 1 cm, may be omitted. When branch lines are too dense to be represented, only the main lines may be selected for representation. When a double-track railway branches into two single-track railways and can be represented separately according to the scale, they are represented by two single-track railway symbols respectively; if they cannot be represented separately, the earlier one should be selected and represented by the double-track railway symbol.
Electrified railways should be annotated, and if the section is very long, they can be repeatedly annotated every 15 to 20 cm. Narrow-gauge railways and narrow-gauge railways in construction should be represented. Light railways should be annotated. b. Expressways, grade roads, substandard roads and all levels of roads in construction should all be represented. In areas where suburban roads are too dense, short branch lines with a length of less than 1 cm and a parallel spacing of less than 3 mm on the map may be omitted as appropriate. The technical grade code of the highway must be indicated, and it should be repeated every 15~20cm. If the length is less than 5cm, it may not be indicated. c. The mechanized farming roads, rural roads and small roads should be selected according to the density of residential areas and high-level roads. In areas with dense roads, the road grid should generally not be less than 1cm\. Priority should be given to roads between townships, towns and large villages, roads leading to high-level roads, stations, docks, mines, roads as administrative boundaries, roads crossing national borders and roads connecting water sources. In sparsely populated areas, all roads should generally be selected. When there are several roads connecting two residential areas, the roads with higher grades and the shortest distance should be selected first. d Seasonal roads and unfixed roads are only indicated in areas with underdeveloped transportation, and can be selected when the traffic is dense. Seasonal roads should indicate the months of traffic. e. Fixed overhead ropeways should be indicated.
6.5.2 Graphical summary of roads
Railways and highways are generally not simplified. For zigzag bends on mountain roads, if it is difficult to depict them with two lines, they can be depicted with the same side or with a smaller symbol width. When there are multiple zigzag bends in parallel and they cannot be depicted one by one on the map, they should be appropriately simplified while maintaining the accurate positions of both ends and the zigzag characteristics.
Machine-farming roads, rural roads and small roads can be appropriately summarized, and some small bends without characteristic meanings can be discarded. Seasonal roads and unfixed roads can be graphically summarized to a greater extent, and only their directions can be emphasized. The road intersections represented by dotted lines should be connected with the real part, and when the level is changed, the feature point should be used as the change point. 6.5.3 Road ancillary facilities
a. Stations and ancillary buildings
Railway stations and passing stations should be fully represented. When the station lines in the station cannot be drawn one by one, the outer station lines should be accurately drawn, and the middle station lines should be evenly arranged. When the station line width does not exceed the station symbol, the station line symbol is not drawn. The station name should generally be indicated, but when the station name is the same as the name of the settlement and is very close to it, the station name is not indicated. Locomotive turntables, car stops, and signal lights and columns with directional significance should be appropriately indicated. b. Road ancillary buildings
Tunnels longer than 1mm on the map should be indicated, and those shorter than 1mm should be appropriately selected. Culverts on railways and highways should be selected and indicated. Embankments and cuttings with a length of 5mm and a relative height of more than 2m on the map should be indicated, and the relative height should be noted. c. Bridges
Bridges on railways and highways should generally be indicated in areas with sparse features, and bridges across major rivers can be selected in areas with dense features. Bridges on highways should be indicated with load tonnage, and when the notes are dense, they can be selected. Bridges on mechanized farming roads, rural roads, and small roads are only selected and indicated in areas with sparse settlements and underdeveloped transportation. d. Road signs and milestones
Road signs with directional functions on roads should be indicated. In areas where directional objects are lacking, milestones on roads should be indicated. The interval between them is generally not greater than 0km, and the kilometers should be noted.
6.5.4 Road accessibility notes
GB 12344-90
When railways and roads are out of the map, the accessible places and mileage should be noted. Railways should indicate the destination station ahead; roads should indicate the nearest township or town-level residential area to the adjacent map. When there are no township or town-level residential areas in the adjacent map, larger residential areas can be selected for annotation. When roads are densely populated, only the main lines are noted.
In sparsely populated areas, the accessibility notes of mechanized farming roads can be noted. When railways and roads pass through the inner and outer map outlines and enter the main map sheet, the road graphics should be drawn continuously between the inner and outer map outlines, and no accessibility notes should be noted.
6.6 Landform and Soil Quality
Correctly display the basic landform types and morphological characteristics of each region, maintain the correct position and elevation of landform feature points and geomorphic lines, reflect the degree of ground cutting, soil type and distribution law, and handle the relationship between landform and other elements. 6.6.1 Contour Lines
Based on the terrain characteristics and data conditions of the mapping area, select the basic contour interval according to Article 3.3. Contour lines with an elevation of 51 times the contour interval (n is a positive integer) are represented as counting curves. In areas where the basic contour interval cannot reflect the terrain undulations and micro-geomorphological morphology with characteristic significance, such as plains, plateaus, basins, gentle mountain tops, saddles, depressions, river terraces, floodplains, etc., half-interval contour lines or even auxiliary contour lines should be drawn. When the contour line accuracy on the mapping data does not meet the requirements, sketched contour line symbols can be used to represent it. 6.6.2 Integration of contour graphics
6.6.2.1 When integrating contour graphics, the different characteristics of various landforms should be reflected, and the basic landform forms such as ridges, hilltops, valleys, slopes and saddles should be correctly represented. In general, minor negative landform fragments are deleted, but when summarizing blade ridges, horn peaks, cirques, depressions, square mountains and other figures, minor positive landform fragments can be deleted. In order to emphasize the landform characteristics, individual contour lines can be appropriately shifted locally (the maximum shall not exceed half of the contour interval), but care should be taken to avoid contradictions between contour lines and nearby control points and elevation points. The distance between adjacent contour lines should not be less than 0.2mm. If it is insufficient, individual contour lines can be interrupted, but they must not be disconnected in groups. 6.6.2.2 Integration of basic landform forms
a Ridge: Correctly represent the shape of the ridge, the extension direction and the relationship between the main ridge and the branch ridges. The spacing between contour lines at the top of the ridge shall not be less than 0.3mm. The contour lines of a narrow ridge can be closed in a pointed shape, and the contour lines should not be shifted downhill in general; the contour lines on the upper part of a rounded ridge can be slightly shifted downhill to appropriately expand the ridge. b. Hilltops: The minimum diameter of the closed contour lines representing hilltops and independent highlands on the ridge shall not be less than 0.5mm, and small hilltops with boundaries can be appropriately enlarged. If a small hilltop with elevation annotations is covered by a control point or elevation point, it is allowed to draw fewer contour lines. When the distance between small hilltops with the same direction on the ridge is less than 0.3mm, they can be appropriately merged. In areas where small hilltops are clustered, they are generally selected but not merged. When selecting, attention should be paid to reflecting their distribution density and arrangement characteristics. Independent small hilltops located next to main roads, rivers, wide valleys, flat land, important bridges and major residential areas, as well as small hilltops with national surveying marks, boundary markers, etc., should be selected first. The contour lines representing hilltops should reflect different landforms and maintain their original sharp angles, round shapes, etc. c. Valley: Correctly indicate the size, shape and relationship between the main valley and the branch valley. The distance between the valley mouths of adjacent valleys on the map is generally: 4~6mm for mid-mountain and high mountain landforms; 3~5mm for low mountain and hilly landforms; 2~4mm for loess and aeolian landforms. The summary of the valley contour line graph should reflect the morphological characteristics of the longitudinal and transverse surfaces of the valley. Correctly display the position of the valley bottom line and valley edge line. In general, the contour line of the main valley extends longer toward the source of the valley than the contour line of the branch valley. d. Slope: Pay attention to reflecting the characteristics of equal slopes, concave slopes, convex slopes, stepped slopes, steep slopes, triangular surfaces eroded by ice, weathered rock slopes, and fan-shaped slopes eroded by running water. e. Saddle: Pay attention to reflecting the symmetry and asymmetry of the saddle. The distance between the highest two corresponding contour lines on both sides of the saddle should generally not be less than 0.3mm. In areas with complex terrain and many saddles, some small and minor saddles can be discarded. Emphasize the saddles with roads passing through and the saddles that can show the characteristics of watersheds.
f. Landforms: Depressions with an area of more than 1mm2 on the map should be selected, and those with an area smaller than this can be selected as large. When landforms are clustered, depressions that can reflect their distribution characteristics should be selected. Slope lines should be drawn at the places where it is difficult to read between slopes and the highest and lowest contour lines of the depressions. 328
6.6.3 Use of landform symbols
GB12344—90
a. Dry riverbeds and dry lakes: Dry riverbeds with a length of more than 1.5cm and dry lakes with an area of more than 2mm2 on the map should be indicated. Dry riverbeds with a width greater than 0.4mm on the map should be indicated by double lines, and with a width less than 0.4mm on the map should be indicated by single lines. Dry lakes and riverbeds with a width of 1 mm on the map should be filled with corresponding soil symbols.
b, gullies: gullies with a length of more than 6 mm on the map should generally be selected. When the width is less than 0.4 mm, it is represented by a single line; when it is greater than 0.When the diameter is 4mm, it shall be indicated by double lines according to the scale; when it exceeds 2mm, the ditch wall shall be indicated by steep cliff symbols; when it exceeds 3mm, the contour lines of the ditch bottom shall be drawn. The spacing between gullies shall not be less than 2mm in general. When they are dense, some short gullies may be discarded. c. Steep cliffs: those with a length of 5mm and a specific height of more than 2m on the map shall be indicated, and those with specific height annotations shall be selected to indicate the specific height. Continuously distributed short steep cliffs with an interval of less than 0.3mm may be appropriately combined for indication. d. Karst pits and rock peaks: \- Generally, they shall be selected for indication. In the karst landform area, depressions represented by contour lines may be indicated by karst pit symbols when their area is less than 1mm, and rock peaks represented by contour lines may be indicated by rock peak symbols when the contour lines cannot be drawn. e. Terraced field ridges: those with a length of 5mm and a specific height of more than 2m on the map shall be appropriately selected, and the specific height shall be selected to indicate the specific height. When the terraced field ridge symbols are dense, the upper and lower layers of the terraced distribution area shall be drawn according to the actual location, and the other layers shall be appropriately selected. The terraces on both sides of the main traffic lines should be selected first. f. Rock walls: those with a length of more than 5mm on the map should be indicated, and the specific height should be noted. g. Rocky land and steep rocky mountains: For rocky land distributed in patches, symbols are evenly arranged within their range; for small, independently distributed rocky land, symbols are generally arranged at the original data position. When the steep rocky mountain symbol is less than 5mm in length and less than 2mm in width on the map, it can be represented by contour lines according to the elevation and mountain shape.
h. Mountain passes, caves, karst caves, collapsed cliffs, landslides, mud-rock flows, and craters: Mountain passes, caves, and karst caves should generally be indicated, and the names should be noted if they have names. The elevation of mountain passes should be noted, and the month of passage should be noted for seasonal passes. Collapse cliffs and landslides with an area of more than 25mm on the map should be indicated. Mud-rock flows and craters should generally be selected.
1. Snowfields, ice cliffs, ice cracks, ice and ice towers: Snowfields with an area greater than 10mm on the map should be indicated, and the distance between snowfields is less than 1mm, they can be merged. Scattered snowfields with an area less than 10mm2 should also be exaggerated to indicate part of them. Non-ice and snow areas in snow-capped mountains with an area greater than 10mm2 should be indicated. Those less than 10mm2 can be merged into the mountain. Ice cliffs, ice cracks, ice towers, ice towers, etc. should be appropriately selected and indicated
6.6.4 Sandy landforms, gravel land, stone land, saline-alkali land, small grass hills, residual hills, cracked land, etc. with an area greater than 1cm on the map should be indicated with corresponding symbols. All types of sandy land (except flat sandy land) with an area greater than 10cm should be annotated with corresponding type names. All types of sandy landforms represented by contour lines in the original map can be represented by corresponding symbols when the contour lines are not clearly displayed after reduction or the contour lines are not selected. 6.6.5 Selection of elevation points and elevation notes
Elevation points should be selected according to landform features. Generally, 10 to 20 points are selected for every 100 cm in plain and hilly areas, and 8 to 15 points are selected for every 100 cm in mountainous areas. Priority should be given to survey control points, water point points, lowest points in depressions, highest points in the map sheet, highest points in the region, river confluences, major lake shorelines, road intersections, and named peaks and mountain passes. Contour notes are selected at 5 to 10 points for every 100 cm, with the top of the characters facing the height. 6.6.6 Geographic name notes
The names of peaks, mountain passes, and independent mountain tops should generally be noted. In areas with dense landforms, the names of smaller peaks may not be noted. The names of mountain ranges and ridges should generally be noted; ..., when the names of secondary mountain ranges are inconvenient to be noted in one map, the names of their branches can be noted. The names and classifications of mountains and ridges should be determined with reference to the "Data Map of China's Major Mountain and River Systems" and related materials. The size of the annotations should maintain a graded difference. The annotation positions are arranged along the direction of the ridge.
The names of depressions, grasslands, sandy land, deserts, gorges, valleys, glaciers, etc. should be selected and annotated, and the graded difference should be maintained. 6.7 Pipelines and sheds
The actual locations of pipelines and sheds should be correctly indicated to reflect the direction characteristics. 6.7.1 High-voltage wires: Those with a length of 5 cm and a voltage of 3.5 square volts or more on the map should be indicated. In areas with sparse landforms, high-voltage wires below 35,000 volts may be indicated as appropriate. High-voltage wires leading to residential areas are drawn to the edge of the residential area. When multiple high-voltage wires are parallel and the spacing is within 2 mm, only the highest voltage is indicated: wire. High-voltage wires within 3 mm of the railway and highway are not indicated, but sections of high-voltage wires should be drawn at their bifurcations and turning points.
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