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Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China SL187-1996 Technical Regulation of Water Quality Sampling sampling
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Industry standard of the People's Republic of China
Technical regulations for water quality sampling
SL1871996
Editor: Songliao River Basin Water Environment Monitoring Center Approval department: Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China
Notice on the approval and release of
"Technical regulations for water quality sampling" SL187-96 Water Science and Technology [1997143]
According to the formulation and revision plan of water conservancy and hydropower technical standards, the "Technical regulations for water quality sampling" was formulated by the Ministry of Hydrology and the Songliao River Basin Water Environment Monitoring Center as the main editor. It has been reviewed and approved as a water conservancy industry standard and is now published. The name and number of the standard are: "Technical Regulations for Water Quality Sampling" SL187-96. This standard shall be implemented from May 1, 1997. All units are advised to combine the actual situation and summarize the experience. If there are any questions, please inform the Hydrological Department of the Ministry of Water Resources and Hydropower, which will be responsible for the interpretation. The standard text is published and distributed by China Water Resources and Hydropower Press. February 13, 1997
1 General Principles
1.0.1 In order to standardize and normalize the water quality sampling technology of the water conservancy industry and ensure the representativeness, reliability, comparability, scientificity and impartiality of the water quality monitoring results, this regulation is specially formulated.
1.0.2 This regulation is applicable to the sampling of surface water, groundwater and precipitation, but not to the sampling of marine water.
1.0.3 This regulation is the basic requirement for water quality sampling technology. In addition to complying with this regulation, the sampling technology of specific projects shall also comply with the provisions of relevant analytical method standards. 1.0.4 Reference standards
SD 12784
GB 12998--91
GB 12999-91
GB13580-92
GB/T14581-93
DZ/T0133-94
Water quality monitoring specifications
Technical guidance for water quality sampling
Technical regulations for the storage and management of water quality sampling samplesCollection and storage of atmospheric precipitation samples
Technical guidance for water quality sampling of lakes and reservoirs
Procedure for dynamic monitoring of groundwater
2 Sampling intervals Layout of surface water sampling sections and sampling points
2.1 Layout of surface water sampling sections
2.1.1 The layout principles of surface water sampling sections should meet the following requirements: (1) The layout of sampling sections should take into account the location and water intake of production and living water intakes in the sampling river section: the location and pollutant discharge of wastewater outlets: the hydrology and bed conditions of the river section: the confluence of tributaries and hydraulic structures: the destruction of bank vegetation and water loss: other factors affecting water quality and uniformity, etc. (2) The layout of sampling sections should take into account communication and traffic conditions to meet the requirements of rapid and safe water quality monitoring, and should be consistent with or close to the hydrological section as much as possible to obtain relevant hydrological data.
(3) The location of the sampling section should be selected where the river section is straight, the riverbed is stable, the water flow is steady, and there is no rapids and beaches, avoiding dead water areas, areas with dense aquatic plants and garbage accumulation areas. (4) The number of sampling sections should be determined based on the actual need to understand the water environment quality, taking into account the control of the temporal and spatial distribution and change patterns of pollutants, and selecting the optimal solution: strive to obtain the most representative samples with fewer sections, vertical lines and measuring points. 2.1.2 The layout method of river sampling sections should meet the following requirements: (1) For rivers with heavy pollution such as cities or industrial areas, control sections, control sections and reduction sections should be laid out as needed. (2) When there are large tributaries in the river, sampling sections should be laid out near the main tributaries upstream of the confluence and downstream of the main stream after the confluence. (3) Sampling sections should be laid out in sensitive waters at the junction of the inlet and outlet of international rivers and at the junction of provinces and cities.
(4) When there are lakes and reservoirs along the river, sampling sections should be laid out near the inlet and outlet respectively.
(5) For polluted rivers downstream of the sewage outlet, several control sections should be arranged to grasp the influence of the water quality on the water quality.
(6) Sampling sections should be arranged in various special water function areas, such as urban drinking water sources, aquatic resource breeding areas, scenic tourist areas, nature reserves, serious soil erosion areas, geochemical anomaly areas and local disease outbreak areas related to water sources. (7) In order to obtain the background value of river or water system water quality, background sections should be arranged in the unpolluted river sections upstream of the river or close to the source. 2.1.3 The layout method of sampling sections in lakes and reservoirs should meet the following requirements: (1) Sampling sections should be arranged in lakes and reservoirs according to the water inlet area, water outlet area, water retention area and shore area.
(2) In lakes and reservoirs, main sewage outlets, drinking water sources, scenic spots, fish migration and spawning areas, swimming pools and other water areas with different functions, arc sampling sections should be arranged with these functional areas as the center.
(3) Canyon-type reservoirs should arrange sampling sections in the upstream, middle reaches, near the dam area, backwater area at the end of the reservoir and discharge area below the dam according to the hydrological characteristics of the reservoir backwater change area. (4) The sampling sections of lakes and reservoirs should be perpendicular to the direction of water flow near the sections. 2.1.4 The arrangement method of sampling sections in tidal rivers should meet the following requirements: (1) For tidal rivers with tide gates, sampling sections should be arranged upstream and downstream of the gates.
(2) For tidal rivers without tide gates, control sections should be arranged above the tidal boundary. If the distance on the tidal wave of the tidal river section is very long and exceeds the scope of this river section, a control section should be arranged upstream of this river section.
(3) The reduction section of tidal rivers should be arranged near the estuary. If the estuary is outside the jurisdiction of the region, it should be arranged downstream of the region's river section. (4) Sampling sections should be arranged upstream and downstream of the sewage outlet in tidal rivers, and other sampling sections should be arranged in accordance with the requirements of general rivers (see 2.1.2). (5) Sampling sections in the estuary area of rivers entering the sea should be arranged perpendicular to the direction of runoff diffusion, and several sampling sections should be arranged according to the terrain, tidal currents, monitoring objects and hydraulic dynamic characteristics.
2.2 Sampling vertical line layout method
2.2.1 Sampling vertical lines should be laid out in river sections according to the width of the water surface. When the water surface width is less than 50m, only one vertical line in the middle of the river should be set; when the water surface width is 50-100m, two vertical lines on the left and right should be set at places with obvious water flow near the river bank; when the water surface width is 100-1000m, three vertical lines on the left, middle and right should be set (one vertical line in the middle of the river, and one vertical line each at places with obvious water flow on the left and right banks): When the water surface width is greater than 1000m, additional sampling vertical lines should be added as needed. 2.2.2 When the water surface width of the river is greater than 100m and there is a pollution zone whose width is greater than 5% of the water surface width, additional sampling vertical lines should be set in the pollution zone: Although the width of the pollution zone is less than 5% of the water surface width, it has a great impact on water quality, and additional sampling vertical lines should also be set. 2.2.3 The layout method of sampling vertical lines at the entrance and exit sections of lakes and reservoirs is the same as that of general rivers (see 2.2.1). 1 to 5 sampling vertical lines can be laid out in each section of the central area, stagnant water area and fish migration and spawning area. If there is no obvious functional division, the grid method can be adopted to evenly lay out the sampling vertical lines (the size of the grid depends on the area of the lake or reservoir). 2.2.4 The layout method of sampling vertical lines at the sections of tidal rivers is the same as that of general rivers (see 2.2.1).
2.3 Layout method of sampling points
2.3.1 The setting of sampling points on the vertical line of river sections should be arranged according to the water depth of the river. When the water depth is less than 5m, only the surface layer (0.5m below the water surface) water samples are collected; when the water depth is 5-10m, two layers of water samples are collected, namely the surface layer and the bottom layer (0.5m above the river bottom); when the water depth is greater than 10m, three layers of water samples are collected, namely the surface layer, the middle layer (1/2 water depth) and the bottom layer. When the river is frozen, sampling is done at 0.5m below the ice. 2.3.2 The layout method of sampling points on the vertical line of the cross section of lakes and reservoirs is the same as that of general rivers (see 2.3.1), but for water bodies with temperature stratification, sampling points should be laid out in the surface layer, the thermocline layer and the thermostatic layer respectively.
2.3.3 The layout method of sampling points on the vertical line of the cross section of tidal rivers is the same as that of general rivers (see 2.3.1).
2.4 Layout method of groundwater sampling wells
2.4.1 The layout principles of groundwater sampling wells should meet the following requirements: (1) Sampling wells should be laid out in agricultural areas, economic development zones and urban areas where groundwater is the main water supply source, so as to understand the distribution law and dynamic characteristics of groundwater quality in the recharge area, runoff area, discharge area and polluted areas of the groundwater supply source. (2) Sampling wells should be laid out in key groundwater pollution areas, areas with high incidence of waterborne endemic diseases, sewage irrigation areas, garbage accumulation areas and groundwater recharge areas. (3) Sampling wells should be laid out mainly for shallow groundwater that is easily polluted, while taking into account deep and artesian groundwater.
(4) The layout of sampling wells should take into account the impact of surrounding industrial construction projects, mining development, oil development, water source development, water conservancy projects and agricultural activities on groundwater. (5) Sampling should be combined with basic groundwater level monitoring, spring flow monitoring or dynamic observation, and make full use of existing civil wells, production wells and spring outlets in the hydrogeological unit as much as possible to make full use of existing water volume data and ensure continuous monitoring throughout the year.
2.4.2 The layout method of groundwater sampling wells should meet the following requirements: (1) Before laying out groundwater sampling wells, relevant data of the region should be collected, including regional functional types, hydrogeological conditions, groundwater movement laws, pollution source distribution, sewage discharge characteristics, urban industrial zone distribution, land use and water conservancy project conditions. (2) According to the conditions of the regional hydrogeological unit and the main source of groundwater recharge, a background sampling well can be laid vertically above the groundwater flow. The background sampling well should be laid out on the periphery of the contaminated area.
(3) Sampling wells in groundwater contaminated areas should be laid out according to the distribution of pollution sources and the diffusion form of pollutants in groundwater. The grid method, radial method or parallel and perpendicular to the groundwater flow direction should be used.
(4) Special groundwater sampling stations should be arranged according to the monitoring purpose and requirements. 2.4.3 The density of groundwater sampling stations should be determined according to the hydrogeological conditions, the law of groundwater movement and the degree of groundwater pollution. It should have sufficient coverage and can reflect about 10% of the number of monitoring stations in the region. Important water sources, areas with complex groundwater hydrochemical characteristics or areas with heavy groundwater pollution can be appropriately intensified. In areas where the dynamic laws of groundwater have been mastered, it can be reduced by 10% to 20% accordingly.
2.4.4 The arranged sampling stations should have fixed and obvious natural markers. If there are no natural markers, artificial markers should be set up, and then numbered in sequence, and the numbered sampling stations should be marked on the regional distribution map.
2.5 Method of Layout of Precipitation Sampling Stations
2.5.1 The layout principles of precipitation sampling stations should meet the following requirements: (1) Precipitation sampling stations should be laid out according to the climate and meteorological types of the region, the characteristics of artificial diffusion sources, and the characteristics of urban zoning and industrial layout. (2) Precipitation sampling stations should be laid out in flat, open and well-vegetated locations based on natural conditions such as topography, landforms and vegetation conditions. (3) Precipitation sampling stations should be laid out within the national meteorological station and rain gauge network as much as possible to investigate historical data or determine the amount of rainfall and snowfall through standard rain gauges and snow gauges.
2.5.2 The layout method of precipitation sampling stations should meet the following requirements: (1) A background sampling station should be set up on the upwind side of the prevailing wind in the region. (2) The sampling station should be laid out as far away from local pollution sources as possible and have power supply (if possible).
(3) The sampling station should be as far away as possible from objects that are higher than the sampling equipment. The general distance should be greater than 5 to 10 times the height of super-high objects, trees or buildings. 2.5.3 The density of precipitation sampling stations should be determined according to the city population and the size of reservoirs and lakes. Cities with a population of more than 500,000 should set up sampling stations in each district, and cities with a population of less than 500,000 should set up two sampling stations: Reservoirs and lakes with a storage capacity of more than 100 million m3 or an area of more than 50 km2 should set up 2 to 3 precipitation sampling stations. 3 Sampling time and frequency
3.1 Surface water sampling time and frequency
3.1.1 Important rivers with monitoring sections should be monitored and sampled no less than 12 times a year, with sampling in the middle of each month. Generally, rivers should be monitored and sampled six times a year, with sampling twice each in the normal water season, flood season and dry season. Sampling during the ice-covered period should be increased in northern rivers. 3.1.2 For rivers and waters with special functions that flow through cities or industrial areas and are seriously polluted, sampling shall be conducted times per month, and should not be less than 12 times a year. In case of special circumstances or pollution accidents, the sampling frequency shall be increased at any time.
3.1.3 For important water supply sources, sampling shall not be less than 12 times a year, and the sampling time shall be determined according to the water supply requirements. If the water quality changes significantly, additional testing shall be carried out at any time as needed. 3.1.4 For lakes and reservoirs that have the function of supplying water to cities, sampling shall be conducted times per month, and should not be less than 12 times a year. For other general lakes and reservoirs, sampling shall be conducted three times a year, once each in the flood season, normal water season, and dry season. If sewage is discharged into seriously polluted lakes and reservoirs, the sampling frequency shall be increased as appropriate.
3.1.5 The background sections of river systems (including the background sections of tidal rivers) shall be sampled once a year. bzxZ.net
3.1.6 Tidal rivers and estuaries are sampled in three periods throughout the year: flood, flat and dry. Samples are collected for one day each during the first high tide period (new moon and full moon) and low tide period (first quarter and last quarter) of the sampling month. Generally, samples of high tide water should be collected when the sampling section is flat, and samples of low tide water should be collected when the sampling section is flat. 3.2 Time and frequency of groundwater sampling
3.2.1 Shallow groundwater and aquifers with large changes in water quality are sampled once in the flood season and dry season each year: deep groundwater and aquifers with little changes in water quality are sampled once in the dry season each year.
易小牛
The sampling time and frequency are determined according to the different diameters. Generally, samples should be collected before and after sewage discharge and before and after rain.
3.2.3 Places with conditions should sample in four seasons according to regional characteristics. Places where long-term observations have been established should sample monthly.
3.2.4 Groundwater sampling as a source of drinking water should be conducted once or twice a month (the time interval should not be less than 10 days), and the sampling frequency should be appropriately increased for sampling wells with abnormal conditions.
3.2.5 The sampling time and frequency of special monitoring wells should be determined according to the purpose and requirements of the setting.
3.3 Precipitation sampling time and frequency
3.3.1 The sampling time and frequency of precipitation (rain, snow) should be determined according to the sampling purpose, generally four times a year. Areas with severe air pollution should be sampled monthly. In case of special circumstances such as heavy rain, ice caps or the first precipitation after a long drought, the sampling frequency should be increased. 3.3.2 If there are several precipitation processes in a day, single samples should be collected separately and then mixed into one sample for determination. In case of continuous precipitation for several days, mixed samples can be collected from 8 am to 8 am the next day for determination. If precipitation occurs for several consecutive days, samples should be collected at 8 am every day. 3.3.3 If the prevailing wind direction is different in different seasons, samples should be collected separately in different seasons.5. Layout of precipitation sampling stations
2.5.1 The layout principles of precipitation sampling stations should meet the following requirements: (1) Precipitation sampling stations should be laid out according to the climate and meteorological types of the region, the characteristics of artificial diffusion sources, and the characteristics of urban zoning and industrial layout. (2) Precipitation sampling stations should be laid out in flat, open and well-vegetated locations based on natural conditions such as topography, landforms and vegetation conditions. (3) Precipitation sampling stations should be laid out within the national meteorological station and rain gauge network as much as possible to investigate historical data or determine the amount of rainfall and snowfall through standard rain gauges and snow gauges.
2.5.2 The layout method of precipitation sampling stations should meet the following requirements: (1) A background sampling station should be set up on the upwind side of the prevailing wind in the region. (2) The sampling station should be laid out as far away from local pollution sources as possible and have power supply (if possible).
(3) The sampling station should be as far away as possible from objects that are higher than the sampling equipment. The general distance should be greater than 5 to 10 times the height of super-high objects, trees or buildings. 2.5.3 The density of precipitation sampling stations should be determined according to the city population and the size of reservoirs and lakes. Cities with a population of more than 500,000 should set up sampling stations in each district, and cities with a population of less than 500,000 should set up two sampling stations: Reservoirs and lakes with a storage capacity of more than 100 million m3 or an area of more than 50 km2 should set up 2 to 3 precipitation sampling stations. 3 Sampling time and frequency
3.1 Surface water sampling time and frequency
3.1.1 Important rivers with monitoring sections should be monitored and sampled no less than 12 times a year, with sampling in the middle of each month. Generally, rivers should be monitored and sampled six times a year, with sampling twice each in the normal water season, flood season and dry season. Sampling during the ice-covered period should be increased in northern rivers. 3.1.2 For rivers and waters with special functions that flow through cities or industrial areas and are seriously polluted, sampling shall be conducted times per month, and should not be less than 12 times a year. In case of special circumstances or pollution accidents, the sampling frequency shall be increased at any time.
3.1.3 For important water supply sources, sampling shall not be less than 12 times a year, and the sampling time shall be determined according to the water supply requirements. If the water quality changes significantly, additional testing shall be carried out at any time as needed. 3.1.4 For lakes and reservoirs that have the function of supplying water to cities, sampling shall be conducted times per month, and should not be less than 12 times a year. For other general lakes and reservoirs, sampling shall be conducted three times a year, once each in the flood season, normal water season, and dry season. If sewage is discharged into seriously polluted lakes and reservoirs, the sampling frequency shall be increased as appropriate.
3.1.5 The background sections of river systems (including the background sections of tidal rivers) shall be sampled once a year.
3.1.6 Tidal rivers and estuaries are sampled in three periods throughout the year: flood, flat and dry. Samples are collected for one day each during the first high tide period (new moon and full moon) and low tide period (first quarter and last quarter) of the sampling month. Generally, samples of high tide water should be collected when the sampling section is flat, and samples of low tide water should be collected when the sampling section is flat. 3.2 Time and frequency of groundwater sampling
3.2.1 Shallow groundwater and aquifers with large changes in water quality are sampled once in the flood season and dry season each year: deep groundwater and aquifers with little changes in water quality are sampled once in the dry season each year.
易小牛
The sampling time and frequency are determined according to the different diameters. Generally, samples should be collected before and after sewage discharge and before and after rain.
3.2.3 Places with conditions should sample in four seasons according to regional characteristics. Places where long-term observations have been established should sample monthly.
3.2.4 Groundwater sampling as a source of drinking water should be conducted once or twice a month (the time interval should not be less than 10 days), and the sampling frequency should be appropriately increased for sampling wells with abnormal conditions.
3.2.5 The sampling time and frequency of special monitoring wells should be determined according to the purpose and requirements of the setting.
3.3 Precipitation sampling time and frequency
3.3.1 The sampling time and frequency of precipitation (rain, snow) should be determined according to the sampling purpose, generally four times a year. Areas with severe air pollution should be sampled monthly. In case of special circumstances such as heavy rain, ice caps or the first precipitation after a long drought, the sampling frequency should be increased. 3.3.2 If there are several precipitation processes in a day, single samples should be collected separately and then mixed into one sample for determination. In case of continuous precipitation for several days, mixed samples can be collected from 8 am to 8 am the next day for determination. If precipitation occurs for several consecutive days, samples should be collected at 8 am every day. 3.3.3 If the prevailing wind direction is different in different seasons, samples should be collected separately in different seasons.5. Layout of precipitation sampling stations
2.5.1 The layout principles of precipitation sampling stations should meet the following requirements: (1) Precipitation sampling stations should be laid out according to the climate and meteorological types of the region, the characteristics of artificial diffusion sources, and the characteristics of urban zoning and industrial layout. (2) Precipitation sampling stations should be laid out in flat, open and well-vegetated locations based on natural conditions such as topography, landforms and vegetation conditions. (3) Precipitation sampling stations should be laid out within the national meteorological station and rain gauge network as much as possible to investigate historical data or determine the amount of rainfall and snowfall through standard rain gauges and snow gauges.
2.5.2 The layout method of precipitation sampling stations should meet the following requirements: (1) A background sampling station should be set up on the upwind side of the prevailing wind in the region. (2) The sampling station should be laid out as far away from local pollution sources as possible and have power supply (if possible).
(3) The sampling station should be as far away as possible from objects that are higher than the sampling equipment. The general distance should be greater than 5 to 10 times the height of super-high objects, trees or buildings. 2.5.3 The density of precipitation sampling stations should be determined according to the city population and the size of reservoirs and lakes. Cities with a population of more than 500,000 should set up sampling stations in each district, and cities with a population of less than 500,000 should set up two sampling stations: Reservoirs and lakes with a storage capacity of more than 100 million m3 or an area of more than 50 km2 should set up 2 to 3 precipitation sampling stations. 3 Sampling time and frequency
3.1 Surface water sampling time and frequency
3.1.1 Important rivers with monitoring sections should be monitored and sampled no less than 12 times a year, with sampling in the middle of each month. Generally, rivers should be monitored and sampled six times a year, with sampling twice each in the normal water season, flood season and dry season. Sampling during the ice-covered period should be increased in northern rivers. 3.1.2 For rivers and waters with special functions that flow through cities or industrial areas and are seriously polluted, sampling shall be conducted times per month, and should not be less than 12 times a year. In case of special circumstances or pollution accidents, the sampling frequency shall be increased at any time.
3.1.3 For important water supply sources, sampling shall not be less than 12 times a year, and the sampling time shall be determined according to the water supply requirements. If the water quality changes significantly, additional testing shall be carried out at any time as needed. 3.1.4 For lakes and reservoirs that have the function of supplying water to cities, sampling shall be conducted times per month, and should not be less than 12 times a year. For other general lakes and reservoirs, sampling shall be conducted three times a year, once each in the flood season, normal water season, and dry season. If sewage is discharged into seriously polluted lakes and reservoirs, the sampling frequency shall be increased as appropriate.
3.1.5 The background sections of river systems (including the background sections of tidal rivers) shall be sampled once a year.
3.1.6 Tidal rivers and estuaries are sampled in three periods throughout the year: flood, flat and dry. Samples are collected for one day each during the first high tide period (new moon and full moon) and low tide period (first quarter and last quarter) of the sampling month. Generally, samples of high tide water should be collected when the sampling section is flat, and samples of low tide water should be collected when the sampling section is flat. 3.2 Time and frequency of groundwater sampling
3.2.1 Shallow groundwater and aquifers with large changes in water quality are sampled once in the flood season and dry season each year: deep groundwater and aquifers with little changes in water quality are sampled once in the dry season each year.
易小牛
The sampling time and frequency are determined according to the different diameters. Generally, samples should be collected before and after sewage discharge and before and after rain.
3.2.3 Places with conditions should sample in four seasons according to regional characteristics. Places where long-term observations have been established should sample monthly.
3.2.4 Groundwater sampling as a source of drinking water should be conducted once or twice a month (the time interval should not be less than 10 days), and the sampling frequency should be appropriately increased for sampling wells with abnormal conditions.
3.2.5 The sampling time and frequency of special monitoring wells should be determined according to the purpose and requirements of the setting.
3.3 Precipitation sampling time and frequency
3.3.1 The sampling time and frequency of precipitation (rain, snow) should be determined according to the sampling purpose, generally four times a year. Areas with severe air pollution should be sampled monthly. In case of special circumstances such as heavy rain, ice caps or the first precipitation after a long drought, the sampling frequency should be increased. 3.3.2 If there are several precipitation processes in a day, single samples should be collected separately and then mixed into one sample for determination. In case of continuous precipitation for several days, mixed samples can be collected from 8 am to 8 am the next day for determination. If precipitation occurs for several consecutive days, samples should be collected at 8 am every day. 3.3.3 If the prevailing wind direction is different in different seasons, samples should be collected separately in different seasons.
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