Compilation specifications and cartographic symbols for 1：1000000 topographic maps
Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
1:1000000 topographic map compilation specifications and carlograpbicsymbols for 1:1000 topographic maps1Subject content and scope of application
GB/T1451293
This standard specifies the mathematical basis, accuracy, editing work, compilation techniques and printing of 1:1000000 topographic maps; it specifies the symbols, annotations, colors, comprehensive indicators and basic requirements for representing various landforms and geomorphic elements on maps. This standard is applicable to the compilation of 1:1000000 topographic maps. It can also be used as a reference for the compilation of geographic base maps of 11000000 and smaller scale thematic maps.
2General provisions
2.1Nature, purpose and requirements of maps
11000000 topographic maps are national basic scale topographic maps. It comprehensively reflects the natural geography and socio-economic situation within the mapping area, and provides basic geographic information and topographic basis needed by various departments. It can be used as a map and working base map for various departments to carry out overall economic construction planning, production layout, and national resource development and utilization. It can also be used as basic data for compiling ordinary maps of smaller scales and a geographic base map for thematic maps.
1:1000000 topographic map should be complete, accurate, and up-to-date; the representation and synthesis of each element should be able to correctly reflect the actual characteristics and their relationship; the lines should be fine, the colors should be bright, and it should be clear and easy to read. 2.2 Mathematical basis of topographic map
2.2.11:1000000 topographic map uses the orthogonal equiangular cone projection and LAG75 ellipsoid, and is divided into zones according to the latitude difference of 4°. The absolute value of the deformation of the side latitude and mid-latitude of each projection zone is equal. Each projection zone has two standard latitudes, and their latitudes are: BBs+30, B3213%-30. The longitude after projection is a straight line, and the fiber line is a concentric circle. The projection iso-deformation line is consistent with the latitude line, and the deformation values of different bands are nearly equal. The length and area deformation change rules are very similar: there is no deformation on the standard latitude line, the deformation is negative between the two standard latitude lines, and it is positive outside the standard latitude line. The State Bureau of Technical Supervision approved on July 5, 1993 and implemented on February 1, 1994. The maximum length deformation on each map is ±0.03%, and the maximum area deformation is ±0.06%. When the maps of two adjacent bands are spliced, cracks will be generated. When two maps are spliced, the crack angle is 3 = 12.56cosP. When four maps are spliced, the crack angle is 3 = 25', 12casp. 2.2.21: 1000000 topographic maps are divided into maps according to longitude and latitude lines. The latitude difference of each map is 4° and the longitude difference is 6°. The longitude and latitude lines with a longitude difference of 1° and a latitude difference of 1° constitute the longitude and latitude grid. The longitude lines are straight lines, and the latitude lines are broken lines, with every 30 points as a breakpoint. 2.2.31*1000000 The sheet numbering rules for topographic maps are as follows: a row with a latitude difference of 4° is represented by the Latin letters A, B, C...V from the equator to the north; a column with a longitude difference of 6° is represented by the Arabic numerals 12, 3*60 from the west to the east starting from the longitude 180°. The sheet number of a sheet consists of the row number and the column number of the sheet, with the row number in front and the column number in the back. For example, the sheet number of Beijing is J50. 2.2.41:1000000 Topographic Map adopts the 1980 Xi'an coordinate system and the 1985 National Height Datum. 3 Editing preparation work
3.1 Mapping, analysis and selection of mapping data3.1.1 In the editing preparation work, we should fully understand the data situation of the mapping area and widely collect various data that can be used to compile 1:1000000 topographic maps. Among them, the latest publications are mainly: topographic maps and related sea charts larger than the mapping scale; provincial, prefectural and county maps and atlases; current thematic maps and cultural data such as administrative divisions, water systems, transportation, population, place names, boundaries, land surveys, regional geographical data, and satellite remote sensing data.
3.1.2 The collected data should be analyzed and studied comprehensively to determine the basic data, supplementary data and reference data. Generally, 1:500000 topographic maps should be selected as basic data. When 1:500000 topographic maps cannot meet the mapping requirements, 1:250000 topographic maps can be used as basic data. In special cases, topographic maps or nautical charts with the same scale as the thumbnail can be used as basic data for local areas of the map sheet:
For various provincial, prefectural, county maps, atlases, thematic maps, texts and satellite remote sensing data, their accuracy, currency and completeness should be analyzed and evaluated to determine their use process and methods. 3.1.3 The selection of basic data should be terminated before the compilation and mapping work. The use of current data should be terminated before the printed original map is sent to the factory. However, the use of current data such as residential areas, railways, trunk roads, etc. at or above the county level should be terminated before plate making and printing. 3.2 Research on the mapping area and preparation of the regional editing design book 3.2.1 Research on the mapping area
The research on the mapping area is based on the basic data, combined with supplementary data and reference materials, to understand the geographical overview and basic characteristics of the mapping area as a whole. The main contents of the study are: GB/T 14512--93
a. Distribution characteristics and density differences of settlements and population, basic characteristics of settlement plane figures, administrative significance and population level of settlements,
h. Level, distribution characteristics and density differences of roads, distribution of road ancillary facilities: e. Status of boundaries at all levels, especially national and provincial boundaries, whether there are any problems to be dealt with; d. Structural characteristics of river systems and river network density, river shape characteristics, lake types, water quality and distribution characteristics, distribution of artificial water systems such as canals, ditches and reservoirs
e. Coastal types, distribution characteristics of islands, reefs and navigation facilities, morphological characteristics of submarine landforms; f. Types, distribution and morphological characteristics of terrestrial landforms, distribution characteristics of various vegetation:
h. Distribution of landforms with special cultural, historical or economic value. Through the above analysis and research, according to the needs of the compilation and drawing work, write out the geographical overview of the mapping area. 3.2.2 Preparation of the editorial design book
The editorial design book is a technical document compiled under the guidance of this specification for the specific mapping area and data characteristics. It is drafted by the responsible editor who undertakes the task and implemented after approval by the superior competent department. Its contents are: a. Task overview:
h. Geographical overview of the mapping area:
C. Analysis, evaluation and utilization of mapping data: d. Compilation and drawing technical methods: specifically stipulate the processing of basic data and the production method of the original map e. Compilation and drawing of various elements of map content: mainly stipulate the selection indicators of map content, summarization methods, processing of various important relationships, etc. At the same time, for some special problems in the mapping area, specific provisions are made according to the general principles stipulated in the specification! r. Production of printed original map: specify the method of engraving or clear drawing of specific map sheets (or element plates), and put forward technical requirements for the representation of various elements;
g. Production regulations for color separation sample maps;
h. Attachments: generally include the table of map sheets in the mapping area, the data distribution outline map, the zoning selection index map, the administrative division outline map, the comprehensive sample map, the comparison table of new and old diagram symbols, the copying edge relationship map, etc. 4. Compilation and drawing technical methods
4.1 Compilation and drawing methods and data processing
GB/T14512-93
11000000 topographic maps can be drawn by different mapping methods such as enlarged drawing, equal-size drawing and revision. a. Enlarged drawing method
Enlarge the symbol specifications, intervals and comprehensive indicators on the basic data according to the magnification corresponding to the scale of 1:1000000 to compile the map content, and then reduce it to the mapping scale, and engrave it in sections to obtain the printed original map. The process flow is: exhibition point
basic information
standard broadcast editing meeting
b.Equal-size compilation method
Reduction
Tanning (brown) map
Sun engraving film
Engraving in separate plates
Annotation plate
Printing original map
Reduce the basic information to the scale of the finished map for compilation (obtaining the compiled original map) or compile and engrave at the same time (directly obtain the printed original map). The process flows are as follows:
Basic data
Material marking
Basic technical data
Material marking
Review reduction
Re-photograph reduction
Darkening<brown> picture
Annotation plate
Compilation and drawing of original picture
Drying engraving film
Drying engraving film
Separate plates engraving
Annotation plate
Separate plates combined with compilation and engraving
The annotation plate is obtained by cutting and pasting transparent annotations on a transparent film base, and is used as the annotation plate for printing the original picture. c. Revision method
Printed original map
For 1:100000 topographic map sheets that need to be revised due to minor changes in map content, the black map or engraved film of the original 1:1000000 printed map can be used to add, edit, and modify local elements or annotations on it, provided that the transfer accuracy is guaranteed. If a certain element changes significantly, the element plate can be revised again. The revised main plates are directly used as printed original maps. 4.2 Mathematical foundation display and data collage
4.2.1 According to the rectangular coordinate values in the "Appendix", display the intersection points of the longitude and latitude grid of each degree and the intersection points of the longitude and latitude lines of the collage base map on the mounting plate or film base. The accuracy of the display is: the error of the point position shall not exceed ±0.1mm, the error of the side length of the map shall not exceed ±0.2mm, and the error of the diagonal line of the map outline shall not exceed +0.3mm.
GB/T 14512-93
4.2.2 The data used for collage shall be clear in graphics, solid in line drawing, without background color, without yellow spots, and easy to re-photograph. The side length of the map outline shall be slightly smaller than the theoretical size, but not less than 0.4%-1% of the theoretical size. The error of the cutting of the map gallery edge shall not be greater than 0.1mm. In addition to the intersection of each degree of longitude and latitude, which must be a collage control point, there shall be no less than one intersection of longitude and latitude used for collage control in each longitude and latitude grid.
The error of the collage point and the error of the connection line of the longitude and latitude grid after collage shall not exceed 0.1mm, and the re-entry and crack shall not exceed 0.2mm. 4.3 Preparation of original map, preparation of map sheet preparation instructions and work plan Map sheet preparation instructions refer to the technical instructions for single map preparation work, which should be prepared in accordance with the provisions of the specifications and regional editing design book, combined with the actual situation of the specific map sheet. Its contents mainly include: map sheet content analysis, use of mapping data, selection indicators of various elements, generalization methods and relationship processing, etc.
b Determine the comprehensive degree of each element at the edge of the map sheet and the connection with the adjacent map.
Choose from the content of the map: determine its preparation order. The general order is: water area, vegetation generalization;
. Map outline, longitude and latitude grid lines:
ground feature symbols, elevation points:
water system;
settlement:
flexible grid;
boundary;
vegetation,
map sheet copy edge;
map gallery decoration
notes.
d. The original map is drawn in six colors: light blue, light purple, red, brown, black and green. Light blue is used to color water areas, light purple is used to color vegetation and lakes, and the colors used for drawing other elements refer to the diagram regulations. The line colors should be appropriate. 5 Drawing of map elements
5.1 Land water system
GR/T14512—93
Correctly indicate the location, type, shape characteristics, main and secondary relationship and name of the water system, reflect the distribution law and density comparison of the water system elements, maintain the structural characteristics of the river and canal network, fully display the achievements of water conservancy construction, and handle the relationship between the water system and other elements. 5.1.1 Rivers, canals, channels
5.1.1.1 Rivers, canals and channels The rivers with a width of more than 0.4 tatm on the map are represented by double lines according to the scale, and those with a width of less than 0.4 tatm are represented by single lines. Rivers represented by single lines should be represented by gradually changing line thicknesses of 0.1 to 0.4 mm depending on their length on the map, so that the main stream in the same river system is prominent and the main branches are clear. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is represented by a double line that is not based on the scale, and other canals are represented by a single line. Single lines of different thicknesses are used to distinguish between major and minor channels. 5.1.1.2 Selection and graphic summary of rivers, canals and channels The selection indicators of rivers, canals and channels are determined according to the river and channel density zoning (see Table 1). Zhang 1
Density zoning
Extremely dense area
Dense area
Medium dense area
Sparse area
River and channel density
(km/km)
1.0—2.0
0. 3—1. 0
Selection of rivers on the mapWww.bzxZ.net
Length (mm)
Minimum
Parallel spacing of rivers and canals on the map (mm)
Basically all
Channel selection
Length index
Should be determined in the
Editorial design
Book based on their
structural characteristics
and scale
When selecting rivers, canals, and channels, they should be selected in order from large to small, from primary to secondary. Pay attention to selecting mainstream river sources, boundary rivers, rivers that flow into the sea alone, rivers in desert water-scarce areas, rivers that connect lakes, and short rivers that can show the shape characteristics of the river system. When selecting channels, their structural characteristics should be emphasized, and attention should be paid to selecting important water delivery channels and water delivery tunnels. Disappearing river sections with a length greater than 3mm on the map and underground river sections with a length greater than 1mm should be indicated. Seasonal rivers at the source of rivers are not distinguished when their length on the map is less than 3nim.
When summarizing river graphics, the basic characteristics of the river shape and the contrast of the degree of curvature between different river sections should be maintained. Curvatures smaller than 0.5×0.6mm can generally be discarded, and those with characteristic significance should be expressed in an unusually large size. For rivers, canals, and channels whose flow direction is difficult to determine, flow direction symbols can be appropriately drawn. 5.1.2 Lakes
Lakes with an area larger than 0.5mm on the map should generally be selected. Lakes smaller than 0.5mm but of great significance (such as small lakes located near national borders or as river sources and freshwater lakes in dry areas, etc.) should be exaggerated to 0.5mm. In areas with dense lakes, a small number of lakes with an area of GB/T 14512-93
0.5-1.0mm2 can also be discarded. Lakes in glacial areas can be selectively exaggerated. Oxbow lakes and narrow strip lakes with a length greater than 3mm on the map and a width greater than 0.4mm are expressed with double lines, and those with a width less than 0.4mm are expressed with single lines according to shape characteristics. Fish ponds in the base pond area of the southern water network area are selected and represented by point symbols that are not based on scale. The configuration of symbols should show their distribution range and density comparison.
When summarizing the lake disappearance graph, the basic characteristics of its outline shape should be maintained, and the contrast between the degree of curvature and the water and land area between different bank sections should be maintained. The curves smaller than 0.5X0.6mm can generally be discarded, and those with characteristic significance should be exaggerated. 5.1.3 Reservoirs
Reservoirs are divided into three levels: large, medium and small according to their reservoir capacity. Reservoirs with a capacity of more than 100 million cubic meters are large reservoirs: they should all be represented according to scale. Reservoirs with a capacity of 10 million to 100 million cubic meters are medium-sized reservoirs. All reservoirs with an area greater than 2mm on the map are selected and represented according to scale. Reservoirs with an area less than 2nm are selected and represented by medium-sized reservoir symbols that are not based on scale. Reservoirs with a capacity of less than 10 million cubic meters are small reservoirs, which are selected and represented by small reservoir symbols. Large reservoirs under construction must indicate their dam sites and draw the water storage range. All flood diversion (flood storage) areas with an area greater than 25 mm2 on the map shall be indicated. 5.1.4 Swamps and salt pans
Swamps and saline-alkali swamps with an area greater than 25 mm2 on the map shall be selected. Narrow and long swamps distributed along rivers with a length greater than 1 cm on the map shall be indicated.
Salt pans with an area greater than 4 mm2 on the map shall be indicated according to the scale, and those smaller than this shall be indicated with non-scale symbols. 5.1.5 Islands in rivers, lakes and reservoirs Islands (sandbars) in lakes, reservoirs and rivers represented by double lines with an area larger than 0.35 mm2 on the map should be represented. Those with an area smaller than this should be selected and those larger than 0.35 mm2 should be represented. Small islands (sandbars) in rivers represented by single lines can be exaggerated, merged or discarded according to the shape characteristics of the river. 5.1.6 Wells, springs, springs and karez in dry areas should be fully selected, among which those that can be drunk and those that serve as river and canal water sources should be selected first. Other areas are generally not represented, but mineral springs, hot springs and famous bathing towels should generally be selected. 5.1.7 Levees and gates Select the protective levees of major rivers, canals and flood diversion (flood discharge) areas and the tourist levees along the coast. Select important flood diversion (flood discharge) gates, tide control gates, large ship locks, and drainage and irrigation gates. 5.1.8 Names and notes of land water systems Navigable rivers, canals and those with a length greater than 5.---10cm rivers and channels should be named. Longer ones can be named every 10-15cm. Famous rivers and famous canyons on large rivers should be named. The names of rivers that cross national borders are generally named in their respective countries according to the names used by each country. Lakes with an area larger than 10--15mm on the map should generally be named. Small lakes with good names or important significance should also be named. For clustered lakes, select the main one to be named. Large and medium-sized reservoirs and flood diversion (fanhong) areas should all be named, and important small reservoirs should be named as appropriate. The names of wells and springs that are also place names in arid areas should all be named. The classification of river, canal and lake name annotations shall be determined in accordance with the "Main Mountain and River System Data Map of China". 5.2 Marine elements
Correctly reflect the type of coast: show the basic form of the continental shelf, continental slope, deep sea basin and the distribution of islands and reefs; indicate the bottom of the sea and other marine hydrological elements.
5.2.1 Sea-reservoir line and dry-out line
The coastline is generally drawn with a line of 0.15mm thick, but the line with complex curvature can be drawn with a line of 0.1mm thick. When summarizing the coastline, the main turning points should be accurately located and the degree of curvature between the coast sections should be compared. The coastline of the plain coast should be straight and smooth, while the coastline of the bedrock coast should reflect the characteristics of tortuous and multi-angle. The coastline section convex to the sea area generally exaggerates the continental land and discards the sea area fragments: the coast section concave into the land should exaggerate the sea area and discard the land fragments. The coastline curvature smaller than 0.5×0.6mm can generally be discarded, and the small curvature that shows the characteristics of corners, sand spits, etc. should be expressed in a large size. Attention should be paid to reflecting the graphic characteristics of deltas and triangular ports at the place where rivers meet the sea. Dry beaches with a length greater than 5 mm and a width greater than 1 mm on the map should be indicated by corresponding symbols according to their nature. 5.2.2 Islands
When drawing islands, attention should be paid to maintaining the accuracy of their positions and the basic characteristics of their shapes. Islands with an area greater than 0.35 mm on the map should be indicated according to the scale, and islands with an area less than 0.35 mm should be indicated by dot symbols according to their shape characteristics. When there are dense islands, a small number of them can be discarded on the principle of maintaining the distribution range and characteristics. Islands that are in dispute with neighboring countries should be indicated. 5.2.3 Seabed landforms
Seabed landforms are indicated by isobaths with water depth annotations. Isobaths are indicated as follows: 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500m isobaths within a depth of 500m, 500-3000m isobaths with an isobath interval of 500m, and 1000m isobaths with a depth of more than 3000m. Isobaths need to be annotated, with the letterhead pointing to shallow water, and are generally arranged in groups. Slope lines should be drawn where the slope direction is difficult to determine and on the lowest closed isobath. When enclosing isobaths, the shallow water area should generally be enlarged and the deep water area should be reduced. When isobaths are too dense in steep slopes, individual isobaths can be disconnected for representation. Water depth annotations are selected based on basic data. The geometric center of the annotation number indicates the location of the sounding point. The annotation is accurate to meters and decimal places are discarded. When underwater seamounts and sea hills have very small areas on the map and cannot be represented by isobaths due to their steep slopes, special water depth symbols are drawn and the water depth is introduced. The density of water depth annotations depends on the seabed landform characteristics. Generally, 10 to 30 are selected per square meter on the map. About 30 are selected in offshore and island complex areas, and about 10 are selected in basins and troughs. Priority should be given to shallower depth notes (such as the depth of shallow pools, sea hills, seamounts and the shallowest part of the sea area) and deeper depth notes (such as deep pools, sea benefits and the deepest part of the sea area). 5.2.4 Reefs, underwater beaches, seabed sediments, currents, tides, open reefs, hidden reefs, and reefs should generally be indicated. When dense, they can be selected as appropriate while maintaining their distribution range and density comparison. However, reefs that serve as territorial sea baseline points must be indicated. Underwater beaches with an area greater than 2mm on the map should be indicated, and their distribution range and arrangement direction should be correctly reflected. The seabed sediments should be indicated according to the classification on the basic data and annotated with explanatory notes. The selection of sediment annotations should be able to reflect the material composition of the seabed, and 35 annotations should be selected per square decimeter on the map. Sediment annotations of seamounts and seamounts, trenches and basins should generally be selected. In sea areas with complex and changeable sedimen- ts and shallow sea areas used as lands, more sedimen- ts should be selected appropriately. The selected sedimen- t annotations should be annotated according to the position on the data. Surface currents and flow rates in January and July are generally selected in each longitude and latitude grid. Tidal currents and flow rates should be indicated in offshore and major harbors. 5.2.5 Name annotations of marine elements
Oceans, seas, bays, straits, sea gates, sea troughs, archipelagos, islands, capes, underwater beaches and reefs should all be named. When offshore islands and reefs are grouped, their names can be selected. The names of islands that are in dispute with neighboring countries should be annotated. The names of oceans and islets should be graded according to the "Major Small Dolphin River System Data Map of China". 5.3 Residential Areas
Correctly indicate the location, name, administrative significance and population classification of residential areas: reflect the distribution characteristics and density differences of residential areas in different regions and properly handle the relationship between residential areas and other important cases. 5.3.1 Table of Residential Areas
a. Residential areas are divided into:
Residential areas with more than 1 million people;
Residential areas with 500,000 to 1 million people:
Residential areas with 200,000 to 600,000 people;
Residential areas with 200,000 people;
Residential areas with 50,000 to 100,000 people:
Residential areas with 10,000 to 50,000 people
Residential areas with less than 10,000 people.
The population of residential areas shown on the map refers to the population of residential areas, generally including urban areas and suburban areas. b. Residential areas are divided into:
Pudu;
The seat of the people's government of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; GB/F 14512 93
The seat of the people's government of prefecture-level cities, the seat of the administrative office of regions and leagues; the seat of the people's government of autonomous counties, banners, autonomous banners, county-level cities and the seat of the people's government equivalent to the county: the seat of the people's government of towns:
The seat of the people's government of townships:
Other residential areas, including agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery farms, industrial and mining enterprises, colleges and universities, scientific research institutions, experimental areas, sanatoriums, villages, scattered houses and grazing sites, etc.
5.3.2 Indicators for the selection of residential areas
The indicators for the selection of residential areas are determined according to the density of residential areas (see Table 2).
Density zoning
Extremely dense area
Dense area
Medium dense area
Sparse area
Extremely dense area
Small and medium
Small and medium
Large and medium
Small and medium
Large and medium
Small and medium
Large and medium
Small and medium
Density (individuals/100km2)||tt ||Above 200
110—200
Above 60
35—110
35—60
15—35
Below 15
Selection index of residential areas on the map (unit/dm)200—250
160—200
120-160
90—120
90 Next
In each density zone, we should also consider population density, distribution characteristics of settlements, the proportion of settlements above the town level and the number of characters in the name annotations, as well as the density of other explanatory annotations, and then determine the number of settlements to be selected in different areas. 5.3.3 Principles for selecting settlements
All settlements above the county level should be represented, settlements at the town level should be represented as much as possible, and settlements below the town level should give priority to settlements in townships, farms, forestry farms, pastures, fishing grounds and settlements near national borders: then settlements with historical significance or cultural relics and scenic spots, settlements with geographical characteristics and that can reflect distribution characteristics should be selected; finally, other settlements should be selected.
5.3.4 Summary of settlement plan graphics
Residential areas with a population of more than 500,000 people should be represented by plan graphics. Although the seat of the people's government of a few provinces and autonomous regions has a population of less than 50 square meters, it is still represented by a large plan graphic, and circle symbols are added according to the population level. The settlement plan graphics should correctly display the external contour characteristics of the settlement and the main internal channels. When summarizing the residential floor plan, the block unit area should not be less than 2mm, and the width of the narrow block unit should not be less than 0.6mm. The convex and concave areas of the block outline less than 0.5mm can be discarded. The open space area within the block greater than 2mm should be indicated. For the suburban construction area adjacent to the city, if the spacing on the map is greater than 1mm and its area exceeds 2mm2, it should be expressed in a plane figure alone, and the area less than 2mm should generally be discarded. Railways and rivers can pass through the residential floor plan, and highways and other roads are connected to the edge of the residential floor plan. 5.3.5. Allocation of circular symbols for residential areas
Residential areas with a population of less than 500,000 are indicated by circular symbols. The symbol is generally arranged at the center of the residential area; if the residential area is dispersed, the symbol is arranged in its main building area. For residential areas located on small islands or narrow corners, the center of the circular symbol must be on land. The relationship between the circular symbol of the residential area and rivers and roads, such as tangency, secant, and separation, should be correctly reflected. 5.3.6 Representation of scattered houses and grazing points
Scattered houses refer to single buildings or small concentrated houses that exist in sparsely populated areas. Names should be selected to indicate them. Grazing points refer to fixed or seasonal tents and yurts for grazing. Names should be selected. 5.3.7 Name annotation of residential areas
All selected residential areas must be named (optional for grazing points) and their administrative levels should be correctly indicated. The full name of the city should be noted.
The seat of the autonomous prefecture people's government and the region, and the seat of the league administrative office are indicated by the name of the seat and a horizontal line is drawn below the name. The name of the county is generally indicated by the proper name, but when the proper name is a single word, the full name must be indicated; the name of the Baizhi county and the banner are indicated by the full name. When the county name is inconsistent with the name of the seat, the seat name is indicated in brackets. The full name of the town is indicated. The name of the township is indicated by the proper name, and when the proper name is a single word, the full name must be indicated. The village is indicated by the natural name. The name of the village in the sparsely populated area can be increased by one level. The names of large-scale agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, industrial and mining enterprises, scientific research institutions, schools above secondary technical schools and sanatoriums are selected according to their importance.
5.3.8 Representation of settlements in foreign areas
When the population of settlements in foreign and domestic areas is inconsistent, the population level symbol close to the population level is used. The name of the settlement is indicated, followed by its administrative text and indicated with the corresponding level. 5.4 Transportation
Correctly indicate the type, grade, direction and shape characteristics of roads; reflect the density comparison of traffic valves between different regions: handle the relationship between transportation and other elements well, and show the navigation conditions of rivers and oceans. 5.4.1 Land Transportation
5.4.1.1 Classification and Selection of Roads
Railways: In principle, double-track, single-track, electrified railways and railways in construction are all indicated, but short branch lines in large cities and suburbs, industrial and mining areas and near stations can be discarded as appropriate. Long narrow-gauge railways should generally be selected. Electrified railways are drawn near the starting and ending stations, and are repeated every 15 cm in the middle.
b. Highways: National trunk roads, provincial trunk roads and roads in construction are all indicated. County, township and other roads can be selected in sparsely populated areas, and short branch lines can be discarded as appropriate in other areas. GB/T 14512 93
Center: Other roads: In areas with sparse roads, select roads and small roads as appropriate to supplement the connection between residential areas and between residential areas and high-level roads. Roads and small roads that run through residential areas, forest areas, grasslands, deserts, swamps, and as boundaries should be selected first. The names of major railways and national trunk roads should be annotated with the name of the abbreviation "×" and the side of the word parallel to the road. For longer routes, the annotation can be repeated every 20 cm.
5.4.1.2 Graphical summary of roads
When summarizing road graphics, the basic characteristics of the shape should be maintained, and the relative position of the road and its surrounding features should be correctly displayed. Minor bends can generally be simplified, but sharp turns, "S" shapes and other characteristic bends should be exaggerated. 5.4.1.3 Representation of road annexes
: Railway stations: Generally, all are selected, and slow stations can be appropriately omitted when passing through. Station symbols are drawn on the same side as the platform. When the station symbol is close to the symbol of the township-level or above residential area and it is difficult to indicate the symbol, the station symbol may not be indicated; when it is close to an ordinary village and it is difficult to indicate the symbol of the residential area, only the station symbol may be indicated. Except for the station name that has the same name as the adjacent residential area, it can be omitted, and the rest should be marked with "×义站". b. Tunnels: Tunnels on railways and roads are indicated according to the scale if the length exceeds 2mm on the map, and tunnel symbols that are not in scale are used to indicate the length of less than 2mm. For continuous short tunnel groups, tunnel symbols are drawn at both ends according to the actual location, and symbols are appropriately arranged in the middle. Bridges: All railway and highway bridges on double-line rivers are indicated. d. Mountain overflows are selected and indicated according to basic information, and the names of important ones should be noted. 5.4.2 Water transportation
a. River navigation starting and ending points: All navigable rivers and canals should indicate the navigation starting and ending points. When it is difficult to clearly indicate the water network area, it may not be indicated.
b, Lighthouses and light posts: All lighthouses with a range of more than 15 nautical miles are indicated, those with a range of 10 to 15 nautical miles are selected as appropriate, and those with a range of less than 10 nautical miles are generally not indicated.
e Ports: All ports for coastal and ocean-going ships and inland ports open to the outside world are indicated, and inland ports are indicated as needed. Navigation lines: Fixed navigation lines between ports are indicated in detail. Navigation lines are annotated with the names and mileage of the starting and ending points. If the starting and ending points are within the surrounding map, only the mileage is noted and the place name is omitted. When depicting navigation lines, the relationship with islands, reefs, and navigation marks should be correctly indicated. 5.4.3 Air traffic
Indication of domestic civil airports open to the outside world
5.4.4 Representation of foreign regional transportation networks
All railways that meet the standard gauge of the country are indicated by the standard gauge railway symbol in the diagram. Expressways are indicated by corresponding symbols.
Other roads are generally indicated by road symbols close to the domestic grade. Airports and ports should be as basic as possible.
5.5 realm3. Representation of road appendages: Railway station: Generally, all are selected. When passing through the case, the slow station can be appropriately omitted. The station symbol is drawn on the same side of the platform. When the station symbol is close to the symbol of the township-level or above residential area and it is difficult to express it in time, the station can be omitted; when it is close to a general village and it is difficult to express the residential area symbol, only the station symbol can be expressed. Except for the station name that has the same name as the adjacent residential area, it can be omitted, and the rest should be marked with "×义站". b. Tunnels: Tunnels on railways and roads, those with a length of more than 2mm on the map are represented according to the scale, and those with a length of less than 2mm are represented by tunnel symbols that are not based on the scale. For continuous short tunnel groups, tunnel symbols are drawn at both ends according to the actual position, and symbols are appropriately arranged in the middle. Bridges: All railway and highway bridges on double-line rivers are represented. d. Mountain overflows, select and represent according to basic information, and the important ones should be named. 5.4.2 Water transportation: a. River navigation starting and ending points: All navigable rivers and canals should indicate the navigation starting and ending points. When it is difficult to clearly indicate the water network area, it may not be indicated.
b, Lighthouses and light posts: All lighthouses with a range of more than 15 nautical miles are indicated, those with a range of 10 to 15 nautical miles are selected as appropriate, and those with a range of less than 10 nautical miles are generally not indicated.
e Ports: All coastal and ocean-going sea-going ship berthing ports and inland ports open to the outside world are indicated, and inland ports are indicated selectively. Navigation lines: Fixed navigation lines between ports are indicated in detail. Navigation lines are annotated with the names and mileage of the starting and ending points. If the starting and ending points are within the surrounding map, only the mileage is noted and the place name is omitted. When depicting navigation lines, the relationship with islands, reefs, and navigation marks should be correctly indicated. 5.4.3 Air traffic
Indication of domestic civil airports open to the outside world
5.4.4 Representation of foreign regional transportation networks
All railways that meet the standard gauge of the country are indicated by the standard gauge railway symbol in the diagram. Expressways are indicated with corresponding symbols.
Other roads are generally indicated by road symbols close to the domestic level. Airports and ports should be indicated as much as possible.
5.5 Level3. Representation of road appendages: Railway station: Generally, all are selected. When passing through the case, the slow station can be appropriately omitted. The station symbol is drawn on the same side of the platform. When the station symbol is close to the symbol of the township-level or above residential area and it is difficult to express it in time, the station can be omitted; when it is close to a general village and it is difficult to express the residential area symbol, only the station symbol can be expressed. Except for the station name that has the same name as the adjacent residential area, it can be omitted, and the rest should be marked with "×义站". b. Tunnels: Tunnels on railways and roads, those with a length of more than 2mm on the map are represented according to the scale, and those with a length of less than 2mm are represented by tunnel symbols that are not based on the scale. For continuous short tunnel groups, tunnel symbols are drawn at both ends according to the actual position, and symbols are appropriately arranged in the middle. Bridges: All railway and highway bridges on double-line rivers are represented. d. Mountain overflows, select and represent according to basic information, and the important ones should be named. 5.4.2 Water transportation: a. River navigation starting and ending points: All navigable rivers and canals should indicate the navigation starting and ending points. When it is difficult to clearly indicate the water network area, it may not be indicated.
b, Lighthouses and light posts: All lighthouses with a range of more than 15 nautical miles are indicated, those with a range of 10 to 15 nautical miles are selected as appropriate, and those with a range of less than 10 nautical miles are generally not indicated.
e Ports: All coastal and ocean-going sea-going ship berthing ports and inland ports open to the outside world are indicated, and inland ports are indicated selectively. Navigation lines: Fixed navigation lines between ports are indicated in detail. Navigation lines are annotated with the names and mileage of the starting and ending points. If the starting and ending points are within the surrounding map, only the mileage is noted and the place name is omitted. When depicting navigation lines, the relationship with islands, reefs, and navigation marks should be correctly indicated. 5.4.3 Air traffic
Indication of domestic civil airports open to the outside world
5.4.4 Representation of foreign regional transportation networks
All railways that meet the standard gauge of the country are indicated by the standard gauge railway symbol in the diagram. Expressways are indicated with corresponding symbols.
Other roads are generally indicated by road symbols close to the domestic level. Airports and ports should be indicated as much as possible.
5.5 Level
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