Some standard content:
GB/T101121999
This standard is not equivalent to 1S0/D1S704:1997 "Terminology 1. Working principles and methods" + revised G/T101121988 "General principles and methods for establishing terminology"
This standard has the following modifications to GB/101121988 "General principles and methods for establishing terminology": 1. The name of this standard has been redefined to coordinate with the technical series standards. 2. In Article 3.2.1, a discussion on distinguishing features was added, and it was proposed that distinguishing features are not necessarily essential characteristics. 3. In Chapter 3, an article on abstraction and division was added. 4. In Article 3.4, it was discussed how to use different theoretical systems and methods from different professional perspectives to study different aspects of the same object for multi-dimensional services. 5. In Article 1.3, it was added that the native language habits should be followed when writing definitions. 6. In Chapter 6, an article on terminology evaluation was added. 7. In Chapter 6, an article on coordination between terminology systems was added. 8. Appendix A "The Formation Method of English Terms" was deleted. This standard has the following differences from IS)/DIS704:1997: 1. Notes were added to the places that need to be emphasized. 2. All examples were modified to comply with the localization principle. 3. The ISO/T>I S704 The arrangement and content of some chapters and clauses have been changed. 4. Appendix A "The Formation of English Terminology" has been deleted. This standard will replace GB/T10112-1988 from the date of implementation. This standard is proposed by the National Technical Committee on Terminology Standardization. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the China Institute of Standardization and Information Classification and Coding, the China Institute of Standardization and Information Classification and Coding, the China Institute of Aviation Technology, the National Committee for the Examination of Scientific and Technological Terminology, and other units. The National Technical Committee on Terminology Standardization is responsible for the interpretation of this standard. The main drafters of this standard: Yu Xin, Quan Rucheng, Rong Wubin, Zeng Fanxiong, Pan Chuanxiang, Gong Yuli, Xu Junrong, etc. 1 Scope
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Terminology work--Principles and methods
Terminology work--Principles and methodsGB/T10112-1999
Replaces GB/T 10112 -1988
This standard specifies the basic principles and methods for the formulation and compilation of terminology collections in various professional fields, describes the various connections between objects and concepts, and establishes general principles for the construction of references and expressions of definitions. This standard is applicable to terminology standardization work in professional fields, and can also be used for reference in other terminology work. This standard does not include the provisions for the compilation of terminology standards specified in GB/T1.6. 2 Reference standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard by being referenced in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised and used in accordance with this standard. All parties should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. GB/T 1.6-137 Standardization Work Guide Unit 1: Drafting and Presentation of Standards Part 6: Provisions for the Preparation of Terminology Standards (NEQS010241: 1992)
GI/T 15237-1994 Basic Vocabulary of Terminology (NEQS01087: 1990) GB/T 16785-1997 Coordination of Terminology Concepts and Terminology (NEQS0860: 1996) 3 Concepts
3.1 Overview
Concepts are the psychological reflection of objects. The objects referred to in terminology include both objectively existing and observable things (concrete such as trees and houses, abstract such as prices and freedom), and imaginary things (such as characters). Concepts are mental representations obtained by people based on the generalization of the properties of objects. The concept formed for an individual object is called an individual concept, which is referred to by a name (such as Li Zi, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Earth). Terminology mainly studies the general concept formed by the abstraction of ten objects based on their common characteristics. The psychological reflection of these common characteristics forming concepts is called characteristics, and their reference is called terminology. This abstract process is called the conceptualization process. The concepts explored in terminology correspond to the objects studied in a certain knowledge field. Therefore, terminology has its inherent systematicity. In a knowledge field, concepts are described by definitions and given agreed references (i.e. terms). A group of concepts can be constructed into a concept system based on the relationship between concepts. Generally speaking, the concept system reflects the corresponding knowledge system. 3.2 Characteristics
Any object has many characteristics. People form a certain concept based on the common characteristics of the same object. The psychological reflection of these common characteristics is called the characteristics of the concept.
3.2.1 Essential characteristics and distinguishing characteristics
Different professional fields have different emphasis on the many characteristics of an object. In a certain professional field, the characteristics that reflect the fundamental characteristics of an object are called essential characteristics. These essential characteristics vary depending on the professional field to which the concept belongs, reflecting the different emphases of different professional fields. Example: In chemistry, water is a "compound of hydrogen and oxygen". The pseudopolarity of water molecules makes water a good solvent for electrolytes and an important place for electrolyte reactions. In physics, water is a "liquid with a melting point of 100°C, a high specific heat and a high surface tension. This is also the result of the dipole property of water molecules. In biology, "life originated from water, and water is a necessary component of life organizations. Approved by the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision on December 30, 1999 and implemented on August 1, 2000
GB/T 10112-*999
Water is involved in major life processes such as respiration and photosynthesis. Water is the main medium for carrying nutrients in and out of the body. Most biochemical reactions are carried out in aqueous solution. In environmental science, "water is an important factor affecting the weather. Water is an important resource that humans cannot do without. Water flooding can cause major disasters." In engineering technology, water's great solubility makes it "the most commonly used detergent." Water's high specific heat makes it "an excellent medium for heat storage and heat transfer." Water's fluidity, incompressibility, and water level variability make it "used to transfer and regulate energy." Therefore, water is used in cleaning, temperature control, water pressure, water conservancy, and other aspects. For these professional fields, the essential characteristics of water are different.
-Although a concept has multiple symbols, the most important one for native language work is the characteristic that can be used to distinguish the concept from other concepts. This characteristic is called a distinguishing characteristic (or a distinguishing characteristic). When using definitions to describe things, distinguishing characteristics must be given. For example: "A rhombus is an equilateral quadrilateral with no right angles." Here, "no right angles" is the distinguishing feature that distinguishes a rhombus from a square. Note that a distinguishing feature is not necessarily a qualitative feature. For example, "birds" is defined as "a group of vertebrates with feathers on their bodies and their forelimbs transformed into wings." Here, feathers and wings are the distinguishing features that distinguish birds from other vertebrates, not the essential features of birds. Flying is the essential feature of birds. The reason why birds have been able to survive alone for millions of years, migrate long distances to avoid harm and seek benefits, and take advantage of resources that other animals cannot or find difficult to take advantage of is that they can fly. It should be said that from the perspective of evolution, the ability to fly is the essential feature of the fundamental nature of mammals. It is only because the flying ability of individual birds, such as mammals, has degenerated, while mammals such as bats can fly, that flight is not used as a distinguishing feature of birds, but some unique features of birds' flight organs are used as distinguishing features. This situation should be explained in the notes after the definition of "birds". 3.2.2 Connotation and extension The specific characteristics of an object reflected by a concept are called the connotation of the concept. Example: "Ship is a water transportation tool." Here, "water transportation tool" is the connotation of "ship". The scope of the object referred to by a concept is called the extension of the concept. Example: "The extension of the concept of ship includes fishing boats, passenger ships, cargo ships, and other forms of ships. Generally speaking, the richer the connotation of a concept, the smaller the extension, and vice versa, the poorer the connotation, the wider the extension. 3.2.3 Abstraction and division The psychological process of extracting the common characteristics of things and summarizing them into concepts is called imagery, and this abstract process can be carried out continuously from bottom to top. In the past, a multi-level vertical concept system was established, and each level was called an abstract layer. Generally speaking, the higher the level, the fewer the number of concepts, which can be regarded as a bottom-up aggregation process. Conversely, we can also regard this vertical concept system as the product of a top-down division process. The same concept can be divided into dozens of different concepts based on different classification standards. For example, tables can be divided into different types according to different characteristics. According to size, they can be divided into three categories: large, medium, and small; according to color, they can be divided into yellow, black, white, etc. According to use, they can be divided into dining tables, desks, computer desks, etc. Each division standard here is called a dimension. 3.3 Relationships between concepts
The concepts discussed in terminology are interconnected in various forms. It is based on these relationships that we can organize all the concepts in a professional field into a conceptual system. 3.3.1 Hierarchical relationships
Based on the inclusion relationship between concepts, concepts can be divided into superordinate concepts and subordinate concepts. Superordinate concepts are called macro concepts, subordinate concepts are called subconcepts, and concepts that are divided according to the same standard (the same dimension) and are at the same level are called column concepts. 3.3.1.1 Genus-species relationship
The genus-species relationship refers to the inclusion relationship of the concept extension. The extension of the subconcept (species) is part of the extension of the macro concept (genus). In addition to all the characteristics of the human concept, the subconcept also has its own unique distinguishing characteristics. Example: (genus) - tree
(species) - arbor, shrub
3.3.1.2 Whole-part relationship
GB/T 10112- 1999
Whole! -Part relationship refers to the inclusion relationship between objects. The object corresponding to the small concept is the component of the object corresponding to the large concept. Example: (whole) - human body
(part) - brain, heart, lung, kidney, liver, etc. 3.3.2 Non-hierarchical relationship
Non-hierarchical relationship also reflects some relationships between objects. There are many types, see the various relationships listed below. Sequence relationship
Spatial (position) relationship
Time relationship
Causal relationship
Source relationship
Development relationship
Association Relationship (also called subject relationship or practical relationship) logical relationship (premise-conclusion relationship)
form-content relationship
functional relationship (independent variable-dependent variable relationship
object-attribute relationship
structure-function relationship
behavior-motivation relationship
behavior·object relationship
producer-product relationship
tool·operation relationship
and so on. wwW.bzxz.Net
3.4 Concept system
A concept system is composed of a group of related concepts. Each concept occupies a specific position in the system. The ideal concept system should be clearly structured and rational, correctly reflect objective things, facilitate definition and standard reference, and coordinate and accommodate the corresponding terminology systems of different languages. Most concept systems are mixed systems. The concept system is generally based on the relationship between the screen, supplemented by the whole-part relationship, sequence relationship and association relationship in some places. 3.4.1 Color Dimension Classification
For the same object, different professional fields use different theoretical systems and methods to classify it, study its different aspects from different angles, and study the professional fields of the same object, together forming a related subject group. 3.4. 2 Construction steps
Constructing a concept system includes a series of interactive operations, and finally compiling a set of terms for use in a professional field. These operations include: 1. Collecting concepts in the professional field being studied; 2. Analyzing the connotation and extension of each concept:
Determining the relationship and position of each concept in the concept system; Writing definitions for the concepts based on the relationship between the concepts; and giving each concept a designation.
4 Definition
4.1 Overview
Definition is a linguistic description of a concept. It points out the exact position of a concept in the concept system and distinguishes the concept from related concepts. In the hierarchical system, except for the highest level concept, the scientific definition model can be adopted, that is; definition - superordinate concept - used to distinguish the new concept from the basic concept. 4. 2 Types of meanings
4.2.1 Connotation definition
GB/r10112—1999
Connotation definition, especially the connotation definition based on genus-species relationship, is the main general definition model used in the concept system. Example 1: "A cargo ship is a ship that carries cargo and is powered by a machine. Here, "ship" is a genus concept (superordinate concept), "carrying cargo" is a distinguishing feature (i.e., specific difference) used to distinguish a ship from other types of ships (parallel concepts, such as fishing boats and passenger ships), and "powered by a machine" is a distinguishing feature used to distinguish a ship from a non-motorized ship (such as a sailboat, a boat that is paddled by humans).
Connotation definition can also be based on a whole-part system or a non-hierarchical system. Example 2: "Leaves are organs in plants that carry out photosynthesis and produce sugars. This is an connotation definition based on the relationship between a whole and a part. Here, "plant" is the whole (superordinate concept), and "part that carries out photosynthesis and produces sugars" is used to distinguish the leaves from other parts (parallel concepts: roots, stems, flowers). Example 3: "The cause of the behavior is explained in psychology." This is an connotation definition based on the causal relationship in a non-hierarchical relationship. Here, "motivation" is the cause and "behavior" is the result. 4.2.2 Extensional definition
If the subordinate concept is well-known and countable, an extensional definition can be used. Example, "The sun and the planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and Jupiter. Planets, Uranus, Neptune and Uranus. 4.3 Requirements for writing definitions
4.3.1 Elegance
In a concept system based on genus-species relationships, the definition must point out the exact position of the concept in the system and reflect the essential characteristics that conform to this system. The concept of the pending text inherits the essential characteristics of the superordinate concept on the one hand, and on the other hand, it effectively distinguishes itself from other parallel concepts with the help of distinguishing characteristics. Systematic writing of definitions can ensure the coordination of definitions. For example, when writing a definition for a solar system with a common superordinate concept, corresponding distinguishing characteristics should be selected, such as the distance or horizontal span from the sun, etc., and the text should be written in the same pattern and introduced in the same order. This pattern of description The description is more useful for comparing the differences between parallel concepts. 4.3.2 Appropriateness
The definition should be appropriate and closely follow the extension of the concept. It should not be excessive or too narrow. Example 1: "A motor vehicle is a vehicle that uses gasoline as fuel and is driven by a motor. This definition is appropriate. Because motor vehicles are not limited to gasoline as fuel, it excludes thermal motor vehicles that use diesel and other energy sources as fuel, as well as trams, etc. Example 2: A motor vehicle is a mechanically driven means of transportation." This definition is appropriate because this definition includes ships and other machines. 4.3.3 Simplicity
The definition should be concise. In addition to specifying the superordinate concept, only the distinguishing features need to be stated. Example: A ship is a water transportation vehicle that relies on human or mechanical drive. "The "relying on human or mechanical drive" here is redundant, except: 4.3.4 Correct use of negative definitions
In the case that the concept is not defined, a definition can be used: Example 1: "Asexual reproduction is a reproduction method that produces offspring directly from the parent body without the combination of reproductive cells." This is the correct use of the negative definition
Example 2: "The rhombus is not a rectangle." This is an incorrect use of the definition, because "rhombus" is not a negative concept 4. 3. 5 Avoid using circular definitions
If a concept is defined by the first concept, and the second concept refers to the first concept, the definition written in this way is called a circular definition. This is called repetition. This is like taking the technical spectrum of the text apart and repeating it together. Circular definitions are not conducive to the understanding of the concept and should be avoided.
GB/T 10112—1999
Example 1: "Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs. This is a circular explanation within the same definition. Example 2: "Artworks are products that trigger human aesthetic feelings." and "Aesthetic feelings are the psychological feelings that people experience when appreciating works of art." These two definitions are circular explanations in the concept system. 4.3.6 Follow the native language conventions
When writing definitions, pay attention to the native language's habit of forming words and sentences. For example, unlike Indo-European languages, Chinese avoids long pre-modifiers. Therefore, if the modifier used to explain the difference is long, it should be placed at the end as appropriate. 4.3.7 Explanations and illustrations
Some important features cannot be used as distinguishing features. As well as examples of their extensions, they can be included in the notes. Generally speaking, the information included in the explanation helps to understand the concept, such as the origin of the concept, customary usage, and other information. Illustrations can be used to illustrate definitions and make them clearer. Illustrations are most effective in explaining the structure of objects. In addition, illustrations can show the relationship between an object and its parts (such as a machine and its components), and are therefore suitable for supplementing the definition of a whole or a part. Diagrams and statistical charts with appropriate language annotations can also express abstract relationships, processes, quantity changes, etc. Note: Diagrams must be accompanied by explanations, otherwise it is easy for readers to mistake the hypothetical attributes of the concept for the essential characteristics of the concept. 5. Terminology
5.1 Overview
Terminology is the language designation of concepts in a professional field. 5.2. Relationship between terms and concepts
Terms and concepts should correspond one to one, that is, a term represents only one concept (univocity): a concept has only one reference, that is, it is represented by one term (univocity). This should be achieved in the relevant disciplines or at least in a professional field, otherwise heteronymy, polysemy and synonymy will occur.
5.2.1 Synonyms
Terms with the same form and/or pronunciation but different meanings (concepts), Example 1: Homophones, "root" (underground part of a plant) and "root" (the value of an unknown variable in an algebraic equation); "quality" (material content) and "quality (the quality of a product or work), Example 2: Homophones with different forms and meanings, such as "muscle span" *machine parts\ and "infrastructure" Example: Homophones with different vowels, such as "tolerance\
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