GB 16359-1996 Radiological health protection standard for radioluminescent coatings
Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Radiological protection standard for radioactive luminescent paint1 Subject content and applicable specifications
GB16359-1996
This standard specifies the basic principles and requirements for radioactive luminescent paint production and application. This standard is only applicable to the production and application of radioactive luminescent paint containing \H or 147Pm, and is not applicable to radioactive luminescent paint containing 226Ra and other radioactive nuclides.
2 Reference standards
GB4792 Basic standards for radioactive protection
GB8703 Radiation protection regulations
GB9133 Classification standards for radioactive waste
3 Terminology
3.1 Radioactive luminescent powder Radioactive luminescent powder is a powdered product that combines a luminescent matrix with a radioactive nuclide and emits visible light under the excitation of its rays. 3.2 Radioactive luminescent paint Radioactive luminescent paint is a luminescent substance mixed with a binder. Unless otherwise specified, radioactive luminescent powder and radioactive luminescent paint are collectively referred to as radioactive luminescent paint in this standard.
3.3 Production of radioactive luminescent paint The process of processing radioactive nuclides and luminescent matrix into radioactive luminescent paint. 3.4 Use of radioactive luminescent paint The process of applying radioactive luminescent paint to other objects to make products containing radioactive luminescent paint. The use of products containing radioactive luminescent paint is not included.
4. Classification of radioactive luminescent paint work units 4.1 The classification of radioactive luminescent paint work units is divided into three categories according to the annual usage. The annual usage boundary values for classification are listed in Table 1.
4.2 The first and second category work units shall not be located in urban areas. The workplaces of the first category units shall be located in separate buildings, and the workplaces of the second and third category units may be located in general buildings, but they shall be concentrated on the same floor or at the same end and separated from non-radioactive workplaces. Approved by the State Bureau of Technical Supervision on May 23, 1996, the implementation of GB16359-1996 from December to January 1996, the classified annual usage of radioactive luminous paint work units, Bq, >2×1014
2×1013～2×1014
<2×1013
>2×1013
2×1012～2×1013
<2×1012
4.3 Radioactive luminous paint work units shall, according to their categories, set out a certain width of protection monitoring area around the units in accordance with the requirements of GB4792 (see Table 2), and implement regular monitoring. Table 2 Width of protection monitoring area for various types of radioactive luminous paint work units Class
Width of protection monitoring area, m
30~150
4.4 Newly built first and second type radioactive luminous paint work units shall be arranged on the upwind side of the residential area according to the local minimum frequency wind direction, and shall avoid the original permanent buildings in the protection monitoring area. When the conditions are not conducive to the discharge of airborne radioactive waste, the width of the protection monitoring area shall be appropriately expanded.
5 Level of radioactive luminous paint workplace
5.1 According to the maximum daily operation volume, radioactive luminous paint workplaces are divided into three levels according to Table 3. Table 3 Classification of radioactive luminous paint workplaces Grade
>2×1012
2×109～2×1012
4×10 ～2×109
Daily maximum operating quantity, Bq
>2×1011
2×108~2X101
4 X 105~2X108
Note: The daily maximum operating quantity listed in Table 3 needs to be corrected by multiplying the following factors according to the nature of the operation: Dry dust-generating operation 0.01; Operation that produces a small amount of gas or gas solution 0.1 General wet operation 1 Very simple wet operation 10 Storage 100. 5.2 Workplaces where the corrected daily maximum operating quantity is lower than the lower limit of Class C workplaces and the specific activity of the radioactive luminous paint operated is lower than 7×10*Bq·kg~1 are non-radioactive workplaces. 6 Basic principles of radiation protection
All practical activities engaged in the production and application of radioactive luminous paints must comply with the principles of justification of radiation practice, optimization of radiation protection and limitation of personal exposure doses as stipulated in GB4792. 7 Basic limits and derived limits
7.1 The annual dose equivalent limits, annual intake limits (ALI) and their corresponding derived air concentration limits that must be observed by radiation workers engaged in the production and application of radioactive luminous paints are shown in Tables A1 to A3 of Appendix A (Supplement). 7.2 The derived limits of various types of surface radioactive contamination of radioactive luminous paint workplaces and personnel are shown in Table A4 of Appendix A (Supplement). 7.3 The annual dose equivalent limits that must be observed by individuals in the public and their corresponding derived air concentrations and derived ingestion concentration limits are shown in Tables A5 to A6 of Appendix A (Supplement).
8 Protective facilities
GB16359—1996
8.1 Class A workplaces should be arranged according to the principle of three zones: active zone, intermediate zone and inactive zone. Class A and B workplaces should have sanitary passage rooms.
8.2 The floor, countertop, wall and ceiling of the operating area should be paved with smooth and easy-to-clean materials; lighting, heating and water supply and drainage equipment and pipelines should be concealed as much as possible. 8.3 The production and application sites of radioactive luminescent paints should be equipped with fume hoods and glove boxes. There should be a negative pressure of 100 to 200 Pa (10~~20mmH,0) in the fume hoods and glove boxes, or the cross-sectional wind speed of the operating port should be greater than 1m·s-1. 8.4 The radiation workplace should have reasonable ventilation conditions, and the airflow direction should be from the inactive zone to the active zone. The ventilation frequency should be: Class A workplace
6～10 h-1
Class B workplace
Class C workplace
4～~6h2l
3～4 h1
8.5 Exhaust fans in radiation workplaces of all levels should be located near the exhaust port end, and effective filtering devices should be installed in front of the exhaust fans. The exhaust port of Class A workplaces should be 3m higher than the highest roof ridge within a range of 50m. 8.6 Special containers for collecting solid radioactive waste should be set up in radiation workplaces. 9 Personal protection
9.1 Workers who operate radioactive luminous paint must receive professional technical and radiation health protection knowledge training, and can only take up their posts after passing the assessment.
9.2 Before and after employment, radiation workers must undergo medical examinations in accordance with the requirements of Appendix D of GB4792. 9.3 Pregnant women and lactating women shall not participate in the production, mixing, painting and other operations of radioactive luminous paint that are likely to cause internal radiation. 9.4 Before entering the radiation workplace, workers must wear corresponding special personal protective equipment according to different types of work, such as work clothes, masks, gloves, hats, etc.
9.5 Eating, drinking, smoking and other activities unrelated to work are not allowed in the radiation workplace. 9.6 Wash hands and shower after each work, and leave only after passing the radioactive contamination inspection. 10 Operational hygiene requirements
10.1 Before entering the radiation workplace, workers must turn on the ventilation device. 10.2 The production and application of radioactive luminous paint must be carried out in a special fume hood or glove box. The operating tools used should be placed in their respective fume hoods or glove boxes. It is strictly forbidden to take them out of the box. 10.3 The production and operation of radioactive luminous paint must be particularly careful to prevent radioactive materials from splashing and overflowing outside the container. 10.4 When operating high-activity radioactive materials, try to use remote operating tools or block them with lead glass to prevent external radiation. 10.5 After use, radioactive luminous paint production and painting tools must be placed on a special rack and are strictly prohibited from being placed directly on the table. 10.6 The amount of radioactive luminous paint stored on the painting operation table shall not exceed the maximum daily operation amount. 10.7 Products containing radioactive luminous paint after painting should be placed in a storage area with ventilation. 10.8 Repair or replacement of parts containing radioactive luminous paint should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of open radiation work. 10.9 When scraping off the radioactive luminous paint on the object, it must be moistened with solvent in advance and dust-generating operations should be avoided as much as possible. 11 Storage of radioactive luminous powder
11.1 Radioactive luminous powder should be stored in a dedicated storage room.The storage room should have good ventilation, lighting, anti-porcelain, anti-flooding and fire protection conditions, and there should be an ionizing radiation sign outside the storage room door. 11.2 The storage room should be away from other dangerous goods warehouses, and explosive, flammable and corrosive items should not be stored indoors. 11.3 "H luminescent powder should be stored in a sealed glass container. 13
GB 16359--1996
11.4 Storage containers should be clearly marked with the name of the contents, specific radioactivity, total activity and storage time; and there should be ionizing radiation signs.
11.5 The storage room should be kept by a dedicated person, and a registration system for the storage and retrieval of stored items should be implemented. 12 Radioactive waste management
12.1 According to the provisions of GB9133, all airborne wastes with a concentration greater than the public DAC, liquid wastes with a concentration greater than the public DIC and solid wastes with a specific activity greater than 7×104Bq·kg-1 are considered radioactive wastes. 12.2 Radioactive luminous paint wastes are divided into weak, low, medium and high categories according to the requirements of GB9133. The classification boundary values are shown in the attached. Record B (Supplement).
12.3 Weakly radioactive, low-radioactive liquids and airborne wastes may be discharged into the environment in a controlled manner, and medium- and high-radioactive liquid wastes may be converted into different types of solid wastes and then sent to designated waste repositories (sites) for storage or disposal in accordance with Article 12.6. 12.4 When airborne wastes are discharged into the environment, the annual average concentration of radionuclides in the air of the monitored area shall not exceed 1/150 of the public DAC. When the annual intake of key population groups caused by the discharge of radioactive airborne wastes exceeds 1/3 of the corresponding annual intake limit, the concentration and total discharge volume shall be limited.
12.5 When low-radioactive liquid waste is discharged into ordinary sewers with a flow rate greater than 10 times the discharge volume, the total activity discharged per month shall not exceed 10ALI (Working workers, ingestion), the activity of each discharge shall not exceed 1ALI (radiation workers, ingestion), and each discharge shall be followed by flushing with water. 12.6 Solid waste shall be classified and collected in special containers, and after temporary storage, they shall be centrally sent to designated waste depots (sites) for storage or disposal. Waste containers and temporary storage areas shall be marked with ionizing radiation, and a dedicated person shall be responsible for management and waste storage records. 13 Radiation monitoring
13.1 Radioactive luminous paint workplaces Under normal circumstances, radiation monitoring items and frequency can be implemented in accordance with the requirements of Table 4. Table 4 Monitoring items and frequency of radioactive luminous paint workplaces Workplace "External exposure to β rays and bremsstrahlung\Class A
Once a month
Once a quarter
Every half Once a year
Note: 1) For those who only operate H coatings, this item can be omitted. H and 147Pm concentration in the air?
Once a week
Once a quarter
Surface contamination
Once a week
Once a week
2) The monitoring of radioactive nuclide concentration in the air should include the protection monitoring area in addition to the workplace. Specific activity and total activity before wastewater discharge
Each discharge
13.2 For workers whose external exposure dose equivalent may exceed 1/10 of the annual dose equivalent limit (5mSv), personal dose monitoring must be implemented. For workers whose annual dose equivalent is unlikely to exceed 1/10 of the limit, only the radiation level in the workplace can be monitored. 13.3 Personal internal contamination monitoring can be implemented by regular or irregular urine 3H or urine 147Pm (or fecal 147Pm) radioactive activity measurement. In the case of suspected internal contamination of 147Pm, nasal swab samples can be used for initial inspection. 13.4 Personal protective equipment should be regularly monitored for surface contamination. 13.5 In special circumstances, such as when the operation volume is large or there is suspected contamination or accident, monitoring should be carried out at any time. 134
GB163591996
Basic limits and derived limits
(Supplement)
This appendix extracts the relevant limits applicable to the production and application of radioactive luminescent coatings based on GB4792. Various limits related to radiation workers
A1.1 The annual dose equivalent limits for radiation workers are shown in Table A1. Table A1 Limits for different irradiated parts
Irradiated parts
Eye lens
Other single organs or tissues
A1.2 The annual intake limits of radionuclides for radiation workers (AI.I) are shown in Table A2. Annual dose equivalent limit, mSv
Annual intake limit for ingestion and inhalation
ALI ingestion, Bq
3×109
2×10°
AI.I inhalation, Bq
3×109
5×106
A1.3 When radiation workers are exposed to mixed internal and external irradiation, their effective dose equivalent and annual intake of radionuclides should be The following inequality is satisfied:
Wherein: Hs—Annual effective dose equivalent of external exposure, mSv·a-1; 50—Annual effective dose equivalent limit, mSv·al; I,—Annual intake of radionuclide j, Bq·a\l; ALI—Annual intake limit of radionuclide i, Bg·aA1.4 The derived air concentration (DAC) of radioactive nuclides 3H and 147Pm ingested by radiation workers is shown in Table A3. Table A3 DAC of radiation workersWww.bzxZ.net
Various derived limits of radioactive contamination on the surface of radioactive luminescent coatingsA2
DAC, Bq·m-3
2×103
A2.1 The derived limits of ·β radioactive contamination on the surface of radiation workers' body, clothing and workplace are shown in Table A4. Table A4 Derived limits for various types of surface contamination
Surface type
Hands, skin, underwear, work socks
Work clothes, gloves, work shoes
Equipment, floor, wall
Value. Bq·cm-2
..(Al)
GB16359—1996
A2.2 The surface contamination level of equipment, walls and floors in the adjacent areas of the radiation workplace shall not exceed 40 Bq·cm-2 A2.3 Equipment and supplies in the radiation workplace whose contamination level after decontamination is not greater than 1/50 of the value listed in Table A4 may be used in normal work.
A3 Various limits for the public
A3.1 The annual dose equivalent limits for the public are shown in Table A5. Table A5 Annual dose equivalent limits for individuals in the public
Irradiated parts
Any single organ and tissue
1 for long-term continuous exposure
5 for short-term exposure
A3.2 The derived air concentration (DAC) and derived ingestion concentration (DIC) of radionuclides\H and 147Pm ingested by the public are shown in Table A6. Table A6 DAC and DIC for the public (calculated at 5mSv/a) Nuclides
This appendix is extracted from GB 9133.
Waste classification
Measurement unit
Bq *m-3
Bq· L-1
Bq · kg-!
DAC,Bg - m-3
5×101
Appendix B
Classification of radioactive luminous paint waste
(Supplement)
Classification table of radioactive luminous paint waste
Waste level
4×105～1×108
2×10~5×106
2×10+～2×108
5×10～5×105
1×108～1×101
5×10°～5×109
7X10~4×105
7×10*～4×106
Appendix C
Radiation characteristics and toxicity of 3H and 147Pm
(Reference)
DIC,Bg kg-
2×104
2×108～2×1012
5X105~5X108
1×1011～1×1015
5×109~5×1013
4X1084X1010
4×106～4×1011
>2×1012
>5×109
>1×1015
>5×1013
>4×1020
>4×10u
Radioactive isotope of hydrogen, also known as fluorine. Half-life 12.33a. Only emits beta rays. Maximum energy 18keV, average energy 5.7keV; in luminous paint, H bremsstrahlung effective energy is about 9keV, belonging to the low toxicity group nuclides. C214\Pm
GB16359-1996
The radioactive isotope of C214\Pm. Half-life 2.6a, in addition to emitting beta rays, also emits a very small amount of rays; the maximum energy of beta rays is 225keV, and the average energy is 70.4keV. In luminous coatings, the effective energy of 147Pm physical radiation is about 40keV, which belongs to the poisoning group nuclide. Additional notes:
This standard is proposed by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. This standard was drafted by the Shanghai Institute of Radiological Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Health and Epidemic Prevention Station, Tsinghua University Nuclear Energy Technology Institute, Guangdong Provincial Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Institute and Gansu Provincial Industrial Hygiene Laboratory. The main drafters of this standard are Cong Shuyue, Gu Fang, Mou Canxing, Feng Yuying, Dong Shiyuan, Cha Yongru, and Gao Pingyin. This standard is interpreted by the Ministry of Health's Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, the technical coordination unit entrusted by the Ministry of Health. 137
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