Some standard content:
GB/T17159--1997
This standard is formulated on the basis of reference to relevant domestic and foreign data. In the selection of terms, it is coordinated with GB/T14911-94 "Basic Terminology of Surveying and Mapping" as much as possible, while maintaining the relative independence and integrity of this standard. For terms that are different from GB/T14911--94, the definitions are made equal or equivalent to GB/T14911--94 as much as possible based on the principle of strictness and accuracy. This standard shall be implemented from August 1, 1998. All term definitions in relevant terminology standards before this shall be subject to this standard.
Appendix A and Appendix B of this standard are both informative appendices. This standard was proposed and managed by the National Surveying and Mapping Week. This standard was drafted by the Surveying and Mapping Standardization Institute of the State Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation. The main drafters of this standard: Zhang Yaomin, Lv Yongjiang, Yang Zhendai, Ji Henglian 22
1 Scope
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Geodetic terminology
Geodetic terminology
1.1 This standard specifies the terms and definitions of geodetic disciplines. GB/T17159--1997
1.2 This standard is applicable to the formulation and compilation of standards, technical documents, archives, teaching materials, books and periodicals related to the geodetic profession. 2 Classification of geodetic disciplines
2.1 Geodesy
The discipline that studies and determines the shape, size, gravity field, surface position, body motion and space motion of the earth and other celestial bodies. 2.2 Dynamic geodesy The branch of geodesy that studies and determines various motion states and their mechanisms. 2.3 Geometric geodesy The branch of geodesy that studies and uses geometric observations to solve interdisciplinary problems. 2.4 Ellipsoidal geodesy is a branch of geodesy that studies the mathematical properties of the earth's ellipsoid, positioning methods and theories of geodetic coordinate solution. 2.5 Theoretical geodesy is a branch of geodesy that studies the comprehensive use of various geodetic methods to solve basic theoretical problems in its discipline. 2.6 Applied geodesy is a branch of geodesy that studies the theory and technology of the layout and survey of ground geodetic control networks. 2.7 Physical geodesy; Gravimetric geodesy is a branch of geodesy that studies the use of physical observables such as gravity to solve its disciplinary problems. 2.8 Space geodesy is a branch of geodesy that studies the use of natural and artificial celestial bodies to solve its disciplinary problems of the earth. 2.9 Geodetic astronomy is a branch of geodesy that studies the use of constants to determine the horizontal position and orientation of ground points. Satellite geodesysatellite geodesy2.10
The branch of geodesy that studies the use of artificial satellites to solve problems in its discipline. Marine geodesymarinegeodesy
The branch of geodesy that studies the use of artificial satellites to solve problems in its discipline. 2Lunar geodesylunargeodesy
The branch of geodesy that studies the use of artificial satellites to solve problems in its discipline. 2.13Planetary geodesyplanetary geodesyThe branch of geodesy that studies the use of artificial satellites to solve problems in its discipline. 2.14Geodetic surveygeodetic survey
(1) Measurement used to solve problems in geodesyApproved by the State Administration of Technical Supervision on December 16, 1997 and implemented on August 1, 1998
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(2) Measurement that takes into account the shape, size, and gravity field of the earth. Kinematic geodesy2.15
Geodesy that measures the position and related gravity parameters that change with time. 2.16 Three-dimensional geodesyThree-dimensional geodesyGeodesy that measures the three-dimensional coordinates of a point and uniformly solves them. 2.17 Four-dimensional geodesyGeodesy that measures the three-dimensional coordinates of a point and the corresponding time parameters. 2.18 Geodetic gravimetryGeodesy that measures the gravity of a point and related physical parameters. 2.19 Integrated geodesyA geodetic theory and technology that treats all kinds of geometric and physical observables in a unified manner. 3 Geodetic reference system
3. 1 Inertial reference systemA reference system that is stationary or in linear motion relative to absolute space. Quasi-inertial reference system3.2
An approximate inertial reference system selected for different purposes that can ignore the effects of its curvilinear motion and accelerated motion. Conventional inertial reference system3.31
A quasi-inertial reference system that is uniformly adopted by international agreement. 3.4 Celestial sphere
An imaginary sphere with a point in space as its center and an infinite radius on whose surface the position of celestial bodies is projected. 3.5 Reference system of celestial sphereA quasi-inertial reference system that uses the celestial sphere as its reference. 3.6 Conventional reference system of celestial sphereA celestial reference system that is uniformly adopted by international agreement. Terrestrial reference system3.7
A reference system that is stationary relative to the earth.
3.8 Conventional terrestrial reference systemA terrestrial reference system that is uniformly adopted by international agreement. 3.9 Catalogue systemA quasi-inertial reference system and celestial coordinate system expressed in the form of star and planetary ephemerides. 3.10 astronomical constant astronomical constant A series of constants used internationally for calculating ephemeris. 3.11 IAU 1976 astronomical constant astronomical constant of IAU 1976 An astronomical constant recommended by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1976. 2IERS 1989 astronomical constant of IERS 19893.12
An astronomical constant recommended by the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) in 1989. 3 geodetic constant geodetic constant3.13
A series of constants and parameters recommended by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) or the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) for determining geodetic reference and coordinate systems and for geodetic calculations. 3.14 gravitational constant The proportionality factor (G) of the Newtonian gravitational force between two particles. 3.15 gravitational constant of the Earth; geocentric gravitional constant222
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The product of the gravitational constant and the total mass of the Earth (GM). 3.16 parameters of the (Earth) ellipsoid The geometric and physical parameters that represent the shape, size, mass, rotation rate and gravity field of the Earth. 3.17 dynamic form factor (of the Earth) The second-order band harmonic coefficient (J12) in the expansion of the spherical harmonic function series of the Earth's gravitational potential. 3.18 geodetic reference system The Earth reference system with certain Earth ellipsoid parameters. 3.191967 Geodetic Reference System Geodetic Reference System 1967 is the geodetic reference system recommended by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in 1967. The major radius of the earth's normal ellipsoid is 6378160m, the earth's gravitational constant is 3.9803×101*m·s-2, the earth's dynamic factor is 1.0827×10-3, and the earth's rotation rate is 7.2921151467×10-5rad·s-. 3.201980 Geodetic Reference System 1980 is a geodetic reference system recommended by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in 1979. Its major radius of the normal ellipsoid is 6378137m, the gravitational constant is 3.986005×1014m·s-2, the geodynamic factor is 1.08263×10-3, and the rotation rate is 7.292115X10-5rad*s-1. Polarmotion
The movement of the instantaneous rotation axis of the earth relative to the inertial axis of the earth. 3.22 Precession
The long-term movement of the instantaneous rotation axis of the earth in space. Nutation
The periodic movement of the instantaneous rotation axis of the earth in space. 3.24 Earth rotation parameter Earth rotation parameter is a parameter indicating the rate of rotation of the earth, the direction of the rotation axis and its changes. 3. 25 1AU 1980 Nutation theory of IAU 1980 Nutation theory recommended by the International Astronomical Union in 1980, established by Wall based on the geophysical model of Gilbert and Giwanski and the improved rigid earth theory of the present universe. 6 Vernal equinox
The intersection of the ecliptic from south to north on the celestial sphere with the equator. 3.27 J2000.0 Dynamical equinox of J2000.0 The mean vernal equinox relative to epoch J2000.0 determined based on the IAU 1976 precession astronomical constants and the IAU 1980 nutation theory, taking into account the observed coordinates of several radio sources. 3.28DE200 (Planetary Ephemeris) DE200 is a planetary ephemeris established by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Naval Observatory of the United States based on the 1950 ephemeris, using constants close to the IAU1976 astronomical constants (consistent with the IERS astronomical constants), relative to the J2000.0 dynamical equinox. 3.29LE200 (Lunar Ephemeris) LE200
is a lunar ephemeris established by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Naval Observatory of the United States based on the 1950 ephemeris, using constants close to the IAU1976 astronomical constants (consistent with the IERS astronomical constants), relative to the J2000.0 dynamical ephemeris. 3.30FK4 (Stellar Ephemeris) FK4
is a stellar ephemeris established relative to the epoch 1950.0 according to Newcomb's theory of the motion of the solar system and Wollard's rigid earth model.
3.31FK5 (Stellar Ephemeris) FK5
Stellar ephemeris established by the German Heidelberg Institute for Astronomical Computing on the basis of FK4, using the IAU1976 astronomical constants and the J2000.0 dynamical equinox.
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3.32 Chinese Geodetical Stars CatalogucStellar ephemeris established in my country in 1990 for geodetic survey, belonging to the FK5 catalog system. 3.33 Celestial pole
The intersection of the straight line through the center of the celestial sphere and parallel to the earth's rotation axis with the celestial sphere. 3. 34 Celestial pole of J2000.0 Celestial pole determined by the 1AU1976 precession constant and the IAU1980 nutation theory, with the orientation of the Earth's rotation axis at epoch J2000.0 as the reference.
3.35 Terrestrial pole
The point of intersection of the Earth's rotation axis with the Earth's surface. s Instantaneous (terrestrial) pole instantaneous (terrestrial) pole3.36
The point of intersection of the Earth's instantaneous rotation axis with the Earth's surface. 3.37 Mean (terrestrial) pole mean (terrestrial) pole calculated from a large number of continuous observations from several polar motion monitoring stations over a certain period of time. 3 Fixed mean pole fixed mean pole
A kind of mean pole used as a long-term fixed pole.
3.39mean pole of the epoch Mean pole determined by eliminating the periodic term from the observation data of a certain epoch. 3.40
International Conventional Origin The fixed mean pole determined by the observation data of the five polar motion monitoring stations of the International Latitude Bureau during the period of 1900-1905, which was adopted by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics at the Helsinki Conference in 1960. 3.41
origin of longtitude The starting point of the mean astronomical longitude calculated from the starting values of astronomical longitude adopted by several observatories. 3.42
meridian plane of the celestial sphere Any plane on the celestial sphere that passes through the celestial pole and is parallel to the earth's rotation axis. 3.43
The celestial meridian plane is the line that intersects the celestial sphere. 3.44astronomic meridian planeThe plane that passes through the gravity line at a point on the ground and is parallel to the earth's axis of rotation. 3.45astronomic meridianThe astronomical meridian plane is the line that intersects the geoid. 3.46prime meridian; zero meridianThe astronomical meridian plane passes through the fixed mean pole and the origin of longitude. Greenwich Meridian3.47
The astronomical meridian plane passes through the internationally agreed origin and the meridian instrument built in 1884 at the Greenwich Observatory in the United Kingdom. Greenwich Mean Astronomical Meridian3.48
Astronomical meridian[plane] passing through the origin agreed upon internationally and the origin of longitude determined by the International Time Bureau (BIH). 3.49
Polar coordinate system coordinate system of the terrestrial pole A Cartesian rectangular coordinate system used to represent the instantaneous position of the Earth's pole. This coordinate system has a fixed pole as its origin, a plane tangent to this point as its coordinate plane, and the X-axis points in the positive direction of the tangent to the prime meridian, and the Y-axis points in the direction rotated 90° clockwise from the X-axis.
3. 50 BIH systemsystem of BIH A terrestrial coordinate system adopted by the International Time Bureau in its time bulletins based on the origin agreed upon internationally and the Greenwich Mean Astronomical Meridian.
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3.51 JYD1968.0 system system of JYD1968.0 is a polar coordinate system established in my country based on the astronomical latitude observation data of 41 polar motion monitoring stations at home and abroad and the longitude origin adopted by the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, with the 1968 calendar year as the origin. 3.52 International Reference Meridian [surface] IRM, International Reference Meridian The prime meridian [surface] recommended by the International Earth Rotation Service and determined according to the BIH system orientation. 3.53 International Reference Pole IRP, International Reference Pole The fixed parallel pole recommended by the International Earth Rotation Service and determined according to the BIH system orientation. 3.54 Celestial coordinate system A coordinate system with the celestial pole and the vernal equinox as the celestial orientation reference. 3.55 Solar-system-centric coordinate system A celestial coordinate system with the solar-system-centric coordinate system as its origin. Equatorial coordinate system 3.56
A celestial coordinate system with the equatorial plane on the celestial sphere and the celestial meridian plane passing through the vernal equinox as its starting planes. 3. 57 Hour-angle coordinate system A celestial coordinate system with the equatorial plane on the celestial sphere and the celestial meridian plane passing through the zenith as its starting planes. 3.58 Horizon coordinate system A celestial coordinate system with the ground plane on the celestial sphere and the celestial meridian plane passing through the zenith as its starting planes. 3.59 Space-fixed coordinate system A right-handed Cartesian rectangular celestial coordinate system with the solar-system-centric coordinate system as its origin, the celestial pole as its Z axis, and the vernal equinox as its X axis. Orbital Coorclinate System3.60
A right-handed Cartesian rectangular celestial coordinate system with the Earth's center of mass as the origin, the instantaneous celestial pole as the Z axis, and the imaginary vernal equinox point on the instantaneous equatorial plane as the X axis. International Celestial Reference Frame ICRF3.61
A celestial reference system and solar system barycentric coordinate system defined by the International Earth Rotation Service based on the J2000.0 dynamical vernal equinox and celestial pole and the IERS astronomical constants. 3.62 Terrestrial Coordinate SystemA coordinate system with the Earth as the reference.
3.63 Astronomical Coordinate SystemA terrestrial coordinate system with the Earth's mean equatorial plane and prime meridian plane as the starting plane and the geoid as the reference plane. 3.64 Geocentric Coordinate SystemA coordinate system with the Earth's center of mass as the origin.
reference-ellipsoid-centric coordinate3.65
A coordinate system with the geometric center of the reference ellipsoid as its origin. Topocentric coordinatesystem3.66
A coordinate system with the measuring station as its origin.
3.67Geodetic coordinate systemA geodetic coordinate systemA geodetic coordinate system with the equatorial plane of the earth ellipsoid and the geodetic meridian plane corresponding to the prime meridian plane as its starting planes and the earth's spherical surface as its reference plane.
3.68Earth-fixed coordinate systemA right-handed Cartesian rectangular earth coordinate system with the center of mass of the earth as its origin, the Z axis pointing to the fixed plane, and the X axis pointing to the origin of longitude.
3.69 International Terrestrial Reference Frame ITRF, International Terrestrial Reference Framc is a terrestrial reference system and geocentric (earth) coordinate system defined by the International Earth Rotation Service Bureau based on the International Reference Meridian and the International Reference Pole as the orientation reference and the IERS astronomical constant 225
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. WGS72 (World Geodetic System) WGS72, WorldGeodeticSystem723.70
is a terrestrial reference system and geocentric coordinate system determined by the U.S. Department of Defense based on an ellipsoid with a major radius of 6378135m and a code rate of 1/298.26.
3.71WGS84 (World Geodetic System) WGS84World Geodetic System 84 is a terrestrial reference system and geocentric coordinate system established by the U.S. Department of Defense based on the precise ephemeris system NSWC-9Z-2 corresponding to WGS72, using the 1980 geodetic reference system and BIH1984.0 system orientation. 3.72Gauss plane coordinate systemGauss plane coordinate systemA Cartesian rectangular coordinate system established based on the Gauss-Kruger projection. The origin of each projection zone is the intersection of the geodetic meridian in the center of each zone and the equator. The X axis points to the north of the central meridian of the zone, and the Y axis points to the east of the equator. 3.73Geodetic datum
The starting data used for geodetic coordinate calculation. The geodetic origin
is used to reduce the reference ellipsoid positioning results and serve as the starting point for the reduction of observation elements and geodetic coordinate calculation. 3.75 Leveling origin leveling origin used as the reference point for leveling measurement. 3.76
6 Height system height system
The height system defined relative to different starting surfaces (geoid, quasi-geoid, ellipsoid, etc.). 7 Vertical datum
Data related to the starting of height, including the starting surface and the starting height relative to the starting surface. 3 Yellow Sea Vertical Datum 19563.78
The height datum defined by the Qingdao leveling origin and the average sea level of the Yellow Sea determined by the tidal data of Qingdao Tide Station from 1950 to 1956. The starting height of the leveling origin is 72.289m. 91985 National Vertical Datum 19853.79
The vertical datum is defined by the Qingdao leveling origin and the average sea level of the Yellow Sea determined by the tide gauge data from Qingdao Tide Station from 1952 to 1979. The starting elevation of the leveling origin is 72.260m. 3.80 1954 Beijing Geodetic Coordinate System 1954 is a geodetic coordinate system established based on the Soviet Union's 1943 Pulkovo coordinate system (using the Krasovsky ellipsoid) and the 1956 Yellow Sea elevation system as the elevation datum through joint surveys and local adjustments of the astronomical geodetic network. 3.81 National Geodetic Coordinate System 1980; Xian Geodetic Coordinate System 1980 adopts the 1975 international ellipsoid, takes the JYD1968.0 system as the ellipsoid orientation datum, selects Yongle Town, Jingyang County, Shaanxi Province as the location of the geodetic origin, and uses multi-point positioning to establish a geodetic coordinate system. 3.82 New Beijing Geodetic Coordinate System 1954 is based on the 1980 national geodetic coordinate system, takes the Krasovsky ellipsoid as the reference surface, and is converted to the geodetic coordinate system of the 1954 Beijing coordinate system through the coordinate system translation method. 3.83 Gravity datum
is used as the starting value and scale factor for relative gravity measurement control. 3.84 Patsdam Gravity System A gravity value system that uses the gravity value of the absolute gravity point in the Potsdam Institute in Germany as the starting value (the gravity value of this point was 981274±3×10-5m*s-2 from 1898 to 1905, and it was later found that this value increased by 14×10-5m·s-2. In 1967, the International Association of Geodesy defined the gravity value of this point as 981260×10~5m·s-2). 3.85 1971 International Gravity Standardization Network System IGSN1971, International Gravity Standardization Net 1971226
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The International Association of Geodesy recommended in 1971 that the International Gravity Standardization Network replace the Potsdam Gravity System as the global gravity reference.
3.861985National-Gravity-Basic-Network System 1985The National Gravity Basic Network was adopted as the national unified gravity benchmark in 1985. 4 Geodesy
4.1 Geoidal body
The shape enclosed by the geoid.
4.2 (Earth) ellipsoid (terrestrial) ellipsoid, (Earth) ellipsoidA mathematical ellipsoid representing the shape and size of the earth. 4.3 Mean (Earth) ellipsoidThe Earth ellipsoid that best fits the shape and size of the geoid, and has the same mass and rotation rate as the Earth, with the center of the ellipsoid located at the Earth's center of mass. The ellipsoid's rotation axis coincides with the Earth's rotation axis. Level ellipsoid level ellipsoid; equipotential ellipsoid equipotential ellipsoid4.42
A rotating ellipsoid whose normal gravity potential on the surface of the Earth ellipsoid is equal to a constant. 4.5 Normal ellipsoid normal ellipsoid an average ellipsoid with the characteristics of a level ellipsoid. 4.6 Reference ellipsoid reference ellipsoid a rotating earth ellipsoid of a certain size and positioning parameters that best fits the geoid surface of a certain area. 4.7 Triaxial ellipsoid a sphere consisting of three mutually perpendicular symmetry planes, all of which are circles. 4.8 Major radius of ellipsoid the length of the major semi-axis of the rotating ellipsoid (a).
4. 9 Minor radius of ellipsoid the length of the minor semi-axis of the rotating ellipsoid (6).
4. 10 Flattening of ellipsoid the ratio of the difference between the major and minor radii of the ellipsoid to the major radius (α). International ellipsoid international ellipsoid4.11
Earth ellipsoid recommended by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. 1975 International Ellipsoid 19754.12
The normal ellipsoid recommended by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in 1975, with a major radius of 6378140m and a flattening of 1/298.257.
4.13 1980 International Ellipsoid 1980A normal ellipsoid recommended by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in 1979, with a major radius of 6378137m and a flattening of 1/298.257.
A Krassovsky ellipsoidKrassovskyellipsoidKrassovsky spheroid4.14
The ellipsoid proposed by Krassovsky in 1940, with a major radius of 6378245m and a flattening of 1/298.3.4. 15 The first eccentricity of ellipsoidThe ratio of the distance from the focus of the meridian ellipse of the ellipsoid to the center to the major radius of the ellipsoid (e). 6 The second eccentricity of ellipsoidsecond eccentricity of ellipsoid4.16
The ratio of the distance from the focus of the meridian ellipse of the ellipsoid to the minor radius of the ellipsoid (e). Normal section plane of ellipsoid4. 17
The plane containing the normal of a point on the ellipsoid. 227
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4.18 Narmal section of ellipsoid The section between the normal section of ellipsoid and the ellipsoid surface.
4.19 Geodetic meridian plane The plane containing the axis of rotation of the ellipsoid.
Geodetic meridian
The section between the geodetic meridian plane and the ellipsoid surface.
Prime vertical plane of ellipsoid4.21
The plane containing the normal of a point on the ellipsoid and perpendicular to the meridian plane of that point. Prime vertical of ellipsoid4.22
The section between the ovoid plane of ellipsoid and the ellipsoid surface.
4. 23 equatorial plane of ellipsoid The plane passing through the center of the ellipsoid and perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the ellipsoid. 4.24 equatorial circle of ellipsoid The section between the equatorial plane of ellipsoid and the ellipsoidal surface.
parallel circle of ellipsoid The circle on the ellipsoidal surface parallel to the equatorial plane of ellipsoid. 4.26 geodetic longtitude The angle between the starting geodetic meridian plane and the geodetic meridian plane passing through a point (I). geodetic latitude
The angle between the equatorial plane of ellipsoid and the normal of the ellipsoidal surface passing through a point (B). 4.28 geodetic azimuth The angle between the geodetic meridian passing through a point and the geodetic line passing through the point on the ellipsoid (A) 4.29 geodetic height
The distance from a point to the ellipsoid along the normal of the ellipsoid passing through the point (H). 4.30 geodetic coordinate geodetic coordinate The coordinate components in the geodetic coordinate system, namely: geodetic longitude, geodetic latitude, geodetic height. 4.31 radius of curvature in the meridian The radius of curvature of a point on the meridian of the ellipsoid (M), that is: M = a (1-e2)(1-g\sin'B)-3/22 radius of curvature in the prime vertical4.32
The radius of curvature of a point on the prime vertical of the ellipsoid (N), that is: N = a (1-e2sin\B)-1/2
4.33 mean radius of cutvatureThe geometric mean of the meridian radius of curvature and the prime vertical radius of curvature of a point on the ellipsoid. radius of curvature in the normal4.34
The radius of curvature of a point on any normal cut of the ellipsoid (RA), that is: Ra = N/(1+e'°cos\Acos\B)
Where: A--the azimuth of the normal cut. 4.35Eulerequation
represents the relationship between the radius of curvature of the meridian circle at a point on the ellipsoid, and the radius of curvature of the meridian circle and the radius of curvature of the normal section in any direction. That is:
1/RA-sin'A/N-+cos?A/M
where: A--azimuth of the normal section.
4.36geodesic
GB/T 17159
The shortest curve connecting two points on the ellipsoid. -1997
4.37differential equation of geodesicdifferential equation of geodesicThe differential relationship between the length of the geodesic (S) and the longitude and latitude of the geodesy, and the azimuth of the geodesy. 4.38 Curvature of the geodesic The curvature of a point on the geodesic (K,), that is: K.=cos'A/M+sin\A/N
Where: A-
Azimuth of the geodesic.
4.39 Torsion of the geodesid
The torsion of a point on the geodesic (T), that is: T.-(1/N-1/M)sinA cosA
Clairaut'stheorem (1) 4.40
The product of the radius of the parallel circle at each point on the geodesic and the sine of the geodesic azimuth at that point is a constant. 4.41 (reference) ellipsoid positioning (reference) ellipsoid positioning A method of determining the position and orientation of a reference ellipsoid relative to the earth. 2 Single-point ellipsoid positioning method single-point mcthod of (reference) ellipsoid positioning 4.42
A method of positioning a reference ellipsoid based on the vertical deviation of a point and the height of the geoid. 4.43
Multi-point method of (reference) ellipsoid positioning A method of positioning a reference ellipsoid based on certain conditions using the vertical deviations and geoid heights at a number of points. 4. 44 Arc measurement arc measurement A method of determining the parameters of the earth's ellipsoid and positioning parameters. 5 Arc measurement arc method of the arc measurement 4.45
A method of arc measurement that calculates the long radius and flattening of the earth's ellipsoid by measuring the length of the meridian or parallel circle. 4.46 Area method of the arc measurementArea method of the arc measurement using the observation results of a large-area astronomical and geodetic network. 4.47
Global method of the arc measurementAround measurement method using the global geodetic results. 3Modern method of the arc measurement4.48
Around measurement method using various geodetic results. 4.49 Geodetic elementsA general term for the geodetic longitude, geodetic latitude, length of the geodetic line between two points and positive and negative geodetic azimuth on the ellipsoid. 4.50Solution of the geodetic problemCalculation of some geodetic elements given some geodetic elements. 4.51
Direct solution of the geodetic problemGiven the geodetic longitude and latitude of a point, as well as the length and azimuth of the geodetic line from the point to the point to be solved, calculate the geodetic longitude, latitude and azimuth of the geodetic line from the point to the point to be solved. 4.52Inverse solution of the geodetic problemGiven the geodetic longitude and latitude of two points, calculate the length of the geodetic line between the two points and the positive and negative azimuths of the geodetic line. Bessel's solution of the geodetic problem4.53
A long-distance geodetic solution method proposed by Bessel. That is: using an auxiliary sphere, first determine the relationship between each element on the ellipsoid and each element on the auxiliary sphere, then perform geodetic solution on the sphere, and finally return it to the ellipsoid. 4.54 Gauss mid-latitudc formula Gauss mid-latitudc formula The geodetic solution formula using the average latitude and azimuth of the two ends of the geodetic line as parameters, which is improved by Gauss optimization. 229
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4.55 Reduction of the observation elements The calculation of the ground observation elements into the corresponding elements on the ellipsoid. 4.56 Reduction of horizontal direction The calculation of the observation elements of the ground horizontal direction into the corresponding values on the ellipsoid. 4.57 Reduction of side length The calculation of the observation elements of the ground side length into the corresponding values on the ellipsoid. Reduction of zenith distance 4.58
The calculation of the observation elements of the ground zenith distance into the corresponding values on the ellipsoid. Reduction of astronomical azimuth4.59
The reduction of ground-based astronomical azimuth observations to the corresponding geodetic azimuth on the ellipsoid. Projection method of the reduction4.60
The reduction of observations along the normal to the ellipsoid to the geodetic azimuth on the ellipsoid. 4.61 Development method of the redutionThe reduction of observations along the gravity lines to the geoid and then "flattening" them onto the ellipsoid without change.
Laplace equation4.62
The approximate relationship derived by Laplace for the reduction of astronomical azimuth (α) to geodetic azimuth (A), namely: Aα—(-L)sind
Where: >astronomical longitude;
—astronomical latitude.
4.63Correction for the deflection of the verticalCorrection applied when converting the horizontal values observed on the ground based on the gravity line to the horizontal values based on the ellipsoid normal.
4.64Correction for the skew normalsCorrection applied when converting the horizontal values observed on the ground based on the ellipsoid normal to the ellipsoid, taking into account the influence of the geodetic height of the sighting point mark on the horizontal observed values. 5Correction for the normal section to the geodesic4.65
Correction applied when converting the normal section direction to the geodesic direction. Gauss(-Kueger)projection4.66
A conformal transverse elliptical cylindrical projection (the central meridian of the projection zone is projected as a straight line with a constant length, and the equatorial projection is also a straight line and is orthogonal to the central meridian projection line).
4.67 parametric latitude reduced latitude The latitude (u) defined by the following formula:
u=arctg V(ie*)tgB
8 isometric latitude
When the ellipsoid is projected in a conformal manner, the auxiliary quantity of geodetic latitude (g) introduced by the following integral relationship is defined: M/r dB
Where: r is the radius of curvature of the parallel circle.
4.69 latitude of the pedal The geodetic latitude of the point where a perpendicular line from a known point to the ordinate axis intersects the ordinate axis on the Gaussian plane. central meridian
The geodetic meridian at the center of the projection zone in a Gaussian projection. 230
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4.71 zone dividing meridian The geodetic meridian at the edge of the projection zone in a Gaussian projection. Gauss plane coordinate4.72
Coordinate components in the Gauss plane coordinate system. 4.73 direct solution of the Gauss projectionthe calculation of geodetic longitude and latitude into Gauss plane coordinates. 4.74 inverse solution of the Gauss projectionthe calculation of Gauss plane coordinates into geodetic longitude and latitude. 4.75 zone conversion in the Gauss projectionthe calculation of Gauss plane coordinates from one Gauss projection zone to another adjacent projection zone. distance correction in the Gauss projection4.76
Correction applied when converting geodetic line lengths into corresponding straight-line distances on the Gauss plane. 4.77
arc-to-chord correction in the Gauss projectionThe correction applied to convert the geodetic projection direction on the Gauss plane to the corresponding straight line direction. 4.78
Gauss grid convergenceThe angle between the projection curves from the direction parallel to the ordinate axis through a point on the Gauss plane to the geodetic meridian through the point. Grid bearing
The angle from the direction parallel to the ordinate axis to a certain direction in the Cartesian plane rectangular coordinate system. 4.80
spherical exess
The difference between the sum of the three interior angles of a spherical triangle and 180°. 4.81
Legendre's theoremLegendre's theoremIf the corresponding sides of a plane triangle and a spherical triangle are equal in length, then the plane angle is equal to the corresponding spherical angle minus one third of the spherical exess. 5 Physical geodesybzxz.net
5.1 (universal) gravitation
The force of attraction between matter in space in accordance with Newton’s law of universal gravitation. 5.2 gravitational potential; gravitational potential function A function that represents the distribution of gravitational field potential (V). 5.3 centrifugal force
When an object rotates, it generates a force that moves away from the center of rotation. 5.4 centrifugal potential; rotational potential
A function that represents the distribution of centrifugal field potential (Q). 5.5 gravity
(1) The resultant force of the earth’s gravity and the centrifugal force. (2) The resultant force of the gravitational force of a celestial body and the centrifugal force on a particle in space. (3) The acceleration of a particle caused by the force defined in (1) or (2). 5.6 Gravity potential The sum of the gravitational potential and the centrifugal potential (W).
5.7 Gravity field
The entire space in which gravity acts.
5.8 Normal gravity; Theoretical gravity The gravity calculated from the normal (Earth) ellipsoid (Y). 231
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