Regulation of techniques for comprehensive control of soil erosion-Technique for erosion control of waste land
Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T16453.2
Technical Specification for Comprehensive Control of Soil and Water Conservation-Technique for Erosion Control of Waste LandRegulation of Techni-ques for Comprehensive Control of Soil ErosionTechnique for Erosion Control of Waste LandPublished on 1996-06-25
State Administration of Technical Supervision
Implementation on 1996-09-01
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Technical Specification for Comprehensive Control of Soil and Water Conservation-Technique for Erosion Control of Waste LandRegulation of Techni-ques for Comprehensive Control of Soil ErosionTechnique for Erosion Control of Waste Land wasteland
GB/T16453.2—1996
This standard series is divided into four items: the first item "General Principles of Comprehensive Soil and Water Conservation Planning", the second item "Technical Specifications for Comprehensive Soil and Water Conservation", the third item "Acceptance Specifications for Comprehensive Soil and Water Conservation", and the fourth item "Calculation Method for Benefits of Comprehensive Soil and Water Conservation". This standard is the second item in the above series.
This standard includes 6 standards:
GB/T16453.1-1996 Technical specification for comprehensive management of soil and water conservation Sloping farmland management technology
GB/T16453.2—1996
Technical specification for comprehensive management of soil and water conservation
Technical specification for wasteland management technology
Technical specification for comprehensive management of soil and water conservation Gully management technology GB/T16453.3—1996
GB/T16453.4-1996 Technical specification for comprehensive management of soil and water conservation Small-scale water storage, drainage and diversion projects GB/T16453.5—1996 Technical specification for comprehensive management of soil and water conservation Wind and sand control technology GB/T16453.6-1996 Technical specification for comprehensive management of soil and water conservation Collapse control technology This standard is GB/T16453.2, including three contents: soil and water conservation afforestation, soil and water conservation grass planting and closure management. Appendix A, Appendix B and Appendix C of this standard are all informative appendices. After the publication of the four items in this standard series, they will all replace the standard SD238-87 "Technical Specifications for Soil and Water Conservation" issued by the Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power of the People's Republic of China in 1988.
This standard is proposed and managed by the Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China. The responsible drafting unit of this standard: Soil and Water Conservation Department of the Ministry of Water Resources. Participating drafting units: Yellow River Upper and Middle Reaches Administration Bureau of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission, Rural Water Conservancy and Soil and Water Conservation Bureau of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission, Soil and Water Conservation Bureau of the Yangtze River Water Conservancy Commission, Farmland Water Conservancy Department of Songliao Water Conservancy Commission, Farmland Water Conservancy Department of the Pearl River Water Conservancy Commission, Farmland Water Conservancy Department of the Haihe Water Conservancy Commission, Farmland Water Conservancy Department of the Huaihe Water Conservancy Commission. The main drafters of this standard: Duan Qiaofu, Liu Wanquan, Qi Saidi, Xu Chuanzao, Lu Shengli, Ning Duihu, Tong Weili. Part 1: Afforestation for Soil and Water Conservation
1 Scope
This part specifies the technical requirements for planning, design, construction, and management of artificial afforestation measures on wasteland with soil and water loss to prevent and control soil and water loss, develop forest and fruit production, and increase economic income. This part applies to all wastelands with water loss (water erosion) throughout the country. 2 Referenced Standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised, and the parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. GB/T16453.4-1996 Technical Specifications for Comprehensive Management of Soil and Water Conservation Small-scale Water Storage, Drainage and Diversion Projects GB/T16453.5-1996 Technical Specifications for Comprehensive Management of Water Conservation Wind and Sand Control Technology 3 Basic Provisions
3.1 The wasteland referred to in this part refers to all land that can be used but has not yet been used, except for cultivated land, forest land, grassland and other land (villages, roads, waters). It includes barren hills, barren slopes, barren ditches, barren beaches, river banks, and villages, roadsides, houses, and canals (referred to as "four sides"); it also includes steep slopes that have been abandoned for farming, fallow land, residual forests, sparse forests, and other lands that require human intervention to prevent soil erosion and obtain economic benefits. 3.2 In addition to artificial afforestation, the management and utilization of the above-mentioned types of land also include artificial grass planting and enclosure management. According to the different site conditions of various types of wasteland and the needs of local development and production, an overall plan should be made, and the above three different management measures should be adopted respectively. For the wasteland that needs to be managed and developed by artificial afforestation, the requirements of this article shall be followed. 3.3 The management of various types of wasteland by artificial afforestation should focus on development and utilization at the same time, and require the ability to obtain economic, ecological, and social benefits:
3 .3.1 Reduce or stop soil erosion and improve the ecological environment. 3.3.2 Solve the problem of fuel shortage in rural areas and alleviate the problem of feed and fertilizer shortage. 3.3.3 Develop a commodity economy with forestry and fruit as the main products to increase economic income. 3.4 Within the scope of soil and water conservation, artificial afforestation includes various economic forests and orchards built on wasteland. For areas where intercropping of agriculture and forestry or intercropping of grain and fruit is carried out on farmland, the afforestation technical requirements can refer to this standard and no other regulations are made. 3.5 If small-scale storage and drainage projects need to be built during wasteland management, refer to the relevant articles in the first chapter of GB/T16453.4 for implementation. 4 Planning
4.1 Forest species planning
4.1.1 Arrangement of forest species according to different uses
4.1.1.1 Water and soil conservation economic forest ( Including orchards). It should account for a considerable proportion of the afforestation area, and is one of the main sources of income for farmers to get rid of poverty and become well-off. If conditions permit, 0.05-0.1hm2 per capita or 15%-20% of artificial forest land can be planned. 4.1.1.2 Water-conservation firewood forest. It should account for a considerable proportion in rural fuel-deficient areas, and the planting area should be determined based on the annual per capita firewood requirement and the amount of firewood that can be provided per hectare of forest. 4.1.1.3 Water-conservation fodder forest. In the arid and semi-arid areas in northern my country where fodder is insufficient, shrub fodder forests such as Caragana korshinskii and Amorpha fruticosa can be created as a supplement in combination with water and soil conservation. The grazing forest area is determined based on the carrying capacity of each hectare of grazing forest and the number of livestock developed. 4.1.1.4 Water-conservation timber forest. Soil and water conservation artificial afforestation on barren slopes as timber forest Land preparation projects for water storage and soil conservation must be built to avoid soil erosion caused by logging for timber. Timber forests in arid and rainless soil erosion areas are mainly planted beside roads, villages, houses, canals, river beaches and ditch bottoms, as well as other places with good water sources and where logging will not cause soil erosion. 4.1.2 Arrange forest types according to different terrain types 4.1.2.1 Soil and water conservation forests on hilly and mountainous slopes. According to the location of the barren slope, the slope gradient and the characteristics of soil erosion, they are arranged on the upper, middle or lower part of the slope, alternating with farmland and pastureland in strips or blocks; in places with more land and fewer people, some entire slopes are afforested. 4.1.2.2 Gully soil and water conservation forests. They are divided into three parts: gully head, gully slope and gully bottom, and are closely combined with gully head protection, gully square and siltation items in gully control measures.
4.1.2.3 Water and soil conservation forests near water bodies such as the banks of rivers, around lakes and reservoirs, and along channels are mainly used to consolidate riverbanks, reservoir banks and channels to prevent bank collapse and erosion of channel slopes.
4.1.2.4 Afforestation along roads, channels, villages and houses. In plain and plateau areas, roads and channels are generally combined to form large square fields. Afforestation along roads and channels should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of farmland shelterbelt network. Afforestation beside villages and houses in mountainous and hilly areas should be mainly economic forests to form courtyard economy.
4.2 Forest type planning
4.2.1 Pure forest
4.2.1.1 Pure shrub forest. Mainly suitable for arid and semi-arid areas, places with severe soil erosion and poor site conditions, generally used as firewood or fodder forest.
4.2.1.2 Pure tree forest. It is mainly adapted to places with good site conditions, and its biological characteristics require pure forests. It is generally used as economic forests and fast-growing and high-yield forests.
4.2.2 Mixed forests
In addition to pure shrub forests and pure tree forests, most general soil and water conservation forests should adopt mixed forests to make full use of water and soil resources, reduce pests and diseases, and improve afforestation benefits.
4.2.2.1 Mixed types
Mixed coniferous species and broad-leaved species:
b) Mixed trees and shrubs;
Mixed deep-rooted species and shallow-rooted species
d) Mixed negative species and positive species.
4.2.2.2 Mixed planting methods
a) Interplanting. Suitable for thin soil, plant shrubs with soil conservation and soil improvement functions between trees; or sparsely plant one tree between every 5 to 10 shrubs.
b) Interrow mixing. Generally, trees and shrubs, barrier species and positive species are suitable. c) Strip mixing. Suitable for tree species with slow initial growth and two contradictory types. The width of the strip is determined by specific research based on the characteristics of the tree species.
d) Block (irregular) mixing. Suitable for places where competition between tree species is strong or the terrain is fragmented and the site conditions are mosaic. 4.3 Tree species planning
4.3.1 Suitable trees for suitable places
4.3.1.1 Consider suitable trees for suitable places when afforestation in small watersheds. Different land types such as slopes and gullies in small watersheds, different positions such as the upper, middle, lower, shady slopes and sunny slopes on the slopes, and different site conditions require not only different forest species to be arranged, but also different tree species to be considered in the same forest species. 4.3.1.2 Basic requirements for suitable land and trees for afforestation across the country. Based on the main ecological factors such as temperature, rainfall, and soil quality in various places, the country is roughly divided into seven climate zones with different site conditions. The tree species adapted to each climate zone are shown in Appendix A (suggestive appendix). 4.3.2 High-quality and high-yield
4.3.2.1 Water-conservation economic forest: The products are required to be marketable and have strong competitiveness in the market: At the same time, tree species that are easy to transport and sell and process for value-added are required.
4.3.2.2 Water-conservation firewood and charcoal forest: Tree species with strong germination and sprouting ability, tolerance to stubble, and strong firepower are required. 4.3.2.3 Water-conserving fodder forest: requires tree species that are drought-resistant, grazing-resistant, and stubble-resistant, and have good palatability. 4.3.2.4 Water-conserving timber forest: requires tree species with good material quality, high value, fast growth and high yield. 4.3.3 Under the premise of complying with the above principles, try to use native tree species: if native tree species cannot meet the requirements, introduce excellent tree species from other places through experiments.
4.4 Nursery planning
4.4.1 Cultivate seedlings locally and nearby. Counties, townships, villages or small watersheds should set up nurseries in different levels within the planning scope according to the needs of afforestation, cultivate seedlings locally and nearby, and avoid purchasing and transporting seedlings from other places over long distances. 4.4.2 Location of nursery land. Nursery land should be selected in places with good soil quality, convenient management and irrigation conditions; at the same time, it is required to be roughly evenly distributed within the planning scope for easy use.
4.4.3 Area of nursery land. The nursery area should be such that the number of seedlings can meet the needs of all afforestation within the planning scope year by year as planned. If conditions permit, adjustments should be made within the township, village or small watershed as much as possible. If necessary, adjustments can be made within the county. Generally, do not go out of the county. 4.4.4 Selected tree species. According to the forest species and tree species in the afforestation plan, it should be equipped as fully as possible to ensure that all required forest species and tree species are planted according to the planning requirements, so as to avoid planting any trees with any seedlings and not getting the expected benefits. For the introduction of new foreign tree species, they should be tested first to confirm that the effect is good, and then included in the seedling plan. bzxZ.net
4.4.5 Nursery management. The construction and production of the nursery should be managed by a dedicated person, and the technical specifications and relevant systems of nursery management should be strictly implemented to ensure the tasks and quality of seedling cultivation.
4.5 Other related plans
4.5.1 Reconstruction plan for residual forests, sparse forests, low-efficiency forests, small and old trees, etc. 4.5.1.1 Residual forests and sparse forests shall be transformed by closing or renewing or replanting measures according to different degrees of residual and sparse forests and site conditions. 4.5.1.2 Low-efficiency forests and small and old trees shall be transformed by thinning, pruning, land preparation engineering, loosening soil, irrigation and other measures according to different tree species and the reasons for the formation of small and old trees. If the tree species are not properly selected, they should be replaced with suitable tree species. 4.5.2 Forest road planning
Roads should be set up around large forests and inside large forests. The width is generally 2 to 3 meters, and consider the passage of carts or small motor vehicles. 4.5.3 Forest management planning
To prevent damage by humans and animals and forest fires, there should be a plan for management measures, management equipment and management personnel. 5 Design
5.1 Afforestation density design
5.1.1 Expression of afforestation density
5.1.1.1 Calculated by row spacing (m) and plant spacing (m), which is directly used in afforestation construction. 5.1.1.2 Calculated by the number of afforestation plants per unit area (hm2), which is used to count the number of seedlings required and afforestation results (survival rate, preservation rate, benefits, etc.). 5.1.2 Afforestation density of different forest types and tree species 5.1.2.1 The afforestation density of timber forest is generally 2000 to 3000 plants per hectare, which can be as small as 600 plants per hectare or as large as 5000 plants per hectare according to the characteristics of the tree species and local conditions.
5.1.2.2 The afforestation density of economic forests and orchards is generally 1000 to 2000 plants per hectare, which can be as small as 500 plants per hectare or as large as 5000 plants per hectare according to the tree species and management level.
5.1.2.3 Forage forests and new charcoal forests dominated by shrubs, generally 10,000 to 20,000 clumps per hectare, and different tree species can be as small as 6,000 clumps per hectare. 5.1.3 Afforestation density for different site conditions
5.1.3.1 The afforestation density in areas with better water and heat conditions in southern my country can be greater than that in areas with poor water and heat conditions in the north. 5.1.3.2 In the same area, the afforestation density of land with better site conditions can be greater than that of land with poor site conditions. 5.1.3.3 Under the same site conditions, the afforestation density of planned thinning is greater than that of unplanned thinning. 5.1.3.4 In order not to affect the growth of crops, the afforestation density of intercropping of agriculture and forestry, intercropping of grain and fruit, etc. should be extremely small, 30 to 40 plants or 50 to 100 plants per hectare.
5.1.4 Appendix B (Suggested Appendix) lists the initial planting density of several major tree species for soil and water conservation for reference in the design of various places. Since the site conditions vary greatly across the country, the principle of adapting measures to local conditions must be adhered to. The afforestation density of each region and each land type should be determined through specific design based on a specific analysis of the site conditions.
5.2 Land preparation engineering design
5.2.1 Basic requirements
5.2.1.1 Land preparation engineering should generally be adopted for soil and water conservation afforestation to conserve water and soil and promote the normal growth of trees. 5.2.1.2 Different forms of land preparation engineering should be adopted for different site conditions and different forest types. 5.2.1.3 The defense standard of land preparation engineering is designed according to the maximum rainfall of 3 to 6 hours once in 10 to 20 years. According to the different rainfall conditions in various places, different rainstorm frequencies and short-duration, high-intensity rainstorms that are most likely to cause serious soil and water loss in the local area are adopted. 5.2.1.4 Except for gentle land such as river beaches and lake shores, all wastelands with slopes of more than 5° should not be fully reclaimed for afforestation. 5.2.2 Strip land preparation engineering
It is suitable for slopes with relatively complete terrain and thick soil layers. The land preparation engineering is basically laid out continuously on the slope along the contour lines. 5.2.2.1 Horizontal terraces. It is suitable for steep slopes of 15° to 25°, with a terrace width of 1.0 to 1.5m and a reverse slope of 3° to 5°, also known as reverse slope terraces. The horizontal distance between the upper and lower terraces shall be based on the designed afforestation row spacing. It is required that the slope runoff between each horizontal terrace in heavy rain can be fully or mostly accommodated on the terrace surface to determine the terrace width, reverse slope gradient (or terrace edge setting), or adjust the distance between terraces. The saplings are planted 0.3 to 0.5m (about 1/3 of the terrace width) away from the terrace edge. 5.2.2.2 Horizontal ditch. Suitable for steep slopes of 15° to 25°. The upper width of the ditch mouth is 0.6 to 1.0m, the bottom width is 0.3 to 0.5m, and the depth is 0.4 to 0.6m. The ditch is made by half-digging and half-filling, and the raw soil dug out from the inside is used for the outside. The saplings are planted on the outside of the bottom of the ditch. According to the designed afforestation row spacing and the storm runoff conditions on the slope, the spacing between the upper and lower ditches and the specific size of the ditch are determined. 5.2.2.3 Narrow terraces. Mainly used for fruit trees or other economic trees with high requirements for opposite soil conditions. Generally, in places with gentle slopes and thick soil layers, the field width is 2 to 3m, the water storage height at the edge of the field is 0.3m, and the top width is 0.3m. According to the designed fruit tree row spacing, the spacing between the upper and lower terraces is determined. After the field surface is leveled, the excavated part needs to be plowed about 0.3m with animal power, and tree holes are dug in the middle of the field surface to plant fruit trees. 5.2.2.4 Horizontal furrows. Suitable for large plots and gentle slopes of 5°10°. Use machinery or animal power to turn the soil up and down along the contour line to make horizontal furrows, with a depth of 0.2-0.4m and an upper width of 0.3-0.6m. The furrow spacing is determined according to the designed afforestation row spacing. The saplings are planted in the middle of the ditch bottom. 5.2.3 Hole-shaped land preparation engineering
It is mainly suitable for places with broken terrain and thin soil layers where strip land preparation engineering cannot be adopted. 5.2.3.1 Fish scale pit. Each pit is semicircular in plane, with a long diameter of 0.81.5m and a short diameter of 0.5-0.8m; the pit is 0.3-0.5m deep, and the soil in the pit is taken to make arc-shaped soil at the lower edge, with a height of 0.2-0.3m (higher in the middle and lower at both ends). Each pit is basically arranged along the contour line on the slope, and the upper and lower rows of pits are staggered in the shape of "品". The row spacing and hole spacing of the pits are determined according to the row spacing and plant spacing of the designed afforestation. The saplings are planted in the pit at a distance of 0.2 to 0.3 m from the bottom edge. The width and depth of the two ends of the pit are about 0.2 to 0.3m, inverted "eight" shaped intercepting ditch. 5.2.3.2 Large fruit tree pits. When planting fruit trees in rocky mountainous areas or hilly areas with extremely thin soil layers, large fruit tree pits should be excavated on the slope, with a depth of 0.81.0m, a circular diameter of 0.8~1.0m, and a square side length of 0.8~1.0m. Take out the gravel or raw soil in the pit and fill the pit with nearby topsoil. The arrangement of the pits and the row and pit spacing can be implemented in accordance with the requirements of 5.2.3.1. 6 Construction
6.1 Construction time
6.1.1 Land preparation construction time
6.1.1.1 Generally, land preparation should be carried out in the autumn and winter of the previous year, and afforestation should be carried out in the spring and autumn of the second year. It is conducive to storing rain and snow and promoting the maturation of raw soil. Sandy land prone to wind erosion should be afforested as the land is prepared. 6.1.1.2 For afforestation in autumn and winter, the land should be prepared in the spring of the current year at the earliest; for afforestation in the rainy season and spring, the land should be prepared in the autumn of the previous year at the latest. 6.1.2 Afforestation season
6.1.2.1 Afforestation in spring. In spring, afforestation should generally be carried out 7-10 days before the seedlings sprout; in northern my country, afforestation should be carried out as soon as the soil thaws and reaches the planting depth.
6.1.2.2 Afforestation in the rainy season. Afforestation should be carried out as soon as possible in the first half of the rainy season to ensure that the newly planted or directly seeded seedlings have a growing period of more than two months in the current year to facilitate safe wintering. In arid and semi-arid areas, afforestation should be carried out as much as possible when the weather is good with continuous cloudy days in combination with weather forecasts. 6.1.2.3 Afforestation in autumn and winter. Afforestation should be carried out in autumn after the trees stop growing and before the land freezes. Afforestation in mountainous areas with severe frost damage is not suitable for autumn. Large seeds, seeds with hard shells and seeds with a long dormancy period should be directly sown in autumn and winter. 6.2 Construction quality requirements
6.2.1 Construction quality requirements for land preparation projects
6.2.1.1 The location and size of each project shall be constructed strictly in accordance with the design requirements and shall not be changed arbitrarily to ensure that the designed storm runoff can be stored.
6.2.1.2 The fill soil of each land preparation project must be compacted (or tamp down) in layers, and the 1000-stem bulk density must reach more than 1.3t/m2 to ensure that there will be no collapse or holes after water storage.
6.2.1.3 For all types of strip land preparation projects, the alignment shall be determined by hand leveling before construction. After completion, a small soil barrier of about 0.2m high shall be built every 510m to prevent the vertical concentration of runoff.
6.2.2 Requirements for seedling quality
6.2.2.1 Before seedlings are removed, the specifications and standards for seedlings must be proposed, and strong and good seedlings must be removed strictly in accordance with the standards to prevent the mixing of weak, inferior and diseased seedlings:
6.2.2.2 Seedlings should be watered 2-3 days before they emerge from the soil. After removal, they should be graded, packaged and transported. During the whole process, attention should be paid to keeping the roots moist to prevent freezing, wind and sun exposure.
6.2.2.3 Seedlings should be planted as soon as possible after removal. If they cannot be planted in time for some reason, measures should be taken to plant them, such as sparse rows, deep burial, compaction and appropriate watering. If the transplanting time is long, or large seedlings are transported over long distances, the roots should be soaked in water for a short period of time before planting. 6.2.2.4 Seedlings transported over long distances and over a large area from other places should undergo plant quarantine. 6.2.2.5 Seedlings should be selected before planting. The seedlings used for afforestation must be well-developed, with complete root systems, strong base stems, full terminal buds, free from diseases and insect pests, and free from mechanical damage.
6.2.2.6 The seedlings planted in the same plot must be basically the same in age and growth status. 6.2.3 Quality requirements for seedling planting and afforestation
6.2.3.1 In the strip land preparation project, dig tree planting pits according to the designed plant spacing. The general pit diameter is 0.3-0.5m and the depth is 0.3-0.5m. According to different tree species and seedling conditions, the root system expansion is the standard. 6.2.3.2 When planting economic fruit trees, precious tree species and fast-growing and high-yield forests, it is necessary to loosen the bottom of the pit by about 0.2m, apply base fertilizer, mix it with the subsoil, and cover it with a layer of loose soil.
6.2.3.3 When planting, the seedlings should be straightened and planted properly, with the root system expanded and the depth appropriate. 6.2.3.4 When filling the soil, the topsoil and wet soil should be filled first, and then the raw soil and dry soil should be filled, and the soil should be compacted layer by layer. When the conditions are not good, water should be irrigated thoroughly, and then a layer of loose soil should be covered to facilitate preservation.
6.2.4 Quality requirements for direct seeding afforestation
6.2.4.1 The seeds used for direct seeding afforestation should be carefully selected, the purity should be measured, and the germination rate should be tested. The sowing rate per unit area should be determined according to the requirements of different tree species.
6.2.4.2 Hole sowing. Dig holes manually, with a hole diameter of 0.2-0.3m and a depth of 0.15-0.20m. Loosen the soil in the hole, remove grass roots and gravel, sow evenly according to the designed sowing rate, cover with 3-8cm of soil according to the size of the tree seeds, and compact with feet. If the conditions are poor, water each hole. 6.2.4.3 Row sowing. Combined with the horizontal furrow land preparation project, use animal power or machinery to loosen the soil at the bottom of the furrow, and carry out row sowing according to the designed sowing amount. After sowing, cover the soil with 5-10cm with the plow and then tamp it down. 6.2.4.4 Aerial sowing. In areas with vast land and sparse population, aerial sowing can be used for afforestation, which can be implemented in accordance with GB/T16453.5. 6.2.5 Quality requirements for afforestation by cuttings
6.2.5.1 Select cuttings (or cuttings). Generally, cuttings should be selected from healthy branches with smooth bark and 1-2 years old: tree species with strong rooting ability (such as willow) can choose branches of 2-3 years old; cuttings of coniferous tree species require intact terminal buds. Cuttings are generally 30-50cm long and are soaked in water for 12-24h to facilitate survival.
6.2.5.2 Cutting time. Generally, afforestation should be carried out as soon as cuttings are harvested. In arid, semi-arid or other areas with insufficient soil moisture, cuttings should be used for afforestation after the autumn rain when the soil moisture is good.
6.2.5.3 When cutting, the row spacing should be determined according to the design requirements. According to the principle of deep burial, shallow exposure and solidity, a hole should be made at the planting point first, and then the cutting should be inserted into it, with the upper end slightly above the ground surface.
7 Management
7.1 Management and protection of young forests
7.1.1 Newly planted young forests should be closed for cultivation, and grazing and other activities that are not conducive to the growth of young forests and damage the land preparation project should be prohibited. 7.1.2 Before the young forest is closed, under the premise of not affecting the growth of the young forest, the open space between the trees can be used outside the tree circle to plant low-stemmed, clustered green manure, vegetables, medicinal materials or other economic crops. Combined with farming management, take into account the cultivation of young forests. 7.1.3 Soil loosening and weeding. It is mainly carried out in the land preparation project, combined with the maintenance and repair of the project, and pay attention to the prevention and control of rodent pests. 7.1.4 Pruning and shaping. Seedlings planted directly or in clusters should be thinned out in batches in conjunction with the king of pine trees until the autumn and winter of the second year. For tree species with strong root and stem sprouting ability, the main trunk should be retained and removed in time.
7.1.5 Pruning and shaping. Pruning and shaping of economic fruit trees should be carried out according to the specific requirements of different tree species. Pruning of timber forests should cut off the branches of the lower third of the main trunk. Pruning of broad-leaved forests should be carried out after the autumn of the second year, and coniferous forests can be appropriately postponed. 7.1.6 Irrigation and fertilization. Young forests affected by drought should be irrigated in time to protect seedlings. Economic forests and fruit trees should be irrigated and fertilized in time according to different tree species to ensure high quality and high yield.
7.1.7 Survival rate survey. Every winter, a survival rate sampling survey should be carried out in different parts of the newly planted young forests in the previous winter and this spring. The sampling ratio is shown in Table 1. Table 1
Afforestation area, hm2
Sampling ratio, %
10～50
7.1.8 Replanting of young forests. For those with a survival rate of more than 70% and uniform distribution, no replanting is required; for those with a survival rate of 30%～70%, replanting is carried out; for those with a survival rate of less than 30%, the afforestation area shall be ignored and reforested. For replanting of young forests, large seedlings of the same species or seedlings of the same age shall be used. 7.2 Management of mature forests
7.2.1 A fixed person shall be assigned to manage and protect them to prevent damage by humans and animals, forest fires, and disease, insects and rodents. Refer to 17.2 for implementation. 7.2.2 Pruning of arbor forests and pruning of irrigated forests shall be carried out every 3 to 5 years in late winter, depending on the tree species and growth. Arbor pruning should be combined with cutting down a few plants that grow poorly and affect each other. Shrubs on steep slopes and areas with severe wind erosion should be cut in a strip-shaped rotational manner to avoid cutting in large areas, which may cause water and wind erosion. 7.2.3 Thinning of timber forests after maturity should be carried out according to design requirements, with alternate trees, rows or strips, in order not to aggravate soil erosion. Large-scale felling is never allowed on steep slopes and windy and sandy areas. After thinning, new seedlings should be planted in time according to the design. 7.2.4 Economic forests and fruit trees should be managed intensively according to the specific requirements of different tree species, with regular irrigation, fertilization, pruning, and prevention and control of pests and diseases to ensure high quality and high yield. 7.2.5 For situations where the forest is not growing well or small old trees are formed due to various reasons, the reasons should be investigated in time and updated and renovated. 7.2.6 For some economic forests and fruit trees, if the original varieties are poor and the economic benefits are not high, they should be replaced with excellent varieties for grafting, and strive to obtain high quality and high yield in a short period of time to improve economic benefits.
7.2.7 All kinds of land preparation projects should be kept in good condition for a long time, and inspections should be carried out after the flood season every year. If any damage is found, it should be repaired in time. Part II: Soil and Water Conservation and Grass Planting
8 Scope
This part stipulates the technical requirements for planning, design, construction, management, etc. for taking artificial grass planting measures on wasteland with soil and water loss to prevent and control soil and water loss, promote the development of animal husbandry and rural comprehensive management, and increase the economic income of the masses. This part is applicable to wasteland with soil and water loss (water erosion). 9 Cited standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest version of the following standards. GB/T16453.5-1996 Technical Specification for Comprehensive Management of Water Conservation and Sand Control Technology 10 Basic Provisions
10.1 The term "wasteland" as used in this article refers to all land that can be used but has not yet been used, except for cultivated land, forest land, grassland, and other land (villages, roads, waters, etc.), including barren mountains, barren slopes, barren ditches, barren beaches, river banks, embankments, dam slopes, steep slopes that have been abandoned for farming without forest or grass coverage, and natural pastures that have been degraded due to excessive grazing. 10.2 The management of various types of wasteland by artificial grass planting should focus on development and utilization at the same time, and require the acquisition of three benefits: 10.2.1 Reduce or stop soil erosion and improve the ecological environment; 10.2.2 Solve the problem of lack of feed, fertilizer, and fuel in rural areas, and promote the development of animal husbandry and planting industries; 10.2.3 Provide raw materials for rural industry and sideline industries, promote the development of commodity production, and increase farmers' economic income. 10.3 In addition to artificial grass planting, the management and utilization of the above-mentioned types of land also include artificial afforestation and closed-off management (closing mountains for afforestation and closing slopes for grass cultivation). Overall planning should be carried out according to the different site conditions of various types of wasteland and the needs of local development and production, and the above three different management measures should be adopted respectively. For wasteland that needs to be managed and developed by artificial grass planting, the requirements of this chapter shall be followed. 10.4 This chapter is mainly used for perennial artificial grasslands of more than 3 to 5 years. For the grass planting part of the grass rotation in the water and soil conservation farming method, its relevant technical requirements can be implemented in accordance with this chapter.
11 Planning
11.1 Determine the location of artificial grassland
Artificial grass planting should be selected from different kings according to its different uses. 11.1.1 Special economic grass production base, including medicinal, nectar source, weaving, papermaking, fertilizer, ornamental and other grasses, should be selected according to the biological and ecological characteristics and adaptability of various grasses, and the corresponding site conditions should be selected for planting. 11.1.2 Forage grass base. Mainly raising livestock, there are two situations: 11.1.2.1 Grassland. Mainly select abandoned farmland or barren slopes that are close to the village and have relatively good site conditions. 11.1.2.2 Grazing land. Mainly select barren slopes or gullies that are far from the village and have relatively poor site conditions. 11.1.3 Seed base. The land with a gentle slope, good moisture conditions, ventilation and light, close to the village, and convenient field management should be selected to ensure high-quality and high-yield grass seeds.
11.2 Determine the area of artificial grassland
11.2.1 Special economic grassland area. According to the development plan of industry and sideline industries using grass as raw materials, and the unit area yield of the required grass, determine its required area. If the product is marketable and competitive in the market, the planning should try to meet its grass planting area needs. 11.2.2 Forage base area. According to the animal husbandry development plan and the grass yield per unit area and livestock carrying capacity of natural grassland and artificial grassland, the area of artificial grassland is determined based on the need for animal husbandry grass. 11.2.3 Seed base area: According to the demand for various grass seeds and the seed yield per unit area, the required area is determined, and grass seeds are sought locally. Except for special and excellent grass seeds, they are generally not transported from other places. 11.3 Key locations for artificial grass planting to prevent soil and water loss: a) Limited
Steep slopes, abandoned land, and wasteland;
Pastures where grasslands are degraded due to overgrazing:)
Ditch heads, ditch edges, and ditch slopes;
Backwater slopes and terraces of dams and earth embankments; e)
Abandoned soil slopes of resource development and capital construction sites; f) River banks, canal banks, reservoirs, beaches, lakesides, etc. 12 Design
12.1 Grass seed design
12.1.1 The basic conditions for selecting grass seeds for soil and water conservation are that the grass seeds have strong stress resistance, good soil retention, rapid growth and high economic value. 12.1.2 Suitable grass for suitable land
12.1.2.1 According to the ground moisture conditions, select the following grasses: 12.1.2.1.1 Select xerophytic grasses in arid and semi-arid areas. They are characterized by well-developed root systems, drought resistance and drought tolerance, such as sand grass and swimming grass. 12.1.2.1.2 Select mesophytic grasses in general areas, which are characterized by medium water requirements and good grass quality, such as first night grass and orchard grass. 12.1.2.1.3 Select wet grasses in low wetlands such as water banks and ditch bottoms, which are characterized by large water requirements and drought resistance, such as field grass and reed. 12.1.2.1.4 Select aquatic grasses on water surfaces and shallows. Their characteristics are that they can grow and reproduce in still water, such as water hyacinth and water chestnut. 12.1.2.2 Select the following grasses according to the ground temperature: 12.1.2.2.1 Select grasses that prefer warmth and coolness in low-temperature areas, such as Elymus salsa. Their characteristics are that they are cold-resistant and afraid of heat, and they will stop growing or even die at high temperatures. 12.1.2.2.2 Select grasses that prefer warmth and heat in high-temperature areas, such as Elephant grass. Their characteristics are that they can grow luxuriantly at high temperatures, but they will stop growing or even die at low temperatures.
12.1.2.3 According to the soil pH, select the following grasses: 12.1.2.3.1 For acidic soil, pH below 6.5, select acid-resistant grasses, such as bahia grass and molasses grass, etc. 12.1.2.3.2 For alkaline soil, pH above 7.5, select alkali-resistant grasses, such as grass and reed, etc. 12.1.2.3.3 For neutral royal soil, pH between 6.5 and 7.5, select neutral grasses, such as small crown flower, etc. 12.1.2.4 According to other ecological environments, select different adaptive grasses: 12.1.2.4.1 In the shaded ground of forest land and orchard, select shade-tolerant grasses, such as clover, etc. 12.1.2.4.2 For sandy land, select sand-resistant grasses, such as Artemisia ordosica and Astragalus membranaceus, etc. 12.1.3 See Appendix C (the appendix of the suggestion) for the main soil and water conservation grass species in different climate zones and different ecological environments. 12.2 Design of grass planting methods
12.2.1 Direct seeding. It is the main method of grass planting, which is divided into strip seeding, hole seeding, broadcast seeding and aerial seeding. 12.2.1.1 Strip seeding. It is suitable for relatively intact ground with a slope below 25°. Generally, livestock are used to plow along the contour line, or livestock are used to complete the furrowing. In the rainy areas in the south, the furrow can be about 1% lower than the contour line. According to different grass crown conditions and the purpose of grass planting, different row spacings are adopted respectively. The principle is that the maximum grass crown can fully cover the ground. Grazing grassland should adopt wide row spacing (1.0-1.5m) strip seeding. 12.2.1.2 Hole seeding. It is suitable for relatively broken ground with steep slopes (some reaching more than 25°), as well as dam slopes, embankment slopes, field ridges and other parts, or when sowing larger grasses. Artificial holes are opened along the contour lines, and the row spacing is roughly equal to the hole spacing. The adjacent upper and lower rows of holes are arranged in a "品" shape.
12.2.1.3 Broadcasting. It is used for artificial improvement of degraded grasslands. Generally, grass species with strong stress resistance should be selected, and special attention should be paid to the selection of excellent grass species in local grasslands, and it should be carried out in the rainy season or when the soil conditions are good. 12.2.1.4 Aerial seeding. It is used when the land is vast and the population is sparse and the grass planting area is large. Refer to GB/T16453.5 for 12.2.2 mixed seeding. It is a special form of direct seeding. Among the several methods of direct seeding, two or more grass types are used for mixed seeding to accelerate coverage and enhance soil conservation; and promote grass growth and improve quality. Generally, it is better to mix grass and legume grass, and rhizome grass and sparse grass. The proportion is shown in Table 2. Table 2
Grassland age
Short term (2-3 years)
Medium term (4-5 years)
Long term (8-10 years)
12.2.3 Other planting methods
First type of mixed sowing
Grape grass
Legume grass
Second type of mixed sowing
Rhizome grass
Sparse grass
12.2.3.1 Transplanting. Mainly used for replanting. Generally, it can be transplanted by division when the seedlings are fixed; if conditions permit, cover the seedlings with film first, and then transplant. 12.2.3.2 Cuttings. Some grasses (such as kudzu vine, corolla, etc.) can be propagated by cuttings. 12.2.3.3 Buried planting. Some grasses (such as reed, elephant grass, crown grass, etc.) need to be buried for breeding. 12.3 Seeding rate design
Based on the selection of first, second and third grade seeds specified in the national or provincial forage grass seed standards, the following seeding rate design is carried out.3 Seeding rate design
Based on the selection of first, second and third grade seeds specified in the national or provincial forage seed standards, the following seeding rate design is carried out.3 Seeding rate design
Based on the selection of first, second and third grade seeds specified in the national or provincial forage seed standards, the following seeding rate design is carried out.1 The term "wasteland" as used in this article refers to all unused but usable land, except for cultivated land, forest land, grassland, and other land (villages, roads, waters, etc.), including barren hills, barren slopes, barren ditches, barren beaches, river banks, embankments, dam slopes, steep slopes that have been abandoned and degraded due to overgrazing. 10.2 The management of various types of wasteland by artificial grass planting should focus on development and utilization at the same time, and require the acquisition of three benefits: 10.2.1 Reduce or stop soil erosion and improve the ecological environment; 10.2.2 Solve the problem of lack of feed, fertilizer, and fuel in rural areas, and promote the development of animal husbandry and planting; 10.2.3 Provide raw materials for rural industry and sideline industries, promote the development of commodity production, and increase farmers' economic income. 10.3 In addition to artificial grass planting, the management and utilization of the above-mentioned types of land also include artificial afforestation and closed-off management (closing mountains for afforestation and closing slopes for grass cultivation). The above-mentioned three different management measures should be adopted according to the different site conditions of various types of wasteland and the needs of local development and production. For wasteland that needs to be developed through artificial grass planting, the requirements of this chapter shall apply. 10.4 This chapter is mainly used for perennial artificial grasslands of more than 3 to 5 years. For the grass planting part of the grass rotation in the water and soil conservation farming method, the relevant technical requirements can be implemented in accordance with this chapter.
11 Planning
11.1 Determine the location of artificial grassland
Artificial grass should be planted in different kings according to its different uses. 11.1.1 Special economic grass production base, including medicinal, nectar source, weaving, papermaking, fertilizer, ornamental and other grasses, should be planted according to the biological and ecological characteristics and adaptability of various grasses, and the corresponding site conditions should be selected for planting. 11.1.2 Forage grass base. Mainly for raising livestock, there are the following two situations: 11.1.2.1 Mowing grassland. Mainly select retired farmland or barren slopes that are close to the village and have relatively good site conditions. 11.1.2.2 Grazing land. Mainly select the barren slopes or gullies far from the village and with relatively poor site conditions. 11.1.3 Seed base. The land with gentle ground slope, good water conditions, ventilation and light transmission, close to the village, and convenient field management should be selected to ensure high quality and high yield of grass seeds.
11.2 Determine the area of artificial grassland
11.2.1 Special economic grassland area. According to the development plan of industry and sideline industries using grass as raw materials, and the unit area yield of the required grass, determine the required area. If the product is marketable and competitive in the market, the planning should try to meet its grass planting area needs. 11.2.2 Forage base area. According to the animal husbandry development plan and the unit area yield and carrying capacity of natural grassland and artificial grassland, both natural grassland and artificial grassland are used to meet the livestock forage needs, and the area of artificial grassland is determined accordingly. 11.2.3 Seed base area, according to the demand for various grass seeds and the seed yield per unit area, determine the required area, and strive to solve the problem of grass seeds locally. Except for special and excellent grass seeds, they are generally not transported from other places. 11.3 Key locations for artificial grass planting to prevent soil and water loss: a) Limited
Steep slopes and abandoned farmland, wasteland and rotation wasteland;
Pastures degraded by overgrazing:)
Ditch head, ditch edge, ditch slope;
Backwater slope and terrace of Wangba and earth embankment; e)
Abandoned soil slopes of resource development and capital construction sites; f) Riverbanks, canal banks, reservoirs, beaches, lakesides, etc. 12 Design
12.1 Grass seed design
12.1.1 The basic conditions for selecting grass seeds for soil and water conservation are strong resistance to adversity, good soil retention, rapid growth and high economic value. 12.1.2 Suitable grass for suitable land
12.1.2.1 According to the ground moisture conditions, select the following grasses: 12.1.2.1.1 Select xerophytic grasses in arid and semi-arid areas. They are characterized by well-developed root systems and drought and dryness resistance, such as sand grass and swimming grass. 12.1.2.1.2 Select mesophytic grasses in general areas. They are characterized by medium water requirements and good grass quality, such as first nightshade and orchard grass. 12.1.2.1.3 Select wet grasses in low wetlands such as water banks and ditch bottoms. They are characterized by large water requirements and drought resistance, such as field grass and reed. 12.1.2.1.4 Select aquatic grasses on water surfaces and shallow beaches. They are characterized by the ability to grow and reproduce in still water, such as water hyacinth and water chestnut. 12.1.2.2 According to the ground temperature, select the following grasses: 12.1.2.2.1 In low-temperature areas, select grasses that prefer warmth and coolness, such as Elymus salsa. They are cold-resistant and heat-averse, and will stop growing or even die at high temperatures. 12.1.2.2.2 In high-temperature areas, select grasses that prefer warmth and heat, such as Elephant Grass. They can grow luxuriantly at high temperatures, but will stop growing or even die at low temperatures.
12.1.2.3 According to the soil pH, select the following grasses: 12.1.2.3.1 For acidic soil, pH below 6.5, select acid-resistant grasses, such as bahia grass and molasses grass, etc. 12.1.2.3.2 For alkaline soil, pH above 7.5, select alkali-resistant grasses, such as grass and reed, etc. 12.1.2.3.3 For neutral royal soil, pH between 6.5 and 7.5, select neutral grasses, such as small crown flower, etc. 12.1.2.4 According to other ecological environments, select different adaptive grasses: 12.1.2.4.1 In the shaded ground of forest land and orchard, select shade-tolerant grasses, such as clover, etc. 12.1.2.4.2 For sandy land, select sand-resistant grasses, such as Artemisia ordosica and Astragalus membranaceus, etc. 12.1.3 See Appendix C (the appendix of the suggestion) for the main soil and water conservation grass species in different climate zones and different ecological environments. 12.2 Design of grass planting methods
12.2.1 Direct seeding. It is the main method of grass planting, which is divided into strip seeding, hole seeding, broadcast seeding and aerial seeding. 12.2.1.1 Strip seeding. It is suitable for relatively intact ground with a slope below 25°. Generally, livestock are used to plow along the contour line, or livestock are used to complete the furrowing. In the rainy areas in the south, the furrow can be about 1% lower than the contour line. According to different grass crown conditions and the purpose of grass planting, different row spacings are adopted respectively. The principle is that the maximum grass crown can fully cover the ground. Grazing grassland should adopt wide row spacing (1.0-1.5m) strip seeding. 12.2.1.2 Hole seeding. It is suitable for relatively broken ground with steep slopes (some reaching more than 25°), as well as dam slopes, embankment slopes, field ridges and other parts, or when sowing larger grasses. Artificial holes are opened along the contour lines, and the row spacing is roughly equal to the hole spacing. The adjacent upper and lower rows of holes are arranged in a "品" shape.
12.2.1.3 Broadcasting. It is used for artificial improvement of degraded grasslands. Generally, grass species with strong stress resistance should be selected, and special attention should be paid to the selection of excellent grass species in local grasslands, and it should be carried out in the rainy season or when the soil conditions are good. 12.2.1.4 Aerial seeding. It is used when the land is vast and the population is sparse and the grass planting area is large. Refer to GB/T16453.5 for 12.2.2 mixed seeding. It is a special form of direct seeding. Among the several methods of direct seeding, two or more grass types are used for mixed seeding to accelerate coverage and enhance soil conservation; and promote grass growth and improve quality. Generally, it is better to mix grass and legume grass, and rhizome grass and sparse grass. The proportion is shown in Table 2. Table 2
Grassland age
Short term (2-3 years)
Medium term (4-5 years)
Long term (8-10 years)
12.2.3 Other planting methods
First type of mixed sowing
Grape grass
Legume grass
Second type of mixed sowing
Rhizome grass
Sparse grass
12.2.3.1 Transplanting. Mainly used for replanting. Generally, it can be transplanted by division when the seedlings are fixed; if conditions permit, cover the seedlings with film first, and then transplant. 12.2.3.2 Cuttings. Some grasses (such as kudzu vine, corolla, etc.) can be propagated by cuttings. 12.2.3.3 Buried planting. Some grasses (such as reed, elephant grass, crown grass, etc.) need to be buried for breeding. 12.3 Seeding rate design
Based on the selection of first, second and third grade seeds specified in the national or provincial forage grass seed standards, the following seeding rate design is carried out.1 The term "wasteland" as used in this article refers to all unused but usable land, except for cultivated land, forest land, grassland, and other land (villages, roads, waters, etc.), including barren hills, barren slopes, barren ditches, barren beaches, river banks, embankments, dam slopes, steep slopes that have been abandoned and degraded due to overgrazing. 10.2 The management of various types of wasteland by artificial grass planting should focus on development and utilization at the same time, and require the acquisition of three benefits: 10.2.1 Reduce or stop soil erosion and improve the ecological environment; 10.2.2 Solve the problem of lack of feed, fertilizer, and fuel in rural areas, and promote the development of animal husbandry and planting; 10.2.3 Provide raw materials for rural industry and sideline industries, promote the development of commodity production, and increase farmers' economic income. 10.3 In addition to artificial grass planting, the management and utilization of the above-mentioned types of land also include artificial afforestation and closed-off management (closing mountains for afforestation and closing slopes for grass cultivation). The above-mentioned three different management measures should be adopted according to the different site conditions of various types of wasteland and the needs of local development and production. For wasteland that needs to be developed through artificial grass planting, the requirements of this chapter shall apply. 10.4 This chapter is mainly used for perennial artificial grasslands of more than 3 to 5 years. For the grass planting part of the grass rotation in the water and soil conservation farming method, the relevant technical requirements can be implemented in accordance with this chapter.
11 Planning
11.1 Determine the location of artificial grassland
Artificial grass should be planted in different kings according to its different uses. 11.1.1 Special economic grass production base, including medicinal, nectar source, weaving, papermaking, fertilizer, ornamental and other grasses, should be planted according to the biological and ecological characteristics and adaptability of various grasses, and the corresponding site conditions should be selected for planting. 11.1.2 Forage grass base. Mainly for raising livestock, there are the following two situations: 11.1.2.1 Mowing grassland. Mainly select retired farmland or barren slopes that are close to the village and have relatively good site conditions. 11.1.2.2 Grazing land. Mainly select the barren slopes or gullies far from the village and with relatively poor site conditions. 11.1.3 Seed base. The land with gentle ground slope, good water conditions, ventilation and light transmission, close to the village, and convenient field management should be selected to ensure high quality and high yield of grass seeds.
11.2 Determine the area of artificial grassland
11.2.1 Special economic grassland area. According to the development plan of industry and sideline industries using grass as raw materials, and the unit area yield of the required grass, determine the required area. If the product is marketable and competitive in the market, the planning should try to meet its grass planting area needs. 11.2.2 Forage base area. According to the animal husbandry development plan and the unit area yield and carrying capacity of natural grassland and artificial grassland, both natural grassland and artificial grassland are used to meet the livestock forage needs, and the area of artificial grassland is determined accordingly. 11.2.3 Seed base area, according to the demand for various grass seeds and the seed yield per unit area, determine the required area, and strive to solve the problem of grass seeds locally. Except for special and excellent grass seeds, they are generally not transported from other places. 11.3 Key locations for artificial grass planting to prevent soil and water loss: a) Limited
Steep slopes and abandoned farmland, wasteland and rotation wasteland;
Pastures degraded by overgrazing:)
Ditch head, ditch edge, ditch slope;
Backwater slope and terrace of Wangba and earth embankment; e)
Abandoned soil slopes of resource development and capital construction sites; f) Riverbanks, canal banks, reservoirs, beaches, lakesides, etc. 12 Design
12.1 Grass seed design
12.1.1 The basic conditions for selecting grass seeds for soil and water conservation are strong resistance to adversity, good soil retention, rapid growth and high economic value. 12.1.2 Suitable grass for suitable land
12.1.2.1 According to the ground moisture conditions, select the following grasses: 12.1.2.1.1 Select xerophytic grasses in arid and semi-arid areas. They are characterized by well-developed root systems and drought and dryness resistance, such as sand grass and swimming grass. 12.1.2.1.2 Select mesophytic grasses in general areas. They are characterized by medium water requirements and good grass quality, such as first nightshade and orchard grass. 12.1.2.1.3 Select wet grasses in low wetlands such as water banks and ditch bottoms. They are characterized by large water requirements and drought resistance, such as field grass and reed. 12.1.2.1.4 Select aquatic grasses on water surfaces and shallow beaches. They are characterized by the ability to grow and reproduce in still water, such as water hyacinth and water chestnut. 12.1.2.2 According to the ground temperature, select the following grasses: 12.1.2.2.1 In low-temperature areas, select grasses that prefer warmth and coolness, such as Elymus salsa. They are cold-resistant and heat-averse, and will stop growing or even die at high temperatures. 12.1.2.2.2 In high-temperature areas, select grasses that prefer warmth and heat, such as Elephant Grass. They can grow luxuriantly at high temperatures, but will stop growing or even die at low temperatures.
12.1.2.3 According to the soil pH, select the following grasses: 12.1.2.3.1 For acidic soil, pH below 6.5, select acid-resistant grasses, such as bahia grass and molasses grass, etc. 12.1.2.3.2 For alkaline soil, pH above 7.5, select alkali-resistant grasses, such as grass and reed, etc. 12.1.2.3.3 For neutral royal soil, pH between 6.5 and 7.5, select neutral grasses, such as small crown flower, etc. 12.1.2.4 According to other ecological environments, select different adaptive grasses: 12.1.2.4.1 In the shaded ground of forest land and orchard, select shade-tolerant grasses, such as clover, etc. 12.1.2.4.2 For sandy land, select sand-resistant grasses, such as Artemisia ordosica and Astragalus membranaceus, etc. 12.1.3 See Appendix C (the appendix of the suggestion) for the main soil and water conservation grass species in different climate zones and different ecological environments. 12.2 Design of grass planting methods
12.2.1 Direct seeding. It is the main method of grass planting, which is divided into strip seeding, hole seeding, broadcast seeding and aerial seeding. 12.2.1.1 Strip seeding. It is suitable for relatively intact ground with a slope below 25°. Generally, livestock are used to plow along the contour line, or livestock are used to complete the furrowing. In the rainy areas in the south, the furrow can be about 1% lower than the contour line. According to different grass crown conditions and the purpose of grass planting, different row spacings are adopted respectively. The principle is that the maximum grass crown can fully cover the ground. Grazing grassland should adopt wide row spacing (1.0-1.5m) strip seeding. 12.2.1.2 Hole seeding. It is suitable for relatively broken ground with steep slopes (some reaching more than 25°), as well as dam slopes, embankment slopes, field ridges and other parts, or when sowing larger grasses. Artificial holes are opened along the contour lines, and the row spacing is roughly equal to the hole spacing. The adjacent upper and lower rows of holes are arranged in a "品" shape.
12.2.1.3 Broadcasting. It is used for artificial improvement of degraded grasslands. Generally, grass species with strong stress resistance should be selected, and special attention should be paid to t
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