GBZ/T 153-2002 Guidelines for the use of potassium iodide in radioactive iodine contamination accidents
Some standard content:
National Occupational Health Standard of the People's Republic of China GBZ/T153-2002
Guide for the use of potassium iodide in accident of radioiodine contamination2002-04-08Promulgated
Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China
Implementation on 2002-06-01
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 General principles for the use of potassium iodide
4 Methods for using potassium iodide
Appendix A (Normative Appendix) Annual intake limits of radioactive iodine isotopes (ALI)Appendix B (Informative Appendix) Estimation of radioactive iodine intake and its doseAppendix C (Informative Appendix) Toxic and side effects of potassium iodideAppendix D (Informative Appendix) Protective effect of potassium iodide at different times of administration2
This standard is formulated in accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases. If the original standard GB/T16138-1995 is inconsistent with this standard, this standard shall prevail. This standard proposes the principles and methods for the use of potassium iodide in radioactive iodine contamination accidents based on Article 7.3.4 "Medical treatment of radionuclides entering the human body" of GBZ113-2002 "Intervention levels and medical treatment principles for ionizing radiation accidents". Appendix A of this standard is a normative appendix, and Appendix B, Appendix C and Appendix D are informative appendices. This standard is proposed and managed by the Ministry of Health.
The drafting unit of this standard: Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine. The main drafter of this standard: Liu Guolian.
This standard is interpreted by the Ministry of Health.
Guidelines for the use of potassium iodide in radioactive iodine contamination accidents 1 Scope
This standard specifies the principles and methods for the use of potassium iodide in radioactive iodine contamination accidents. This standard applies to radioactive iodine contamination accidents caused by various reasons. 2 Normative references
GBZ/T153-2002
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard through reference in this standard. For all referenced documents with dates, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this standard. However, parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For all undated referenced documents, the latest versions are applicable to this standard. GB4792
GBZ113
Basic Standard for Radiological Health Protection
Principles of Intervention Levels and Medical Treatment of Ionizing Radiation Accidents 3 General Principles for the Use of Potassium Iodide
3.1 Persons whose body radioactive iodine contamination is determined, estimated or expected to exceed 1 annual intake limit (ALI), or suspected of having a high level of radioactive iodine contamination in their bodies, must take potassium iodide as soon as possible. The annual intake limit (ALI) of radioactive iodine isotopes and the dose estimation after isotope intake are respectively shown in Appendix A (normative appendix) and Appendix B (informative appendix). 3.2 Potassium iodide must be used with caution for infants and pregnant women, see Appendix C (informative appendix). When it is necessary to take it, it must be closely observed. If there are adverse reactions or side effects, the drug should be stopped immediately.
3.3 People who are allergic to iodine and patients with severe kidney, heart disease and tuberculosis should not take potassium iodide, see Appendix C (informative appendix). 4 Methods of using potassium iodide
4.1 Timing
The protective effect of potassium iodide is best when it is taken before or at the same time as radioactive iodine enters the body. It is usually required to take potassium iodide within 6 hours after radioactive iodine enters the body, see Appendix D (Informative Appendix): However, in the case of continuous or multiple entry of radioactive iodine into the body, the time for taking potassium iodide may not be subject to the above restrictions.
4.2 Dosage
The dosage for adults is preferably 130 mg (equivalent to 100 mg of stable iodine), once a day, and should not be taken more than 10 times in a row; or twice a day, 130 mg each time, and the total amount should not exceed 1.3 g. The dosage for children is 1/10 to 1/3 of the dosage for adults. 4.3 Storage requirements
Potassium iodide must be sealed, moisture-proof and light-proof. 4.4 Substitutes
In the case of a lack of potassium iodide supply, potassium iodate can be taken instead, with a dosage of 170 mg potassium iodate (equivalent to 100 mg of stable iodine). If potassium iodate is not available, other iodine-containing medicines or foods can be used instead, such as iodine lozenges, Lu's solution and kelp. Applying iodine to the skin can also achieve a certain protective effect. A.1 Annual dose equivalent limit Appendix A (normative appendix) Annual intake limit (ALI) of several radioactive iodine isotopes The annual intake limit (ALI) of radioactive isotopes is a secondary limit, which refers to the limit that the activity of radionuclides ingested by workers in one year should not exceed. Below this limit (see Table A.1), the 50-year accumulated effective dose of the whole body caused by the activity of radioactive iodine isotopes ingested by radiation workers in one year will not exceed the annual dose limit of occupational exposure of workers, that is, the annual average effective dose of 20mSv in 5 consecutive years. In the event of an accident, the intervention level for the public to take stable iodine is a thyroid absorbed dose of 100mGy. A.2 Annual intake limit of a single iodine nuclide
There are 26 iodine isotopes in the human environment, with mass numbers ranging from 117 to 140, of which only 1271 is a stable iodine isotope, and the rest are radioactive iodine isotopes. There are 8 that are of medical and biological significance, and their physical half-lives are all greater than 0.8h (see Table A.1).
Table A. Annual intake limits of 18 radioactive iodine isotopes for radiation workers, ALI iodine nuclide
Mass number
A3 Annual intake limit of mixed iodine nuclide
Physical half-life
1.9×10°a
When taking in several radioactive iodine isotopes, it is usually required to: ZI(/ALI()1
Where:
ALI(i)
Intake of the i-th iodine isotope in a year, Bq: Annual intake limit of the i-th iodine isotope, Bq. Food
ALI of radiation workers, Bq
9.1×10°
4.6×10°
1.8×10°
9.5×10°
B.1 Purpose and Significance
Appendix B
(Informative Appendix)
Estimation of radioactive iodine intake and dose In the event of a radioactive iodine contamination accident, the basic purpose of estimating the amount of radioactive iodine contamination in the bodies of workers and the public is to determine the committed dose equivalent caused by internal contamination, and compare it with the corresponding annual dose limit and the derived intervention level, to provide a basis for judging or considering whether to take necessary health protection and medical treatment measures (including the use of potassium iodide). B.2 Principles
B.2.1 The estimation of radioactive iodine intake of workers is individual, and the monitoring results will be mainly used to determine whether the subject needs to take potassium iodide. However, the estimation of the intake should depend on the specific circumstances of the subject at the time. If the consequences of the accident involve the life of the contaminated person, the first thing to do is to save life, and the rest Other treatments should be subject to the former. B.2.2 The estimation of the public's intake of radioactive iodine is generally for the group, and it mostly relies on environmental monitoring data to estimate the level of radioactive iodine contamination in the body and the thyroid accumulated dose equivalent that may be caused by the public. The competent authorities usually determine whether to take corresponding countermeasures for the public in the monitored areas, including giving the public potassium iodide tablets, based on the results of environmental monitoring and following the principles of weighing the pros and cons and cost-benefit analysis. B.3 Estimation method
B.3.1 The method for measuring the amount of radioactive iodine contamination in an individual's body is generally to directly measure the thyroid gland in vitro and perform urine analysis. In the event of an accident, the time of intake is usually known, and the measurement is usually carried out within a few days after intake. At this time, the effective retention fraction r() of these nuclides in the thyroid gland at different days t after a single intake and the urine can be used. The daily excretion fraction y(t) is calculated based on the measurement result M(t) to obtain the intake I; the relationship equation between them is
I=M(t)/r(t)
or =M(t)/y(t)
According to the meaning in practical work and the range of physical half-life, Table B1 gives r(0) and y() of four iodine nuclides with t=1～7d. 7
Half-life||tt| |, ingestion, r(t)
ingestion, y(t)
3. inhalation, r(t)
4. inhalation, (t)
1.5×10-1
r(t) and y(t) values of four iodine nuclides
days after ingestion t, d
3.5×10-2
1.7×10-2
Table B.r(t) or y(t) of iodine isotopes (i) not listed in 1 can be calculated by the following formula: r(ti)-r(ta)xe-.ot
or y(t,i)=y(t)Xe-a
Where:
r(t,2D) and y(t,a1) are the corresponding values of 129 in Table B.1; T(i) is the physical half-life of iodine isotope i, d. 5
(B.3)
Based on the estimated value of personal intake1, the thyroid committed dose equivalent for adults can be calculated from Table B.2, and the corresponding values for three B.3.2
different age groups can be obtained from Table B.3.
Table B. Conversion factors DCF of thyroid committed dose equivalents for 28 iodine nuclides to adults
1.8×10*8
Unit: Sv/Bq
Note: The data are quoted from Table B1 of Appendix B of GB4792, converted by the thyroid tissue weighting factor of 0.03 adopted by GB4792. 8
Table B.3 Conversion factors DCF of thyroid committed dose equivalents caused by intake of iodine nuclides by people of different ages
Note: It is quoted from different data from Table B.2, so the values for adults are slightly different. Adults
Unit: Sv/Bq
B.3.3 For the general public, the committed dose equivalent of this organ can be obtained from the committed dose equivalent conversion factor DCF of the thyroid gland under given dose pattern conditions based on the monitoring results of air, food or forage: B.3.3.1 The dose conversion factor DCF (Sv/(Bq·s/m)) for estimating the committed dose equivalent (Sv) of the thyroid gland for adults from the time-integrated concentration of air (Bg·s/m3) is shown in Table B.4.
Table B.4 Conversion factor DCF for estimating the committed dose equivalent of the thyroid gland for humans from the time-integrated concentration of air
1.0×10-1
Note: The respiratory rates of the three age groups are 3.8, 15 and 23m2/d, respectively. B.3.3.2
Unit: Sv/(Bq·s/m)
Dose conversion factor DCF (Sv/(Bq/kg) or Sv/(Bq/L)) for estimating adult thyroid committed dose equivalent (Sv) from peak concentration (Bg/kg or Bq/L) of fresh food, canned food or forage, see Table B.5. Table B.5 Conversion factor DCF for adult thyroid committed dose equivalent estimated from peak concentration of fresh food, canned food or forage
Food name
Dairy products
Fruits and vegetables"
Fruits and vegetables
Water, beverages
From peak concentration of fresh food or forage
2.9×10(8.5)
8.6X107(8.6)
4.6X10(3.4)|| tt||1.2×10(3.2)
1.8×10(3.2)
2.5×10(2.0)*
2.2×107(2.0)*
8.4X10 (3.7)
1.4×10(11)
1.3×10(11)
2.3X10(4.2)
3.6X10*(4.0)
3.7× 10(4.1)
1.2X10(2.2)*
2.8X10(2.1)
1.7×10(4.5)
a refers to food for dairy cows; if it is for dairy sheep, its DCF value is about 10 times the value in the table: b refers to food that may be directly contaminated by the surface:
c refers to food that is not directly contaminated by the surface;
d refers to food for beef cattle: if it is for sheep, its DCF value is about 10 times the value in the table; Sv/(Bq/kg) or Sv/(Bq/L)
is determined by the concentration at the time of food canning or the concentration of forage grass 1311
3.5×10(8.8)
1.0X10(9.0)
5.6×10(3.4)
1.8X10(3.2)
1.8X10(3.2)
2.8×10(2.1)*
2.5× 107(2. 0)*
8.4X10(3.7)
2.1×10(2.8)
eThe maximum age-dependent correction factor for the non-adult group is in brackets. It is followed by an asterisk for the 10-year-old group, otherwise it is for the 1-year-old group. 7.1×10(11)
6.4×10°(11)
1.1X10(4.0)
3.7X10(4.1)
3.7×10（4.1)
5.6 X10(2.1)*
1.3×10(2.1)
1.7X10(4.5)
4.2X10(3.5)
Appendix c
(Informative Appendix)
Toxic side effects of potassium iodide
D.1 Potassium iodide has long been used in the clinic to treat various diseases in internal medicine and pediatrics (such as syphilis, hypertension, bronchiectasis, asthma, bronchopneumonia and thyroid disease, etc.), and it has been proven that oral administration in common doses is safe. After being absorbed, iodine can actively affect the metabolism of substances and strengthen the process of dissimulation. It has a particularly significant effect on thyroid function and participates in the synthesis of thyroxine. Iodine in the body is usually excreted mainly by the kidneys; iodine can reflexively cause increased mucus secretion in the respiratory glands, so it can be used as an expectorant. D.2 However, long-term and large-scale (such as 10g per day) use of potassium iodide may cause symptoms of iodine poisoning, such as runny nose, urticaria, Quincke's edema, salivation, tearing, and small skin papules. The toxicity of intravenous injection or inhalation is greater than that of oral administration. Some people experience toxicity and side effects after long-term use of iodide, such as aggravation of heart disease, kidney disease, and tuberculosis. Therefore, people with these diseases should not take potassium iodide. Infants or fetuses are more sensitive to iodine, so potassium iodide should be used with caution for infants and pregnant women. 10
Appendix D
(Informative Appendix)
Protective effect of potassium iodide at different medication times D.1 1 to 2 days after ingestion of 13I, the activity of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland reaches its peak, reaching 50% of the peak value about 6 hours after ingestion. Generally, 5 minutes after taking stable iodine (each 100 mg is equivalent to 130 mg potassium iodide), it can play a role in blocking the absorption of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland. About 1 week later, the absorption of iodine by the thyroid gland returns to normal. Different medication times have a great influence on the protective effect of potassium iodide (see Table D.1). When the medication is taken before the radioactive iodine enters the body, the protective effect is better than that after it enters: the protective effect is best when the medication is taken at the same time as the radioactive iodine enters the body. When the medication is taken after the radioactive iodine enters the body, the protective effect decreases with the delay of medication time, and the medication is basically ineffective after 24 hours. Table D.1 Protective effect of taking K110 mg before and after taking 1311 in normal people at different times KI time of taking KI
Protective effect of thyroid
24-hour urine output
Medication group/control group
Note: The protective effect of thyroid refers to the difference between the thyroid activity of the control group and the medication group 24 hours after taking 131 (the activity of the control group is 100%). D.2 Potassium iodate and potassium iodide also have the effect of blocking the thyroid gland from absorbing radioactive iodine, but because potassium iodate can only play its protective role after being reduced to iodide in the body, the protective effect of potassium iodate appears later, but the protective effects of the two are equivalent. 113 For the public, the committed dose equivalent of the organ can be obtained from the committed dose equivalent conversion factor DCF of the thyroid gland under given dose pattern conditions based on the monitoring results of air, food or forage: B.3.3.1 The dose conversion factor DCF (Sv/(Bq·s/m)) for estimating the committed dose equivalent (Sv) of the thyroid gland for adults from the time-integrated concentration of air (Bg·s/m3) is shown in Table B.4.
Table B.4 Conversion factor DCF for estimating the committed dose equivalent of the thyroid gland for humans from the time-integrated concentration of air
1.0×10-1
Note: The respiratory rates of the three age groups are 3.8, 15 and 23m2/d, respectively. B.3.3.2
Unit: Sv/(Bq·s/m)
Dose conversion factor DCF (Sv/(Bq/kg) or Sv/(Bq/L)) for estimating adult thyroid committed dose equivalent (Sv) from peak concentration (Bg/kg or Bq/L) of fresh food, canned food or forage, see Table B.5. Table B.5 Conversion factor DCF for adult thyroid committed dose equivalent estimated from peak concentration of fresh food, canned food or forage
Food name
Dairy products
Fruits and vegetables"
Fruits and vegetables
Water, beverages
From peak concentration of fresh food or forage
2.9×10(8.5)
8.6X107(8.6)
4.6X10(3.4)|| tt||1.2×10(3.2)
1.8×10(3.2)
2.5×10(2.0)*
2.2×107(2.0)*
8.4X10 (3.7)
1.4×10(11)
1.3×10(11)
2.3X10(4.2)
3.6X10*(4.0)
3.7× 10(4.1)
1.2X10(2.2)*
2.8X10(2.1)
1.7×10(4.5)
a refers to food for dairy cows; if it is for dairy sheep, its DCF value is about 10 times the value in the table: b refers to food that may be directly contaminated by the surface:
c refers to food that is not directly contaminated by the surface;
d refers to food for beef cattle: if it is for sheep, its DCF value is about 10 times the value in the table; Sv/(Bq/kg) or Sv/(Bq/L)
is determined by the concentration at the time of food canning or the concentration of forage grass 1311
3.5×10(8.8)
1.0X10(9.0)
5.6×10(3.4)
1.8X10(3.2)
1.8X10(3.2)
2.8×10(2.1)*
2.5× 107(2. 0)*
8.4X10(3.7)
2.1×10(2.8)
eThe maximum age-dependent correction factor for the non-adult group is in brackets. It is followed by an asterisk for the 10-year-old group, otherwise it is for the 1-year-old group. 7.1×10(11)
6.4×10°(11)
1.1X10(4.0)
3.7X10(4.1)
3.7×10（4.1)
5.6 X10(2.1)*
1.3×10(2.1)
1.7X10(4.5)
4.2X10(3.5)
Appendix c
(Informative Appendix)
Toxic side effects of potassium iodide
D.1 Potassium iodide has long been used in the clinic to treat various diseases in internal medicine and pediatrics (such as syphilis, hypertension, bronchiectasis, asthma, bronchopneumonia and thyroid disease, etc.), and it has been proven that oral administration in common doses is safe. After being absorbed, iodine can actively affect the metabolism of substances and strengthen the process of dissimulation. It has a particularly significant effect on thyroid function and participates in the synthesis of thyroxine. Iodine in the body is usually excreted mainly by the kidneys; iodine can reflexively cause increased mucus secretion in the respiratory glands, so it can be used as an expectorant. D.2 However, long-term and large-scale (such as 10g per day) use of potassium iodide may cause symptoms of iodine poisoning, such as runny nose, urticaria, Quincke's edema, salivation, tearing, and small skin papules. The toxicity of intravenous injection or inhalation is greater than that of oral administration. Some people experience toxicity and side effects after long-term use of iodide, such as aggravation of heart disease, kidney disease, and tuberculosis. Therefore, people with these diseases should not take potassium iodide. Infants or fetuses are more sensitive to iodine, so potassium iodide should be used with caution for infants and pregnant women. 10
Appendix D
(Informative Appendix)
Protective effect of potassium iodide at different medication times D.1 1 to 2 days after ingestion of 13I, the activity of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland reaches its peak, reaching 50% of the peak value about 6 hours after ingestion. Generally, 5 minutes after taking stable iodine (each 100 mg is equivalent to 130 mg potassium iodide), it can play a role in blocking the absorption of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland. About 1 week later, the absorption of iodine by the thyroid gland returns to normal. Different medication times have a great influence on the protective effect of potassium iodide (see Table D.1). When the medication is taken before the radioactive iodine enters the body, the protective effect is better than that after it enters: the protective effect is best when the medication is taken at the same time as the radioactive iodine enters the body. When the medication is taken after the radioactive iodine enters the body, the protective effect decreases with the delay of medication time, and the medication is basically ineffective after 24 hours. Table D.1 Protective effect of taking K110 mg before and after taking 1311 in normal people at different times KI time of taking KI
Protective effect of thyroid
24-hour urine output
Medication group/control group
Note: The protective effect of thyroid refers to the difference between the thyroid activity of the control group and the medication group 24 hours after taking 131 (the activity of the control group is 100%). D.2 Potassium iodate and potassium iodide also have the effect of blocking the thyroid gland from absorbing radioactive iodine, but because potassium iodate can only play its protective role after being reduced to iodide in the body, the protective effect of potassium iodate appears later, but the protective effects of the two are equivalent. 113 For the public, the committed dose equivalent of the organ can be obtained from the committed dose equivalent conversion factor DCF of the thyroid gland under given dose pattern conditions based on the monitoring results of air, food or forage: B.3.3.1 The dose conversion factor DCF (Sv/(Bq·s/m)) for estimating the committed dose equivalent (Sv) of the thyroid gland for adults from the time-integrated concentration of air (Bg·s/m3) is shown in Table B.4.
Table B.4 Conversion factor DCF for estimating the committed dose equivalent of the thyroid gland for humans from the time-integrated concentration of air
1.0×10-1
Note: The respiratory rates of the three age groups are 3.8, 15 and 23m2/d, respectively. B.3.3.2
Unit: Sv/(Bq·s/m)
Dose conversion factor DCF (Sv/(Bq/kg) or Sv/(Bq/L)) for estimating adult thyroid committed dose equivalent (Sv) from peak concentration (Bg/kg or Bq/L) of fresh food, canned food or forage, see Table B.5. Table B.5 Conversion factor DCF for adult thyroid committed dose equivalent estimated from peak concentration of fresh food, canned food or forageWww.bzxZ.net
Food name
Dairy products
Fruits and vegetables"
Fruits and vegetables
Water, beverages
From peak concentration of fresh food or forage
2.9×10(8.5)
8.6X107(8.6)
4.6X10(3.4)|| tt||1.2×10(3.2)
1.8×10(3.2)
2.5×10(2.0)*
2.2×107(2.0)*
8.4X10 (3.7)
1.4×10(11)
1.3×10(11)
2.3X10(4.2)
3.6X10*(4.0)
3.7× 10(4.1)
1.2X10(2.2)*
2.8X10(2.1)
1.7×10(4.5)
a refers to food for dairy cows; if it is for dairy sheep, its DCF value is about 10 times the value in the table: b refers to food that may be directly contaminated by the surface:
c refers to food that is not directly contaminated by the surface;
d refers to food for beef cattle: if it is for sheep, its DCF value is about 10 times the value in the table; Sv/(Bq/kg) or Sv/(Bq/L)
is determined by the concentration at the time of food canning or the concentration of forage grass 1311
3.5×10(8.8)
1.0X10(9.0)
5.6×10(3.4)
1.8X10(3.2)
1.8X10(3.2)
2.8×10(2.1)*
2.5× 107(2. 0)*
8.4X10(3.7)
2.1×10(2.8)
eThe maximum age-dependent correction factor for the non-adult group is in brackets. It is followed by an asterisk for the 10-year-old group, otherwise it is for the 1-year-old group. 7.1×10(11)
6.4×10°(11)
1.1X10(4.0)
3.7X10(4.1)
3.7×10（4.1)
5.6 X10(2.1)*
1.3×10(2.1)
1.7X10(4.5)
4.2X10(3.5)
Appendix c
(Informative Appendix)
Toxic side effects of potassium iodide
D.1 Potassium iodide has long been used in the clinic to treat various diseases in internal medicine and pediatrics (such as syphilis, hypertension, bronchiectasis, asthma, bronchopneumonia and thyroid disease, etc.), and it has been proven that oral administration in common doses is safe. After being absorbed, iodine can actively affect the metabolism of substances and strengthen the process of dissimulation. It has a particularly significant effect on thyroid function and participates in the synthesis of thyroxine. Iodine in the body is usually excreted mainly by the kidneys; iodine can reflexively cause increased mucus secretion in the respiratory glands, so it can be used as an expectorant. D.2 However, long-term and large-scale (such as 10g per day) use of potassium iodide may cause symptoms of iodine poisoning, such as runny nose, urticaria, Quincke's edema, salivation, tearing, and small skin papules. The toxicity of intravenous injection or inhalation is greater than that of oral administration. Some people experience toxicity and side effects after long-term use of iodide, such as aggravation of heart disease, kidney disease, and tuberculosis. Therefore, people with these diseases should not take potassium iodide. Infants or fetuses are more sensitive to iodine, so potassium iodide should be used with caution for infants and pregnant women. 10
Appendix D
(Informative Appendix)
Protective effect of potassium iodide at different medication times D.1 1 to 2 days after ingestion of 13I, the activity of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland reaches its peak, reaching 50% of the peak value about 6 hours after ingestion. Generally, 5 minutes after taking stable iodine (each 100 mg is equivalent to 130 mg potassium iodide), it can play a role in blocking the absorption of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland. About 1 week later, the absorption of iodine by the thyroid gland returns to normal. Different medication times have a great influence on the protective effect of potassium iodide (see Table D.1). When the medication is taken before the radioactive iodine enters the body, the protective effect is better than that after it enters: the protective effect is best when the medication is taken at the same time as the radioactive iodine enters the body. When the medication is taken after the radioactive iodine enters the body, the protective effect decreases with the delay of medication time, and the medication is basically ineffective after 24 hours. Table D.1 Protective effect of taking K110 mg before and after taking 1311 in normal people at different times KI time of taking KI
Protective effect of thyroid
24-hour urine output
Medication group/control group
Note: The protective effect of thyroid refers to the difference between the thyroid activity of the control group and the medication group 24 hours after taking 131 (the activity of the control group is 100%). D.2 Potassium iodate and potassium iodide also have the effect of blocking the thyroid gland from absorbing radioactive iodine, but because potassium iodate can only play its protective role after being reduced to iodide in the body, the protective effect of potassium iodate appears later, but the protective effects of the two are equivalent. 114)
1.8X10(3.2)
1.8X10(3.2)
2.8×10(2.1)*
2. 5× 107(2. 0)*
8.4X10(3.7)
2.1×10(2.8)
eThe maximum age-dependent correction multiple for the non-adult group is in brackets. It is followed by an asterisk if it belongs to the 10-year-old group, otherwise it is for the 1-year-old group. 7.1×10(11)
6.4×10°(11)
1.1X10(4.0)
3.7X10(4.1)
3.7×10（4.1)
5.6X10(2.1)*
1.3×10(2.1)
1.7X10(4.5)
4.2X10(3.5)
Appendix c
(Informative Appendix)
Toxic and side effects of potassium iodide
D.1 Potassium iodide has long been used clinically to treat various diseases in internal medicine and pediatrics (such as syphilis, hypertension, bronchiectasis, asthma, bronchopneumonia and thyroid disease, etc.), and it has been proven that it is safe in common oral doses. After being absorbed, iodine can positively affect the metabolism of substances and strengthen the process of catabolism. It has a particularly significant effect on thyroid function and participates in the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Iodine in the body is usually excreted mainly by the kidneys; iodine can reflexively cause increased mucus secretion in the respiratory glands, so it can be used as an expectorant. D.2 However, when potassium iodide is taken for a long time and in large quantities (such as 10g per day), symptoms of iodine poisoning may occur, such as runny nose, urticaria, Quincke edema, salivation, tearing, and small skin papules. The toxicity of intravenous injection or inhalation is greater than that of oral administration. Some people have symptoms of toxicity and side effects after taking iodide for a long time, such as aggravation of heart disease, kidney disease and tuberculosis. Therefore, people with these diseases should not take potassium iodide. Infants or fetuses are more sensitive to iodine. Therefore, potassium iodide should be used with caution for infants and pregnant women. 10
Appendix D
(Informative Appendix)
Protective effect of potassium iodide at different medication times D.1 1 to 2 days after ingestion of 13I, the activity of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland reaches its peak, reaching 50% of the peak value about 6 hours after ingestion. Generally, 5 minutes after taking stable iodine (each 100 mg is equivalent to 130 mg potassium iodide), it can play a role in blocking the absorption of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland. About 1 week later, the absorption of iodine by the thyroid gland returns to normal. Different medication times have a great influence on the protective effect of potassium iodide (see Table D.1). When the medication is taken before the radioactive iodine enters the body, the protective effect is better than that after it enters: the protective effect is best when the medication is taken at the same time as the radioactive iodine enters the body. When the medication is taken after the radioactive iodine enters the body, the protective effect decreases with the delay of medication time, and the medication is basically ineffective after 24 hours. Table D.1 Protective effect of taking K110 mg before and after taking 1311 in normal people at different times KI time of taking KI
Protective effect of thyroid
24-hour urine output
Medication group/control group
Note: The protective effect of thyroid refers to the difference between the thyroid activity of the control group and the medication group 24 hours after taking 131 (the activity of the control group is 100%). D.2 Potassium iodate and potassium iodide also have the effect of blocking the thyroid gland from absorbing radioactive iodine, but because potassium iodate can only play its protective role after being reduced to iodide in the body, the protective effect of potassium iodate appears later, but the protective effects of the two are equivalent. 114)
1.8X10(3.2)
1.8X10(3.2)
2.8×10(2.1)*
2. 5× 107(2. 0)*
8.4X10(3.7)
2.1×10(2.8)
eThe maximum age-dependent correction multiple for the non-adult group is in brackets. It is followed by an asterisk if it belongs to the 10-year-old group, otherwise it is for the 1-year-old group. 7.1×10(11)
6.4×10°(11)
1.1X10(4.0)
3.7X10(4.1)
3.7×10（4.1)
5.6X10(2.1)*
1.3×10(2.1)
1.7X10(4.5)
4.2X10(3.5)
Appendix c
(Informative Appendix)
Toxic and side effects of potassium iodide
D.1 Potassium iodide has long been used clinically to treat various diseases in internal medicine and pediatrics (such as syphilis, hypertension, bronchiectasis, asthma, bronchopneumonia and thyroid disease, etc.), and it has been proven that it is safe in common oral doses. After being absorbed, iodine can positively affect the metabolism of substances and strengthen the process of catabolism. It has a particularly significant effect on thyroid function and participates in the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Iodine in the body is usually excreted mainly by the kidneys; iodine can reflexively cause increased mucus secretion in the respiratory glands, so it can be used as an expectorant. D.2 However, when potassium iodide is taken for a long time and in large quantities (such as 10g per day), symptoms of iodine poisoning may occur, such as runny nose, urticaria, Quincke edema, salivation, tearing, and small skin papules. The toxicity of intravenous injection or inhalation is greater than that of oral administration. Some people have symptoms of toxicity and side effects after taking iodide for a long time, such as aggravation of heart disease, kidney disease and tuberculosis. Therefore, people with these diseases should not take potassium iodide. Infants or fetuses are more sensitive to iodine. Therefore, potassium iodide should be used with caution for infants and pregnant women. 10
Appendix D
(Informative Appendix)
Protective effect of potassium iodide at different medication times D.1 1 to 2 days after ingestion of 13I, the activity of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland reaches its peak, reaching 50% of the peak value about 6 hours after ingestion. Generally, 5 minutes after taking stable iodine (each 100 mg is equivalent to 130 mg potassium iodide), it can play a role in blocking the absorption of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland. About 1 week later, the absorption of iodine by the thyroid gland returns to normal. Different medication times have a great influence on the protective effect of potassium iodide (see Table D.1). When the medication is taken before the radioactive iodine enters the body, the protective effect is better than that after it enters: the protective effect is best when the medication is taken at the same time as the radioactive iodine enters the body. When the medication is taken after the radioactive iodine enters the body, the protective effect decreases with the delay of medication time, and the medication is basically ineffective after 24 hours. Table D.1 Protective effect of taking K110 mg before and after taking 1311 in normal people at different times KI time of taking KI
Protective effect of thyroid
24-hour urine output
Medication group/control group
Note: The protective effect of thyroid refers to the difference between the thyroid activity of the control group and the medication group 24 hours after taking 131 (the activity of the control group is 100%). D.2 Potassium iodate and potassium iodide also have the effect of blocking the thyroid gland from absorbing radioactive iodine, but because potassium iodate can only play its protective role after being reduced to iodide in the body, the protective effect of potassium iodate appears later, but the protective effects of the two are equivalent. 11
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