Some standard content:
ICS07.060
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T34808—2017
Specification for agrometeorological observation-Soybean2017-11-01Promulgated
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of ChinaStandardization Administration of the People's Republic of China
2017-11-01Implementation
Terms and definitions
Observation principles and site selection
Observation during the development period
Observation and evaluation of growth status
Observation of growth amount
Yield factor analysis||tt ||Observation of major agricultural meteorological disasters
Observation of major diseases and pests
Field work records·
Filling in observation books
Identification of meteorological conditions during the growth period
Appendix A (Normative Appendix)bzxZ.net
Appendix B (Normative Appendix)
Appendix C (Normative Appendix)
Appendix D (Normative Appendix)
Site selection
Soybean density observation
Soybean growth observation．
Observation of soybean yield factors·
Filling in the observation sheet
Appendix E (Normative Appendix)
Appendix F (Informative Appendix) References to soybean agricultural meteorological observation sheet and report format
GB/T34808—2017
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This standard was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T1.1—2009. This standard was proposed by the China Meteorological Administration.
This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Agricultural Meteorology Standardization (SAC/TC539). Drafting units of this standard: China Meteorological Science Academy, Heilongjiang Meteorological Science Institute The main drafters of this standard: Guo Jianping, Jiang Lixia, Li Shuai, Yan Ping, Zhu Haixia, Wang Ping, Ji Yanghui, Zhao Junfang. GB/T34808—2017
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1 Scope
Specifications for agricultural meteorological observation
GB/T34808—2017
This standard specifies the rules for soybean agricultural meteorological observation, including observation principles and site selection, development period, growth status, growth volume, yield factors, observation times, items, standards and calculation methods for major agricultural meteorological disasters and pests and diseases, field work, etc., and the recording format of observation results and filling in observation books. This standard applies to the business, services and research of soybean agricultural meteorological observation. Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this document. 2.1
Parallel observation
Parallel observation
Observe the development process, growth status and yield formation of soybeans, and observe related environmental factors at the same time. 2.2
Plant density
plant density
The number of soybean plants per unit area of land. Note: It is expressed as the number of plants per square meter.
empty and blighted pod
Empty and blighted pod
Pods without seeds or with less than 1/4 of the normal seeds. Observation principles and site selection
Observation principles
3.1.1 Parallel observation
Observe the development process, growth status and yield of soybeans, and at the same time observe the physical elements of the soybean growth environment (including meteorological elements, etc.). When the meteorological conditions of the soybean observation site are basically consistent with those of the meteorological observation site, the basic meteorological observations of the meteorological station can be used as the meteorological element part of the parallel observation.
3.1.2 Combination of points and areas
Systematic observations should be carried out in relatively fixed observation areas; during the critical period of soybean growth and when agricultural meteorological disasters, diseases and insect pests occur, a large-scale agricultural meteorological survey should be carried out according to local service needs to enhance the representativeness of observations. 3.2 Selection of sites
Sites that can represent the local climate, soil, topography, topography, farming system and yield level under normal circumstances should be selected as observation sites. Once a site is selected, it should remain stable for a long time. If it is necessary to adjust, the farmland adjacent to the site should be selected, and the adjustment should be recorded. For the specific requirements of site selection, see Appendix A.
4 Developmental period observation
4.1 Observation content
Sowing period, seedling period, three true leaf period, branching period, flowering period, bud formation period, grain filling period and maturity period. Observation time
The sowing period is recorded according to the actual sowing date: the emergence period is determined and recorded by visual observation. Other development periods are observed every other day. If the interval between two adjacent development periods is very long, observations can be made at the end of May and the end of the ten-day period without missing any development period. When the development period is approaching, observations can be resumed every other day. The specific time period should be determined by the station based on historical data and the soybean growth situation of the year.
4.3 Selection of observation site
4.3.1 Determination of observation point
In each of the four areas of the observation area, select a representative point, mark and number it, and observe the development period at this point. 4.3.2 Determination of observation point area
Dense planting in row sowing: 2 to 3 rows wide and 2m to 3m long. 4.3.2.1
Pit sowing: 2 to 3 rows wide, each row can include 15 holes (plants) to 20 holes (plants). 3 intercropping: refer to 4.3.2.1 for row sowing and 4.3.2.2 for hole sowing4.3.2.3
Selection of the number of observed plants
Dense planting in row sowing: the observed plants are generally not fixed. Within the measuring point during the development period, 25 plants are continuously selected at each measuring point. 4.3.3.2
Hole sowing: 5 holes are continuously fixed at each measuring point.
Intercropping: refer to 4.3.3.1 for row sowing and 4.3.3.2 for hole sowing.4.4
Determination of development period
Determination of development period includes the following parts: Seedling stage: cotyledons unfold on the soil surface: Three true leaves stage: after two true leaves (simple leaves) appear, compound leaves composed of three leaflets appear and begin to unfold: One branching stage: lateral buds about 1.0 cm long appear between the axils of the main stem. The branching period varies from variety to variety, some before flowering, some after flowering;
Flowering period: the petals (flag petals) of the first flower on the inflorescence unfold; Pod-setting period: after the flowers fall, young pods begin to form, about 2.0 cm long; First seed-forming period: the pods and seeds begin to bulge out significantly; Maturity period: the plant turns yellow, the lower leaves begin to wither, the pods dry, the seeds harden, and show the inherent color of the variety. When a certain developmental period characteristic appears on the observed plant, it means that the individual has entered a certain developmental period. The soybean population in a plot enters a developmental period, which is determined by the percentage of plants entering the developmental period in the total number of plants observed. When the first time is greater than or equal to 10%, it is the beginning of the developmental period, and when it is greater than or equal to 50%, it is the general developmental period. The general developmental period is observed until 50%. 2
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4.5 Handling of special situations
GB/T34808—2017
4.5.1 When the number of plants entering the growth stage does not reach 10% or 50% due to reasons such as variety, the observation shall be carried out until the total increase of the number of plants entering the growth stage does not exceed 5% for three consecutive times. The above situation caused by climatic reasons shall still be observed and recorded. 4.5.2 If the percentage of the growth stage in a certain observation result shows a regression, the observation shall be re-observed immediately to check whether the observation is wrong or whether the observed plants lack representativeness. The next observation result shall prevail. 4.5.3 If some growth stages do not appear or abnormal phenomena occur during the growth stage due to reasons such as variety and cultivation measures, they shall be recorded. 4.5.4 If the fixed observation plants lose their representativeness, the plants shall be fixed and observed again at the measuring point. When 3 or more plants in the measuring point lose their representativeness, another measuring point shall be selected.
4.5.5 If the weather or dryland irrigation that hinders field observation occurs during the specified observation time, the observation can be postponed, and supplementary measurement should be carried out in time afterwards. If the percentage of entering the development period exceeds 10% or 50%, the date of this observation will be regarded as the beginning period or general period. 5. Observation and evaluation of growth status
5.1 Observation content
Plant height, plant density, number of branches at one time and number of pods. 5.2
Observation time
5.2.1 Observation time for plant growth height: three true leaves stage, flowering stage, and grain filling stage. 5.2.2 Observation time for plant density: three true leaves stage and grain filling stage. 5.2.3
Observation time for number of branches at one time and number of pods: grain filling stage. 5.3 Plant growth height measurement
Near the observation point during the development period, select a place with representative plant growth height for continuous sampling and measurement. For row-sown dense soybeans, the plants are not fixed, and the samples are measured continuously. Select 4 measurement points, select 10 plants at each measurement point, and a total of 40 plants are observed. For hole-sown soybeans, select 5 holes continuously, and select 3 plants from each hole. If individual plants are broken or dead, they should be re-selected. If 3 or more plants in a measurement point lose their representativeness, all plants at the measurement point should be re-selected, and the specific measurement value should be noted in the remarks column. The value is taken from the cotyledon node to the top of the main stem (including the inflorescence). The height measurement is in centimeters, and the decimal is rounded off to the nearest integer.
5.4 Plant density measurement
When the plant density is measured for the first time, a representative measurement point should be selected near the observation point during the development period, and a mark should be made. Each subsequent density measurement should be carried out here. If a measurement point loses its representativeness, another measurement point should be selected, and the reason should be noted. See Appendix B for specific observation methods.
5.5 Observation of the number of branches and pods at one time
Ten representative plants were selected at each measuring point to measure the number of branches and pods at one time. Note: Number of branches at one time: count the number of branches on the sample, calculate the average of the single plant, and take one decimal; Number of pods: count the number of pods on the sample, calculate the average of the single plant, and take one decimal. 5.6 Evaluation of growth status
5.6.1 Evaluation time
It is carried out during the general period of development.
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GB/T34808—2017
5.6.2 Evaluation method
Visual evaluation. Taking all soybeans in the entire observation area as the object, comparing with the whole county (city) and comparing the current year with previous years, comprehensively evaluate the various factors of soybean growth status, and use the method of classifying seedlings in 5.6.3 for evaluation. When there is a change between the two evaluation results, the reason should be noted.
5.6.3 Evaluation criteria
The evaluation criteria are divided into three categories:
Category 1: Excellent growth condition. The plants are strong, the density is uniform, the height is uniform, the leaf color is normal, the inflorescence is well developed, the pods are many, and the fruit is firm and full: there are no or only slight diseases and insect pests and meteorological disasters, which have little impact on growth: it is expected to reach the level of a high-yield year: Category 1 and 2: Good or medium growth condition. The plant density is not uniform, and there are a small number of missing seedlings and broken ridges: the growth height is not uniform: there are few pods: the plants suffer less from diseases and insect pests or meteorological disasters, and it is expected to reach the level of the average yield year in the past five years; Category 1 and 3: Bad or poor growth condition: uneven plant density, short plants, uneven height; serious missing seedlings and broken ridges; few pods and not full grains. There are many miscellaneous seedlings: diseases and insect pests or meteorological disasters have obvious inhibition or serious damage to them; the yield is expected to be very low, which is a year of reduced yield.
5.7 Field growth status observation survey
Field survey can be arranged by the local meteorological decision-making service needs. And according to the service needs, the survey situation shall be recorded and archived.
6 Growth observation
Observation content
Leaf area and dry matter weight.
6.2 Observation time
Three true leaves stage, branching stage (or 20 days after three true leaves), flowering stage, grain filling stage and maturity stage. The observation method is shown in Appendix C. 7 Yield factor analysis
Measurement and analysis content
Number of pods per plant, empty loquat pod rate, number of grains per plant, grain weight per plant, 100-grain weight, theoretical yield, stalk weight, grain-to-stalk ratio. 2 Measurement time
Maturity stage.
Measurement and analysis methods
Take samples from 4 areas of the observation area, first measure the quantity, then dry and thresh, conduct weight analysis in time, and keep the observation samples well. For specific methods, see Appendix D
8 Observation of major agricultural meteorological disasters
Observation content
Drought, flood, waterlogging (wet damage), continuous rain, wind disaster, ice bract, low temperature and cold damage, frost. 4
8.2 Observation time and place
GB/T34808—2017
8.2.1 Observation time: Observation should be carried out in time after the disaster occurs. From the beginning of soybean damage to the end of the damage symptoms. 8.2.2 Observation location: Generally, it is carried out in the soybean growth status observation area. If the disaster is serious, a county (city)-wide investigation should also be carried out.
8.3 Recording items
Name of the disaster, damage period and damage degree Disaster name
Record the name of the actual disaster.
2 Damage period
When the disaster begins to occur and soybeans show damage symptoms, it is recorded as the disaster start period. When the disaster is lifted or the symptoms of the damaged part of soybeans no longer develop, it is recorded as the end period. If the disaster worsens, it should be recorded. In addition to recording the start and end dates of crop damage, sudden disasters such as frost, floods, ice, and wind disasters should also record the start and end times of the weather process (in hours or minutes), based on the observation records of meteorological stations. When agricultural meteorological disasters (dry weather, low temperature and cold damage, etc.) reach the local disaster index, the date of reaching the disaster index is recorded as the disaster start period, and various observations are carried out. If no damage symptoms are found in the crops, continue to monitor for two sentences, and then make a judgment based on the actual situation. If it is judged that the crops are not damaged, record "not damaged" and analyze the reasons, and record it in the remarks column. 8.3.1.3 Symptoms and extent of damage
Record the damaged organs (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, etc.), damaged parts (upper, middle, lower) and external morphology, color changes, etc. of the crops, and judge the extent of damage according to Table 1.
Table 1 Symptoms and extent of damage to soybeans
Name of disaster
Low temperature and chilling damage
Continuous rain
Drought elephant outcrop. The soil moisture at 20cm depth is less than 60% of the field water holding capacity; it is not conducive to sowing, uneven emergence of seedlings, partial flooding of plants, broken leaves, and lodging. The plants lodged and deviated from the vertical direction by 15°~45°. The leaf tips were frozen, and a small amount of seedlings rotted and seeds were polluted, which affected the normal growth of the plants and affected the drying of seeds. There was water accumulation in the field and early signs of development. 20cm deep soil moisture
accounts for about 50% of the field water holding capacity: sowing is difficult
, seedling shortage is serious, leaves are adjusted during the day
, most of the plants are flooded, 1d~2d
stems are broken, flowers, pods, and grains fall off, plants fall down, deviate from the vertical direction by 46°
60°, some stems are broken
stems, flower buds, and immature pods are frozen, a large number of powdered seeds, filling is blocked
harvesting and sowing are difficult
early season is serious. 20cm deep soil moisture
accounts for less than 40% of the field water holding capacity: sowing
seedlings cannot be sown
; plant death
most of the plants are killed, washed away,
covered by the soil. Pod rot, seeds
Plant death, no grains
Flowers, pods, and seeds are blown off, plants are blown away by the wind or covered by snow
Plants are frozen to death, and the seeds are seriously powdered. Plants
cannot mature due to low temperatures, which seriously affects the yield. Seed germination, pod rot, and seedlings cannot be sown
GB/T34808—2017
8.3.2 Analysis of weather and climate conditions during the disaster period After the disaster occurs, the actual weather and climate conditions that caused the crop damage are recorded, and the records and analysis are recorded when the disaster begins, intensifies, and ends. The main analysis is the meteorological conditions before the disaster, the meteorological conditions from the beginning to the end of the disaster, the changes in meteorological conditions, the meteorological conditions that relieve the disaster, and the impact on soybean yield. The contents of the weather and climate conditions recorded when different disasters occur are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Meteorological disasters in soybean agriculture and weather and climate conditions during the period Disaster name
Continuous rain
Low temperature and cold damage
9 Observations on major pests and diseases
Observation content
Weather and climate conditions Record content
The longest continuous number of days without precipitation, precipitation and number of days during drought, thickness of dry soil layer in the area (cm), relative soil humidity (%) Continuous number of precipitation days, process precipitation, maximum daily precipitation and date Process precipitation, continuous number of precipitation days, relative soil humidity (%) Continuous number of rainy days, process precipitation
Process average wind speed, maximum wind speed and date Maximum ice capsule diameter (mm), ice density (pieces/m) or ice accumulation thickness (cm) Number of days of unfavorable temperature, process daily average temperature and deviation, extreme minimum temperature and date Duration of surface temperature less than or equal to 0℃, extreme minimum temperature and date Observation contents include purple spot disease, mosaic disease, borer, aphids, etc. 9.2
Observation time and location
Observe the soybean growth status in the observation area. If there are any diseases or insect pests, they should be observed and recorded immediately until the diseases and insect pests no longer spread or worsen. At the same time, record the damage situation around the area. 9.3
Record items
9.3.1 Name of the disaster
Record the scientific name, and do not record the local common name. 9.3.2 Damage period
When soybeans are found to be damaged by pests and diseases, it is recorded as the occurrence period; when the incidence of pests and diseases is high, it is recorded as the hunting period; when the pests and diseases no longer develop, it is recorded as the stop period. 9.3.3 Damage degree
Record the organs and parts of the crops that are damaged, and judge the damage degree according to Table 3 Table 3 Damaged parts and damage degree of soybeans
Damaged parts
Damage to stems and leaves
Damage to flowers, pods, and seeds
The whole plant is damaged, and the plant dies
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