Specification for oceanographic survey－Marine geology and geophysics investigation
Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Specification for oceanographic survey-Marine geology and geophysics investigation
! Subject content and scope of application
GB/1 13909-92
This standard specifies the basic content, methods, data compilation and requirements for survey results of marine geological and geophysical surveys. This standard is applicable to basic surveys of marine geology and geophysical environment, and can also be used for reference in some professional and special surveys. 2 Reference Standards
GB12763.1 General Rules for Ocean Survey
GB12763.6 Ocean Survey Specification Ocean Survey GB12763.7 Ocean Survey Specification Ocean Survey Data Processing GB12317 Chart Diagram
3 Terms, Symbols, Codes
a, Side Scan Sonar
English name side scan sonar.
Chinese translation name side sonar, side-view sonar, side scanning sonar, etc. It is an observation instrument that uses the principle of sound wave scattering on the seabed to scan the seabed.
Radioactive dating
It is a general term for an analytical research method that uses the law of some radioactive elements in nature decaying according to a certain half-life to determine the absolute age of geological bodies coexisting with radioactive elements. c, Seabed heat flux
Refers to the heat dissipated from the earth's interior through the unit surface area of the seabed in a single time gate in the form of heat conduction. d. Geothermal gradient
The difference in geothermal temperature per unit depth.
e. Cooling plate model
It is a theoretical thermal model based on plate kinematics. It assumes that the new ocean crust is continuously generated from the mid-ocean ridge and pushes the ocean crust on both sides to expand to both sides. The high-temperature new ocean crust gradually cools due to heat dissipation, thus forming a trend that the heat flow value decreases with the increase of crust age. According to this theoretical model, the measured heat flow value can be compared with the theoretical heat flow value to infer the age of the ocean crust. f. TVG gain curve
The law of voltage gain change of acoustic receiver with time is called TVG gain curve. Multi-frequency detection system
is the abbreviation of Multifrequrncycchosoundingsystem (multi-echo depth sounding system>). The multi-function detection equipment can be called MBSP acoustic system according to the approval of the State Technical Supervision Bureau on December 10, 1992 and implemented on October 1, 1993. trackingModesystem The submarine multi-frequency detection system has multiple functions such as full ocean sounding, deep sea shallow surface detection, polymetallic nodule resource detection, etc. It can detect multiple functions at the same time or a single item. The host frequency has several combinations such as 3, 5, 7, 1218, 30kHz, etc., which can be selected according to requirements. The detection of submarine polymetallic nodule resources and full ocean sounding are the main contents of the multi-frequency system in marine surveys. "Part I General Provisions
4 Technical Design
The main contents of the technical design should include:
The purpose and requirements of the task;
The basis of the design-in addition to the requirements of the task book, it should also include the overview of the previous work in the survey area, the geology of the survey area and the adjacent areas, and the basic geophysical characteristics, etc.
Survey vessel, instrument, survey scale and survey line, survey network layout. Workload and basic methods c.
d. Technical requirements and measures:
Expected results and contents of the survey report;
Composition of personnel of the subject (project), arrangements for field and internal work and progress plan; budget estimate.
5 Basic methods and accuracy of survey
5.1 Basic methods of survey
5.1.1 Modes of survey ship operation
The modes of survey ship operation can be divided into two categories: fixed-point observation by stopping the ship and continuous measurement while sailing. Fixed-point observation items include bottom sampling, bottom photography, and seabed heat flow measurement. Continuous measurement items while sailing include deep-sound sounding, side-scan sonar scanning, stratigraphic profile detection, multi-source detection, marine gravity base measurement, marine geomagnetic measurement, and marine seismic survey.
5.1.2 Basic methods of survey operation
Due to the different purposes and tasks of the survey, the survey line layout is also different. Generally, two basic methods are adopted: route survey and area survey.
5.2 Basic requirements for surveys
8 Whether it is a route survey or an area survey, a comprehensive survey of multiple projects should be adopted as much as possible: b. The geological and geophysical surveys in the same survey area, the survey lines or survey network sections should be unified, so that the survey data can be comprehensively verified and comprehensively interpreted;
While conducting surveys, appropriate field surveys should be conducted on islands and land in the survey area and adjacent areas, and the geological structure of the sea area should be interpreted by inference from land and sea.
5.3 Survey accuracy
The accuracy regulations of survey lines or survey networks, navigation positioning and measurement of various survey scales are shown in Table 1. According to the working distance of the high-precision navigation and positioning system, it is divided into 150mmile (about 277.8km) from the mainland sea line. A distance greater than this is considered offshore, and a distance less than this is considered near sea. For seabed heat flow measurement, seabed photography, and seabed stratigraphic profile detection, etc., it is not necessary to measure according to the survey scale survey line and survey network density requirements, but to select appropriate profiles or points for measurement based on the adjustment data of other projects. 6 Basic requirements for survey data collation
6.1 Acceptance of original data
Acceptance method of original data:
GB/T 13909—92
According to the actual situation of each survey project, formulate the corresponding acceptance standard of survey original data, which is generally divided into qualified and unqualified levels;
The acceptance of original data shall be organized by the survey task issuing unit or the execution unit, and unqualified original data shall be discarded: b.
The acceptance results of original data shall be commented in writing, signed by the participants in the acceptance, and stamped by the unit, as the content of the survey results appraisal acceptance and data C
file.
6.2 Analysis and calculation of data
Data analysis and calculation must have a responsibility system, and all analysis and calculation results should be signed by the analyst (calculator), the checker, and the person in charge:
b: The results report of analysis and calculation shall be filled in according to the format and requirements specified in the fourth chapter of GB12763.7, one of the national standards in the series of "Marine Survey Specifications":
C. The compilation of the results map must include the map name, scale, longitude and latitude coordinates, the number of the main features and legend map and necessary instructions, and the list of responsible persons. The list of responsibilities includes the mapping unit, the map compiler, the map maker, the technical contributor, as well as the source of the data, the compilation and publication date, etc. 7 Survey results
7.1 Samples and original records
Including sediment samples, rock samples, biological samples, water samples, field capture records, navigation positioning records, simulation records, data tape records and various record sheets and books. These first-hand data of the survey are the primary results of the survey. 7.2 Basic Maps
The samples and original records obtained from the survey shall be processed, analyzed and calculated indoors, and basic maps of various elements shall be compiled according to the requirements of the map scale. Basic maps of marine geological and geophysical surveys include seafloor topography, geomorphology, bottom sediment distribution, distribution maps and surface maps of physical and chemical elements of the bottom sediment, plane and surface maps of spatial magnetic anomalies, plane and cross-section maps of geomagnetic anomalies (AT), seismic cross-section maps, mineral resource evaluation maps, geological structure maps, etc. 7.3 Adjustment Report
The contents of the survey report include:
a: Introduction, introducing the source, purpose and tasks of the survey task, the scope and geographical location of the survey sea area, the time arrangement of the internal and external work of the survey, the degree of authority of the survey work, the acquisition of data and the internal and external cooperation, etc. b. Marine survey and data collation, describing the working methods of marine survey, survey line layout, performance and various indicators of instruments and equipment systems, selection and improvement of observation system, positioning method of navigation and positioning system and its accuracy. Original data quality, data collation method: accuracy of results data, etc.
Data analysis and interpretation, including data analysis methods and their basis, distribution characteristics, laws and comprehensive analysis of various indices, etc.; d.
Geology, geological structure environment analysis, and production source evaluation, etc. e. Conclusion and suggestions.
8 Archiving of Data
8.1 Archiving Contents
According to Article 2 of the Archives Law of the People's Republic of China, the archiving contents include: a.
Investigation task book, or contract, letter of entrustment, etc.; project demonstration report, technical design, program report and its approval opinions c.
Project investigation implementation plan, station table, survey line layout diagram, etc.; d.
Original records of investigation, experiment, test and analysis; e.
Calculated, analyzed and sorted data reports, computer programs and instructions; f.
Various charts, drawings (including base map), photos and text descriptions; +
Navigation report, special invitation summary report:
Investigation report and achievement appraisal, review letter: project members and funding settlement table,
8.2 File requirements
GB/T 13909—92
The archived content is complete and complete, and the signature procedures are completea.
All kinds of charts and records must be written in drawing ink or pencil, and all kinds of text must be written in blue-black or black waterb.
The investigation project must be archived after completion, and the appraisal and acceptance can only be carried out after the archived review. 8.3 In principle, the archives shall be returned to the science and technology archives room of the new executing unit. If the unit does not have a science and technology archives room, it shall be returned to the superior science and technology archives room, or the archives room specified in the mission letter and contract letter.
Courtyard topography
Survey scale
1 : 200 7
1-160
1-50 Hall
1-200,000
—·100 Fang
1-0 Hall
1 1 20 Jin
1 + 200
1 100 Fang
150 Fang
1: 20 No.
1 2 million
1·100 Fang
1- 50 Hall
1 - 20 cubic meters
: 100 cubic metersbZxz.net
120 halls
12 million
111 million
150 cubic meters
1#20 jin
main victory (k)x
(interconnection survey line spacing
/main survey line)
$20X(2.5~5)
10×(2.5~5)
≤5× (2.5~-5)
30×30
15×15
40x(53
1UX(5)
≤20X(2.5~5)
$10X (2.5--5)
S5 x (2. 5~-5)
$20X+2. 5--5)
≤10X(2.5~-5)
45×(2. 5-~5)
.20×(5)
10x(52
5×(5)
≤55 X (5~10)
2 30×(5~10)
Route measurement
≤50X(5--10)
55 (5--10)
Route measuring plate
50x (510)
Guide positioning requirements
Distance on the corresponding scale map ()
Survey line deviation/survey line (%)
Measurement accuracy (e)5)
23x10-*m/g*
≤3x10-m/g
≤2× 1=l 5m/g2
Note, 1) The distance before the "×" is the survey line spacing, and the number after the "×\" is the joint survey line spacing. The numbers in brackets represent the multiples of the main line spacing. 2) The distance on the corresponding scale map sheet (Ⅱm) in the navigation positioning requirements column is the point positioning accuracy requirement. 3) The calculation of the measurement accuracy () value can be found in the relevant section at the end of the article. 3x 10-*m/s*
3×10m/
9 Submarine topography survey
CB/T13909—92
Part 2 Submarine topography and geomorphology survey
The submarine topography survey specified in this standard is mainly the water depth measurement of medium and small scales carried out by the marine geological follow-up survey. It uses positioning equipment and sounding to determine the three-dimensional coordinates of the seabed points, provides data for the compilation of seabed topography maps and seabed geomorphology maps, and provides data for the water depth data required for marine geology and geophysical surveys. 9.1 Technical requirements
9:1.1 Measurement accuracy
The accuracy of the seabed topography measurement is measured by the difference between the water depth measurement values at the intersection of the main survey line and the connecting survey line. The root mean square difference should be less than 1% of the actual water depth in the near sea and 2% of the actual water depth in the far sea. 9.1.2 Survey scale and survey line layout
\Determine the scale of the seabed topography survey according to the task requirements. The survey lines and survey network densities of different scales are shown in Table 1; b. Survey line layout principle: the main survey line is consistent with the bottom topography inclination, and the connecting survey line is perpendicular to the upper survey line: When it is necessary to understand and map a special topographic feature and conduct large-scale survey, the seabed topography survey should be combined with side-scan sonar, bottom photography, submarine television, stratigraphic profile detection, bottom sampling, etc. The survey line layout is based on the principle of controlling the plane change of the topographic morphology. The number of intersections between the main survey line and the connecting survey line is the inspection workload of the topographic survey. The number of intersections should not be less than 5% of the total number of survey points in the survey area. The total number of intersections should not be less than 30. e. Comprehensive marine geological survey The layout of the survey lines and connecting survey lines of the seabed topography survey should be consistent with the survey lines of gravity, geomagnetism, earthquake and other projects;
f. If the survey area lacks acoustic inversion or hydrological data, sound velocity or hydrological observation points should be set up when laying out the survey lines to obtain sound velocity correction data. 9.1.3 Working chart
a. The working chart is 70cm×100cin. It can also be enlarged or reduced according to actual conditions; b. The scale of the working chart should be 1 times larger than the scale of the map. c. The working chart is made of 0.1mm polyester film, and the geographical signs are displayed from the latest nautical chart, and the positions of control points, shore platforms, tide gauge stations, hydrological points and comparison points are marked.
9.1.4 Datum
The datum of the seabed topography map is the average sea level of the Yellow Sea in 1985. 9.2 Surveying instruments
a. Before work, the depth sounder should be inspected and calibrated to confirm that it is in normal working condition before measurement can be carried out. b. The depth sounder inspection should be carried out in sea areas with a water depth greater than 5m and a flat seabed. It is required to compare the depth every 15 minutes, measure and record the rotation speed, and the inspection time shall not be less than 8 hours. The depth sounding error is within the instrument precision range, which means the depth sounder is in normal condition. C. When the depth sounder is overhauled or the main components are replaced due to a fault, the instrument calibration value should be re-measured. 9.3 Offshore survey plate
9.3.1 Navigation requirements
a. After the survey ship enters the survey line, it should maintain the speed of the survey line. b. During the measurement, the ship's position should be measured every 30 minutes. When the survey ship or the surveying instrument fails and changes the speed or heading, or when a special abnormality is found in the thin bottom, the ship's position should be measured in time. c. The positioning chart, navigation positioning record book, and sounding record should be complete and complete, and they should be handed over to the internal industry for sorting after the survey is completed. 9.3.2 Splash depth requirements
During the measurement process, the instrument rotation speed shall be measured every 2-4 hours, and the draft of the survey ship shall be recorded in the measurement notebook in time;
GB/T 13909-92
b. The time mark shall be made on the depth recording paper every 60 minutes. The time and brief situation shall be noted when the reference value, instrument replacement or special circumstances (stopping the ship, changing speed, heading, instrument maintenance, etc.) are encountered. Each roll of recording paper must indicate the number, survey line number, start and end time, etc. 9.3.3 Water level observation
a. When sounding in seas with a water depth greater than 100m, water level observation is not required. In sea areas with a water depth less than 100m, water level observation should be carried out at the same time as sounding;
b. Temporary tide gauge stations are set up in or near the survey area. Generally, water level observations should be carried out for more than 30 days while taking depth measurements. If there are long-term tide gauge stations nearby, their water level observation data can be used; c. The water level data observed at temporary tide gauge stations should be compared with the data from the adjacent long-term tide gauge stations during the same period to check the quality of the observation data and make necessary corrections.
9.4 Data collation
9.4.1 Original record data collation
Before internal data collation, the original records must be inspected and accepted: b. Check and correct the zero signal and echo signal in the depth sounder recording paper, and mark them with black and red lead foil respectively. Records that are unclear or difficult to accurately judge will be invalidated: c. The depth sounding record data is taken according to the result map. One point data is taken every 10mm, and the data should be encrypted at all depth turning points. 9.4.2 Depth correction
9.4.2.1 Transducer draft correction
Transducer draft correction is calculated according to formula (1), 2=2.+42h
Where 2——the depth from the water surface to the seabed, m1AZ——the draft of the depth sounder transducer, mtz,——the depth observed by the depth sounder,m.
The duration of the survey and measurement voyage shall be based on
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