Transformation guidelines of geographical names from foreign languages into Chinese-French
Some standard content:
GB/T 17693.2—1999
Standardization of the Chinese translation of French place names is an important part of place name standardization. This standard is formulated to achieve the unification and standardization of the Chinese translation of place names and promote the exchange of science and culture at home and abroad. This standard is revised on the basis of the "Rules for the Chinese Translation of French Place Names" formulated by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the State Administration of Surveying and Mapping. The series of national standards for the "Guidelines for the Chinese Translation of Foreign Place Names" include the following parts: Part 1: English;
Part 2: French;
Part 3: German:
Part 4: Russian;
Part 5: Spanish;
Part 6: Arabic;
This standard is Part 2: French.
Appendix A and Appendix B of this standard are both appendices to the standard. The original "Rules for the Chinese Translation of French Place Names" will be automatically abolished from the date of implementation of this standard. This standard is proposed by the Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for the Standardization of Geographical Names. This standard was drafted by the Institute of Geographical Names of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, and was drafted by the Institute of Geographical Names of the State Administration of Surveying and Mapping, China Cartographic Publishing House, Xinhua News Agency Reference News Editorial Department, and the General Staff Mapping Bureau. The main drafters of this standard are Xing Weilin, Wang Jitong, Li Chun, Wang Ke, Li Chongling, Zhang Yanling, and Bai Wenxiang. This standard is interpreted by the National Technical Committee for the Standardization of Geographical Names. 306
1 Scope
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Transformation guidelines of geographical names from foreign languages into ChineseFrench
This standard specifies the rules for the translation of French geographical names into Chinese characters. This standard applies to the translation of French geographical names into Chinese characters. 2 Definitions
This standard adopts the following definitions.
2.1 Geographical names
Proper names given by people to various geographical entities. 2.2 Specific terms
Words used to distinguish geographical entities in geographical names. 2.3 Generic terms
Words used to distinguish categories of geographical entities in geographical names. 2.4 Generic terms used as specific temsGeneric terms transformed into specific tems.
GB/T 17693.2--1999
2.5 Transformation of geographical names from foreign languages into ChineseThe use of Chinese characters to write geographical names in other languages.
3 General principles
3.1 Specific terms are generally transliterated; generic terms are generally translated. 3.2 Names translated into Chinese characters and names named after common people (see Appendix B) are still in use; their derived names shall, in principle, be translated in the same way as the names. 3.3 The translation of place names should adopt the standard place names in the official maps, place name directories, place name dictionaries, place name records and other documents published by the country. 3.4 The Chinese characters used in the translation of place names shall be based on the Chinese characters selected in the French-Chinese transliteration table in Table 1. 4 Details
4.1 Place names
4.1.1 General transliteration of proper names (including proper nouns). For example: Le Mans
Montreux
Riviere-Bleue
Mont-St, -Martin
Approved by the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision on March 4, 1999 as “Le Mans”
Translated into “Montreux”
Translated into “Riviere-Bleue”
Translated into “Mont-Saint-Martin”
Implementation on September 1, 1999
GB/T 17693.2--1999
However, the common nouns with the meanings of new town (Villeneuve), castle (Chateau), new castle (Chateauneuf), port (Port, Havre), etc., are translated as meanings when separated from the proper nouns. For example;
Villeneuve-St. -Georges
Port-Gentill
Havre St. -Piere
4.1.2 Transliteration of articles and prepositions in proper nouns. For example: Te Havre
L'Escalier
La Roche
Ia Roche-de-Sainte-Michel
Les Adrets-de-I' Esterel
But the article of the proper noun is omitted. For example: La Ferte-Bernard
La Ferté-Milon
4.1.3 Conjunctions in proper names
4.1.3.1 The conjunction et in proper names is represented by a hyphen ". For example: Dep. du Loir-et-Cher
Dep. du Tarn-et-Garonne
Ies Fglisottes-et-Chalaures
La Rochebeaucourt-et-Argentine translated as "Villeneuve Saint-Georges"
translated as "Port Gentil"
translated as "Port Saint-Pierre"
translated as "Le Havre"
translated as "Les Calliers"
translated as "La Roche"
translated as "La Roche-de-Saint-Michel"
translated as "Les Saade-de-Lestrelles"| |tt||Translated as "Fort Bernard"
Translated as "Fort Miron"
Translated as "Loir-et-Cher"
Translated as "Tarn-et-Garonne"
Translated as "Les Seglisottes-Challor"
Translated as "La Roche-Beaucour-Argentine"
4.1.3.2 Conjunction ou When connecting the proper name and the adverbial name, the translated name of the adverbial name is enclosed in parentheses. For example: Genevre ou Maurain
Translated as "Genefur (Molan)"
4.1.4 A proper name named after a person with a title, and a literal translation of the title. For example: General de Gaulle
Translated as "General de Gaulle Town"
4.1.5 A proper name with a certain meaning or a long transliteration is generally translated. For example: Notre-Dame-de-Briancon
4.1.6 A proper name named after a number or date is translated. For example: Trois Rivieres
Canal du 10 Juin
Lac des Neuf-Couleurs
Translate only when a numeral is used as a proper noun. For example: Trois
Translate "Village of Notre-Dame de Briançon"
Translate "Three Rivers Town"
Translate "Canal of June 10"
Translate "Nine-Color Lake"
Translate "Troyes"
4.1.7 Translate adjectives that modify proper nouns (such as those indicating direction, size, new and old, etc.). For example, Col du Petit-Saint-Berntard
Col du Grand-Saint-BernardwwW.bzxz.Net
Cratere du Nouveau Quebec
Vieux Conde
Translate only when adjectives that modify common nouns are used. For example: Ile Grande -
Petit Bourg
translated as "Little Saint Bernard Pass"
translated as "Great Saint Bernard Pass"
translated as "New Quebec Crater"
translated as "Old Condé"
translated as "Grande Island"
translated as "Petit Fort"
4.1.8 Directional adjectives that modify the common names of administrative regions and natural geographical entities (provinces, regions, islands, reefs, capes, etc.). For example: Department de Pyrenees-Orientales Department du Nord
translated as "Eastern Pyrenees Department"
translated as "Northern Department"
Pointe Sud
GB/T 17693.2—1999
translated as "Southern Cape"
4.1.9 For proper names that clearly reflect the characteristics of geographical entities, they are generally translated in a literal sense. For example: Massif Central
Departement des Cotes-du-Nord translated as "Central Plateau"
translated as "North Coast Province"
4.1.10 When the prepositional phrase in a proper name is used to explain the geographical location of the place name, it is translated in a literal sense. For example: Boulogne- sur- Mer
Monceau-sur-Sambre
La Roche-sur- Yon
Le Perray-en-Yvelines
Le Viviers-du-Lac
Saint Remy-de-Provence
translated as “Boulogne-sur-Mer”
translated as “Monceau-sur-Sambre”
translated as “La Roche-sur-Yon”
translated as “Le Perray-en-Yvelines”
translated as “Le Viviers-du-Lac”
translated as “Saint Remy-de-Provence”
4.1.11 When a place name consists of two or more words and its transliterated name exceeds eight Chinese characters, a hyphen “” is added after the first word. For example: Les Eyzies-de-Tayac Sireuil
Plougastel-Daoulas
Saint-Sulpice-Lauriere
Translated as Les Eyzies-de-Tayac Sireuil"
Translated as "Plougastel-Daoulas"
Translated as "Saint-Sulpice-Lauriere"
4.1.12 For proper nouns consisting of one syllable, add the corresponding place name common name translation or use two Chinese characters for translation. For example: Pau
4.2 Place name common name (see Appendix A)
4.2.1 Common name general translation. For example:
Lac leman
Golfe du Lion
Translate "Pau"
Translate "Caen"
Translate "Lake Geneva"
Translate "Gulf of Lion"
4.2.2 For names of natural geographical entities that only have proper nouns, the corresponding common name should be added according to the category of the place name when translating into Chinese characters. For example: Cabaliros
4.2.3 Articles and prepositions in the names of natural geographical entities are omitted. For example: Cap de la Hague
Baie de la Seine
Baie de la Frenaye
Passage de la Deroute
4.3 Rules for the translation of some letters
4.3.1 The pronunciation and translation of the vowel letter e: translated as "Cabarillos Mountain"
Translated as "Loire River"
Translated as "Cape de Ag"
Translated as "Bay of Seine"
Translated as "Bay of Fresnay"
Translated as "Strait of Deroute"
4.3.1.1 When the vowel letter e is pronounced as [e] and [e], although there is a difference in the degree of opening, the letter writing is consistent with the shape of the Chinese pinyin e. Therefore, the letters e and their combinations that meet the above pronunciation conditions are classified into one category and translated into Chinese characters according to the e line in Table 1. 4.3.1.1.1 The vowel letter e is pronounced as [s] before the same double consonant letter and in a closed syllable, and in the ending -et; the letters e, é and the combination ei, éi are all pronounced as [s]. For example:
Sevre[se: vr]
Bellecomhe[ belksb]
Foret-la-Folie[ fore la foli]Gers[ 3e: r]
Selonnetl salone ]
Translated as "Sevres"
Translated as "Bellecombe"
Translated as "Foret-la-Folie"
Translated as "Ger"
Translated as "Selonnet"
4.3.1.1.2 The vowel "e" is pronounced as [e] in eff- and ess- at the beginning of a word, in -er and -ez at the end of a word, in a monosyllabic word, in the conjunction et, and in the letter "é". For example:
Effry[efri]
Essonne[ eson ]
Les Bois! lebwa
Angers[ a3e]
Chez Bois[ Jebwa ]
GB/T 17693.2—1999
Translate “Every”
Translate “Essonne”
Translate “Les Bois”
Translate “Angers”
Translate “Chez Bois”
4.3.1.2 The vowel e is pronounced as [a] in general monosyllabic words, in the initial syllable, after two consonants and before a consonant, or between four consonants. For example:
Le Mans[Iama]
Le Monastier[ iamonastje]
Segre[ sagre]
Courcemont[ ku: rsam5]
Entrechaux[ atreafs]
Translated as “Le Mans”
Translated as “Le Monastier”
Translated as “Segre”
Translated as “Courcemont”
Translated as “Entrechaux”
4.3.1.3 The vowel e is silent when it is at the end of a word or between two consonants, and there is a vowel before and after the two consonants. For example: Petitel petit ]
Sevre[ sevr]
Caudebec[ kodbek ]
Franceville[ frasvil
4.3.2 The pronunciation and translation of certain vowel letter combinations Translated as “Petitel”
Translated as “Sevre”
Translated as “Kodbek”
Translated as “Franceville”
The letter combinations in, im, yn, ym, ain, aim, ein; an, am, en, em; un, um; on, om are pronounced as nasal vowels [], [a], [ce], [5] respectively, except for the following cases:
4.3.2.1 When a vowel letter is added after -m or -n in the letter combination, the nasal vowel disappears and is translated as a normal syllable. For example: Bassin[ base]
Bassine[ basin ]
Parfum[ parfe]
Parfumel parfum J
translated as “Basang”
translated as “Bassine”
translated as “Parfan”
translated as “Parfim”
4.3.2.2 When the letter m is followed by -m in a letter combination; or when the letter n is followed by -n in a letter combination, the nasalized vowel disappears and the word is translated as a normal syllable. For example:
Dommary- Baroncourt[ domari barskur] Damnarie[ darmari ]
Annecyl ansi]
Ennezat[ enza ]
4.3.3 The pronunciation and translation of semi-vowels: Translated as “Dommary-Baroncourt”
Translated as “Damarie”
Translated as “Annecy”
Translated as “Enezat”
4.3.3.1 When the letters i and y are pronounced as semi-vowels [j, they are translated as [i]. 4.3.3.1.1 The letter i is pronounced as [] before vowels and between two vowels. For example: Riviere[ rivje: r]
Fatencel faia :s]
Translate "Riviere"
Translate "Fayence"
4.3.3.1.2 The letter y before a vowel is equivalent to two letters i, and the second i is pronounced [il. For example: Crayon[ krej5]
Lyautey[ lijote ]
Translate "Crayon"
Translate "Lyautey"
4.3.3.2 When the letter combination ou is pronounced [w], and the letter combination oi,oy is pronounced [wa], they are translated into Chinese characters according to the [w] and [wa] lines in Table 1 respectively. Ouanne[ wan ]
Louange wa3]
Gloire[ glwa: r]
Translated as “Ouanne”
Translated as “Louange”
Translated as “Gloire”
Loison[ Iwaz3 ]
GB/T 17693.2-1999
Translate "Loison"
4.3.4 The pronunciation and translation of some consonant letters and their combinations: 4.3.4.1 The consonant letter h is silent; when h is between two vowels, the front and back are separated into two syllables. For example: Herault[ero]
Cahors[kaor
Ouhans[w'a]
Translate "Ero"
Translate "Cahor"
Translate "Wuang"
4.3.4.2 The letter combination -ill- is generally pronounced as [i] after a vowel and [i] after a consonant; the letter combination -il is generally pronounced as [i] at the end of a word after a vowel. Translate it into Chinese characters according to Table 1 [i]. For example: Auteuil [otoej]
Aurillacl orijak]
Oreiller[sreje]
Guillesmet
Translated as "Auteuil"
Translated as "Aurillac"
Translated as "Oreille"
Translated as "Guillemmet"
But the common name of a place name ville is pronounced [vill, and the Chinese character is usually translated as "Ville"; its derived forms are also translated in this way. For example: Brazzaville
Aubervilliers[obervilje]
villers[vile: r]
4.3.4.3 The pronunciation of the letter t
4.3.4.3.1 The letter t is sometimes pronounced [s] before i. For example: Gentiouxl 3asiuJ
translated as "Brazzaville"
translated as "Aubervilliers"
translated as "Villers"
translated as "Genti"
but the t sound in the suffixes -tier and -tiers is palatalized, and the Chinese characters are translated as "捷", and the Chinese characters for -tiere are translated as "蒂亞爾\. For example: Noirmoutier[ nwarmutje ]
Poitiersl pwatje]
translated as "Noirmoutier"
translated as "Poitiers"
4.3.4.3.2 When the initial Mont is followed by a consonant other than r, the t is not pronounced. For example: Montpamasse[ mopamas]
Montbeliardl mobelja: r]
Translated as "Montparnasse"
Translated as "Montbeliard"
When Mont is followed by r or a vowel, t can be pronounced or unpronounced. When translating, refer to the pronunciation dictionary of place names. 4.3.4.4 The letter x is translated as [s] or [ks] according to the actual pronunciation of the place name; the x in some place names is unpronounced. For example: Buxeuil[ buksaj]
Auxerre[ ose: r]
DixmontE dimo]
Exmes[em]
4.3.5 The Chinese characters for the translation of some fixed endings are as follows: "Bixeuil"
"Auxerre"
"Dimon"
"Em"
The vowel letter e is not pronounced at the end of a word, but the consonant before it is pronounced. In order to take into account the translation habits, it is translated according to the Chinese characters in the following brackets: -be (布), -pe (普), -de (德), -te (特), -ge (日), -gue (格), -ke (gram), -que (gram), ce (S), -ve (Wo), -fe (Fu), -ze (Zi), -se (S), -che (Shi), -je (Ri), -me (Mu), -ne (Ne), -gne (Nie), -le (Le), =re (Er), -ille (Ye) (except ville), -illi (I), -illy (I).
5 French-Chinese transliteration table (see Table 1)
5.1 The pronunciation of the Chinese characters in Table 1 is based on the common 5.2 The writing of Chinese characters in Table 1 shall be based on the simplified Chinese characters announced by the National Language and Script Working Committee. 5.3 The Chinese characters at the intersection of the vertical row of consonants and the horizontal row of vowels in Table 1 are the transliterated Chinese characters of the pronunciation of the consonants and vowels. When a vowel forms a syllable by itself, it is translated using the Chinese characters in the vowel zero row in this table; and when a consonant other than n is pronounced alone, it is translated using the Chinese characters in the consonant zero row in the transliteration table. 5.4 If the translated Chinese name produces a phenomenon of literal interpretation, the homophone of the syllable should be used for translation. For example, "东", "南" and "西" appear in the place name Kai 311
GB/T17693.2-1999
When the Chinese character “海” appears at the beginning of a place name, it is translated as “栋”, “楠”, or “锡”; when “海” appears at the end of a place name, it is translated as “亥”. The Chinese characters “雅”, “玛”, “娜”, “莉”, “妮”, “丽”, “丝”, “莎”, “黛”, and “蕾” in Table 1 are used for 5.5
place names named after female names.
The Chinese character “弗” in Table 1 is used for the beginning of a translated name; “夫” is used for the middle and end of a translated name. 312
GB/T 17693.2-1999
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Ji Ji Ji Ji
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Appendix A
(Standard Appendix)
Translation table of common names and common words of French place names Table A1
Abbey
Airport, air station
Peak, obelisk
Old, ancient
Bay, cove
Aqueduct, aqueduct
Peak, ridge
District, administrative district
road, boulevard
bay, harbor
bathing beach, hot spring bath
round mountain
shoal, sandbar
embankment, dam
sandbar, beach
church, rectangular hall
sandbar, reef
(medieval) castle
white
blue
bush
estuary, triangular harbor
calanque
campagne
canton
carriere
cascade
cathedrale
causse
chaimne
chapelle
chateau
chaussee
chenal
cirque||t t||citadelle
colline
commune
lcomte
coteau
coupure
crique
danger
defile
departement
tributary, bay
camp, barracks
field, plain
canal, strait, waterway
district, state
, cape
quarry
cathedral
chapel
dam, reef
city, settlement
county
hill, slope
steep slope, ridge, peak
cove
narrow road, defile
peak, steep peak
province, (administrative) department
depression||tt ||derivation
desert
detroit
écueil
eglise
elevage
emhouchure
embranehement
entree
étang
étier
etroit
fabrique
falaise| |tt||fleuve
fontaine
forestier, -ere.
glacier
gouffre
goulet
grand,e
grotte
haut,-e
hauteur
haut-fond
GB/T 17693.2--1999
Table AI (continued)
inferieur,-e
desert, wasteland
dome, dome, cathedral
hot spring, mineral spring
reef, reef
[river gate
east, east
pond, lake
factory, workshop
forest
castle, fortress
gorge, narrow valley
1shoal
intérieur,-e
isthme
jelée
l agune
long,-ue
mamelon
manche
marais
maritime
massif
montagne
mosquee
mouillage
moulin
moyen,-ne
municipalite
neuf, -ve
noir,e
nouveau
occi dent
oceidental,-ale
orient
oriental,-ale
lpassage
island, islet
below
interior
hill, round mountain
strait, waterway
coastal, coastal, sea
plateau, mountainous area
south, south
mountain, peak
mosque
central
black
west, west
narrow passage, mouth, strait | |tt | tier
region
reserve naturelle
reservoir
rigole
Lriviere
GB/T 17693.2--1999
Table A1 (end)
strait, canyon
seashore, beach
grassland, pasture
pasture, grassland
beer, corner
well, spring
mountain (only used in place names)
valley, gully
reef, reef
region, administrative district
nature reserve
reservoir, pond
ditch, canal
rocher
ruisseau
saint,e
saline
sentier
signal
sommet
source
souterrain
station
superieur,-e
torrent
tunnel
vallee
vallon
vestige
village
volcan
ruins, remains
stream, creek
navigation mark, signpost
below
above
tower, bell tower
valley, valley
small valley
ruins, remains
old, ancient
Alb ert | |tt||Bourget
Calvin
Campagne
Chamson
Charles
Chevalier
Cheylard
Chirac
Claude
Clement
Colpin
Crepeau
Albert
Alice
André
Arles
GB/T 17693.2--1999
Appendix B
(Standard Appendix)
French Common Names Translation Table
Baptiste
Barthélemy
Baudouin
Bettencourt
Biers
Bourbon
Bourget
Bruno
Carvin
Compagne
Chevalier
Cherard
Chirac
Claude
Clément
Colepin
Crépeau
Crescent
Cuvier
Dassault
Debussy
De Gaulle
|tt||George(s)
Gouraud
Hubert
Jacques
Jeanne
Jerome
Cressan
Cuvier
Debussy
Charles de Gaulle
Delorme
Gestain
Dumas
Dupre
Edouard
Etienne
Fabius
François
Fromand
Gaspard
Gentil
Hervé
Hubert
Jerome
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