Procedures for the development and testing of graphical symbols for use on signs
Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Procedures far the development and testing of graphic symbols for use on signs This standard adopts the development and testing procedures of 1509186-1989 public information symbols. Subject matter and applicable scope
GR 1210390
This standard specifies the procedures to be followed when developing graphic symbols for signs (hereinafter referred to as symbols), including: collecting the required information and symbol schemes, conducting necessary tests on the symbol schemes, and determining the symbols to be included in the final signs. This standard is applicable to the development of graphic symbols for signs, including symbols for public, safety, traffic, packaging, transportation and other information. It can also be used as a reference when developing graphic symbols for equipment.
Referenced Standards
GB7093.1 Graphical Symbol Representation Rules General Principles GB7093.4 Graphical Symbol Representation Rules
Graphic Symbols for Signs
3 Terms
The meanings of some terms used in this standard are as follows: 3.1 Object referent
The subject represented by the symbol (such as things, concepts, etc.). 3.2 Related Objects related refcrents Objects related to the object of the symbol. It includes the negation, opposite and addition of the object. Note: For example, when it means smoking is allowed, smoking is prohibited, which is its related object; when it means entrance, exit is its related object. 3.3 Additional Objects complement referents Objects with similar functions in the information system. Note: For example, a dryer can be used as an additional object of a washing machine. 3.4 Scheme varint
Optional symbols proposed for a given object. 3.5 Excluded Functions Functions of the object (or additional object) not indicated by the symbol. Note: When testing symbols, we should always exclude functions that are confused with the functions of the symbols, such as "bathtub", "bath" or "swimming pool" as its exclusion function.
3. 6 Subject.
When testing symbol schemes, the person who responds, 3.7 Appropriateness ranking test A test in which the subjects evaluate a set of symbol schemes for a given object and rank them in order from best to worst according to the appropriateness of the schemes and the objects.
State Administration of Technical Supervision 1990-03-26 Approved for implementation on December 1, 1990
3.8 Comprehension test GB12103-9
A test in which the subjects answer their understanding of the meaning of the symbol scheme, thereby obtaining a measure of the degree of symbol comprehension. 4 Basic procedures
4.1 When formulating national standards for graphic symbols for signs, the following procedures should be followed to determine the symbols: a. Collect the required information (see Chapter 5); b. Collect or design the required symbol scheme (see Chapter 6); c. For any object , after collecting or designing various symbol schemes, conduct a suitability ranking test to select a better scheme (see Chapter 7);
d. Conduct a comprehension test on the three schemes selected by towel c (see Chapter 8); e.
Pre-select the symbols to be included in the standard based on the above test (see Chapter 9: Determine the symbols to be included in the standard (see Chapter 10). f.
4.2 If the symbols in ISO and EC standards are directly adopted, conduct a comprehension test directly to determine the symbols to be included in the standard. 5. Collect the required symbols Information
To avoid the overuse of symbols, before quickly determining whether symbols are needed to solve the problem of information transmission and standardizing them, we should first conduct research, collect various information required for the formulation and promotion of standards, and clearly answer the following points for each object: symbol name,
b. The basis for formulating the symbol;
The function of the symbol, the function (if any); d. Field of use t
The users of the symbol;
The subdivision of objects:
Related, thank you for adding objects.
The details of the test are given in the appendix.
Collect or design symbol schemes
6.1 After determining that symbols are to be used to convey specific information, as many current symbol schemes as possible should be collected, such as various symbols that have been used by advanced countries, organizations and domestically.
6.2 When collecting symbol schemes, when two or more symbols are very similar, one should be selected for use in the next test. 6.3 The number of schemes for testing should generally reach 4. When the number of schemes is insufficient, new schemes can be designed according to the principles of CB7093.1 and GB 7093.4 to make the test results more accurate. 6.4 Only schemes with more appropriate graphic quality and content can participate in the test procedures specified in Chapters 7 and 8, and 7 Appropriateness Ranking Test
7.1 Prepare test materials
Test materials should generally be made into cards.
7.1.1 For each object, one information card should be prepared. Contents include: name, function, application field, and function (if any). This information should be collected in the work of Chapter 5. bzxZ.net
7.1.2 Make each symbol scheme into a test card, and different symbol schemes for each object form a set of test cards. Its size is the same as that of the information card, and the symbol is placed in the center of the card. The side length (or diameter) of the square, oblique square, circle, and triangle schemes should be no less than 28, 28, 31, and 40 mm respectively, and the size difference between the symbol schemes should not exceed 10%. On the back of each test card, the digital code to distinguish the object and the letter code to distinguish the case should be marked, and the digital code should be printed after the letter code. GB 12103-90
During the test, the information card should be placed on the top of the test card, and the test card should be randomly engraved each time it is used. 7.1.3 Test materials that are different from the above forms can also be prepared according to actual conditions. However, it is necessary to ensure that the above information is not covered. 7.2 Subjects
For each pair of questions, the number of subjects should be at least twice the number of solutions, and should not be less than 50. The subjects should preferably be people who have a certain understanding of the given object. 7.3 Testing work
7.3.1 When testing various solutions for each pair of questions, first let the subjects understand the content of the information card and indicate that this information will be used in future judgments. If there is an exclusion function, the subjects should be reminded to pay more attention to it. 7.3.2 When there are 10 or less solutions for an object, the subjects should be asked to rank them from best to worst according to the appropriateness of the solution and the object and assign a ranking value of 1.2,., in total. 7.3.3 When there are more than 10 solutions for an object, first ask the subjects to divide the solutions into three groups: good, medium, and bad according to the appropriateness of the solution and the object. Then rank them in each group according to the method in 7.3.2. Finally, assign ranking values to each solution from the "excellent" group to the "inferior" group. 7.4 Analysis of Appropriateness Ranking Test Data
7.4.1 List the data of each object obtained from the appropriateness ranking test in a table (such as Appendix B1, B3). In the 1 (frequency) item corresponding to a certain ranking position of a certain method, fill in the number of subjects who ranked the solution in this position. Fill in the f column item by item. After filling in the f column, calculate the cumulative frequency from left to right and fill it in the cf (cumulative frequency) column in turn, then calculate the sum of the frequencies of the columns and fill it in the second f (sum of frequencies) row.
7.4.2 The sum of the frequencies of each column and all the cumulative frequencies of the columns after the measurement should be equal to the total number of subjects participating in the test. If they are not equal, the work specified in Articles 7.1.1 and 7.1.2 should be repeated. 7.4.3 Calculate the median value of each solution according to the formula in Appendix B2 (refer to the example in Appendix B3). 7. 5 List the test results of suitability deduction
7. 5. 1 List the test results of each object in the form of a table (such as Appendix 4). The graphics of the test schemes in the table should be based on the median and arranged in order of suitability from best to worst (median numbers from small to large). 7.5.2 The table should include the following:
Symbol name:
Function:
Application field;
Test implementation unit;
Number of subjects;
Graphics of all test schemes tested;
Identification code of the scheme;
Each Source of solutions
The median value of each solution.
Appendix B5 is an example of a completed table. 7.6 Selecting solutions for comprehension tests
For each subject, the "best solution" (i.e., the one with the smallest median value) and two other solutions should be selected from the results of the appropriateness test for comprehension testing. The latter two solutions should be significantly different from the "best solution" in terms of graphical details, and should be selected from the solutions with the smallest median value as much as possible. 8 Comprehension test
8.1 Prepare test materials
8.1.1 Make some necessary corrections to the test plan graphics to make them meet the requirements of GB 7093.1 and GB 7093.4. 8.1.2 Classify each object into three groups from the three methods selected in 7.6. The symbols of each group should include several objects, but the number of objects should not exceed 20.
GB 1210390
8.1.3 The materials of the test groups should be bound into a book. Each page has a plan, printed on the middle of the paper, and the size is in accordance with the requirements of 7.1.2. 8.1.4 Each test group is assigned an alphabetic code, such as: A, B, C, and the alphabetic code is printed in the lower right corner of each page. Each object is assigned a numeric code, which is printed after the alphabetic code.
8.1.5 The first page of the test booklet is for filling in the date, location, name of the main tester, age of the test subject, etc. The age groups are 15-30, 31-50, and over 50.
The second page is the instruction page, which contains instructions related to the comprehension test. Ask the subject to write down his understanding of the symbol in the blank space below each symbol. If the subject cannot give the meaning of a symbol, he should say "I don't know". The third page is a sample page, which gives a familiar symbol and writes the meaning (or name) of the symbol in handwriting below it.
The symbols in the booklet should be arranged randomly. In 100 booklets, at least 20 different random arrangement orders should be used, that is, there should be no more than 5 booklets with the same order. Appendix C1 is a series of test materials.
8.1.6 Test materials that are different from the above formats can also be prepared according to actual conditions. However, it is necessary to ensure that the above information is not omitted. 8.2 Subjects
8.2.1 Each test group shall consist of at least 100 subjects, with the number of subjects in each age group being roughly equal. Note: Practice has shown that subjects aged 15 to 30 and over 50 can provide important test results. Therefore, if the number of subjects must be reduced, the age group of 91 to 50 can be deleted from the subjects.
8.2.2 The subjects should preferably be people who are familiar with the given object. 8.3 Test work
Distribute the test booklet to the subjects: Ask the subjects to follow the instructions on the second page. If the test is conducted in a group, tell the subjects not to discuss with each other.
8.4 Analysis of comprehension test results
8.4.1 List of common answers
List all the answers of all subjects to each object to form an answer list. Note: This practice is helpful for further classification and analysis of various abnormal responses, and can also provide useful information for future improvement of symbol design, so all the answers should be retained for further use. 8.4.2 Answer classification
To simplify future work, the various answers listed above are classified into the following seven categories: Category number
Category meaning
Completely correct understanding
Approximately correct understanding
Limitedly correct understanding
Understanding is opposite to the correct meaning
Reply error
Answer as unknown
Answer
When the subject does not give a clear answer and marks (question mark, dash, etc.) on the booklet, it should be classified as "unknown". The classification work should be judged independently by three judges. In order to unify the judgment criteria, examples of answers in each category should be provided. When making classification judgments, the function and application field of the symbol should be taken into consideration, and the answer examples should be referred to. If the three judges disagree on the classification of a question, they should first coordinate. If they still cannot reach a consensus, the majority judgment will be used to classify the question. Note that the same object should be judged by the same judge. 8.4.3 Result Statistics For each solution, the number of responses in each category is calculated. Then, the frequency obtained is divided by the total number of responses to this solution, and then multiplied by 100 to convert it into a percentage. 8.5 List the results of the comprehension test
List the comprehensive results of the above statistical calculations in a table (such as Appendix C2), one table for each object. The table should include the following: a
Symbol name:
Function;
Application field;
Test implementation unit:
Number of subjects in each age group:
Total number of subjects;
Graphics of the three test schemes;
Test scheme identification code;
Test scheme source;
Exact frequency of answers in each answer category (1~7), percentage, cumulative percentage. j
8.6 Determine the most understandable solution
8.6.1 Add the answer percentages of each solution in category 1 and category 2 by 1 to obtain the understanding score. The solution with the highest understanding score is the most understandable solution.
8.6.2 When two solutions have the same comprehension score, the solution with the lower percentage of answers in category 5 (wrong answers) should be selected as the most comprehensible solution.
8.6.3 The solution with the most comprehension score of more than 66% can be accepted. 8.6.4 When the comprehension score is less than 66%, the list of answers listed in 8.-1.1 should be studied to find out which aspects of the solution can affect its comprehension. Then modify the solution accordingly and conduct a comprehension test. 9 Pre-selection of symbols for inclusion in the standard
Different principles must be followed for different symbols. 9.1 General symbols: Can be selected if the comprehension score is greater than 66%. When the meaning of this type of symbol cannot be understood, it will not cause some inconvenience to people and will not cause safety problems. 9.2 Less important symbols: The percentage of answers in category 3 can be added to the comprehension score 1. If it exceeds 66%, this type of symbol can also be selected.
9.3 Symbols related to safety: The requirements of 66 should be strictly followed. For example, in an emergency, the symbols must be immediately understood. In this case, the symbols with a high percentage of answers in category 1 and a low percentage of answers in categories 4 to 7 can be selected. 9.4 Symbols that require some learning or training to be easy to understand; such symbols can also be adopted when the understanding score is less than 66%. If necessary, a recall test can be added to check the learning effect of the symbols. Good ones can be selected. 9.5 Symbols that require further testing should be arranged for testing before being included in the standard. 10 Determine the symbols to be included in the standard
The symbol scheme selected through the above series of procedures can be included in the standard after further modification and improvement in accordance with the requirements of GB7093.1 and GB7093.4.
A1 Symbol name
CB 12103
Appendix A
Key points to consider when collecting information
(Supplement)
Use concise words to describe the meaning of the symbol and form the symbol name. A2 Basis for formulating the symbol
The basis for formulating the symbol is based on the following two aspects. A2.1 The objective environment really needs to convey this information. A2.2 The transmission of this information must continue to use graphic symbols because: 1. People who are not literate should be able to understand this information; b. Many different information may be displayed together, and it is easier to find the required information in a series of symbols than in the corresponding series of text instructions:
c. It is necessary to respond quickly to information, so the information content must be understood at a glance. A3 Functions of special numbers
The information conveyed by the symbol should be described accurately. If some functions are not indicated, those excluded functions should be listed. A4
Application areas
The areas where information is conveyed should be listed as much as possible, including indoors, outdoors, equipment, publications, such as: identification signs of buildings or other places: b.
Directional signs or signboards:
Floor plans, orientation maps, maps #
Booklets and guidebooks;
Timetables,
Household items, vehicles, etc.:
Other occasions;
Whether it is necessary to reduce the size to less than 10 mm; color restrictions.
Users
Age from to, years old;
Education level;
Socio-economic factors;
Other factors.
Subdivision of objects
Is it possible to subdivide the "object" into branch groups, such as: object\bath\may need to be subdivided into "male bath\and\female bath". Related and additional objects
Then list the related and additional objects.
GB 12103
Appendix B
Example of data analysis and results of appropriateness ranking test (supplement)
1 Data analysis table of appropriateness ranking test
Object digital code,
Name;
Ranking position
Note: 1) " is the address of the scheme or ranking position. 2) V,is the th scheme, the calculation formula of the median MR in B2 is as shown in formula B1.
MR - R - 0. 5 1 N/2 cf-1
—number of subjects;
where: N
R—the cumulative frequency of the ranking position that reaches or exceeds 50% for the first time cfa-1
R's previous ranking position's cumulative frequency; —the frequency of R.
For example: The median calculation process of Scheme C in Table B2 of Chapter B3 is as follows: MR - 3 - 0. 5 + 10/2 3 = 3. 173
GB12103
Appropriateness ranking test data analysis representation filling example 3
Object digital code:
Name: Gong Yu
Appropriateness ranking test result table
Symbol name:
Application domain:
Implementing test unit:
Number of subjects:
Test scheme:
Coding:
Source:
Median:
Example of filling in the appropriateness ranking test result table! Symbol name; Lanyu
Function: to indicate and distinguish the location of the internal facilities GB12103-90
Application areas: airports, railway stations, hotels, camps, entertainment centers, hospitals, accommodation supply tables, guidelines, etc. Implementation and testing unit: (omitted)
Number of subjects: 10
Test plan:
Coding:
Source·Tokyo Olympic Games
(1964)
Median value; 1.5
Symbol manual
Dreyfuss
Falkncr A.
Austria
Hungarian National Standard
Hungaty
(1979. 9)
Hansecoth sehilder
fabrik
C1 Comprehension Test Material Example
Comprehension/Recognition Test
Date,
Place:
Examiner's Name:
GB 12103—90
Attachment C
Comprehension Test Material and Results Example
(Supplementary Document)
Start Page
Test Age
15 ~30 years old
31 50 years old
Over 50 years old
There are symbols on each page of this booklet. Please consider each symbol in turn and write the place, object or activity that each symbol you identify is related to. Write your answer below the symbol.
An example is given on the next page.
Taxi
Avoidance of the test group
This is a
(Continue》
Comprehension test result table
Symbol name:
Function:
Application field:
Test implementation unit:
So the total number of test subjects,
Number of test subjects in each age group:
Scheme:
Coding:
Source,
Answer category
1 Correct
2 Approximate
3 Reluctant
4 Opposite
6 Don't know
7 No answer
15~30 years old:
Scheme A
GB 12103-90
31~50 years old:
Plan B
%, sudden accumulation%
%, cumulative%
Above 50 years old:
Plan C
, cumulative, %
GB 12103—90
Appendix D
Schematic diagram of the steps in developing a symbol
(reference)
Planning to develop a symbol standard
Is there an international
standard?
Collect information
Is the symbol needed?
Collect and design at least
four symbol schemes
Appropriateness rejection test
Select one scheme
Comprehension test
Obtain a comprehensible scheme
Comprehension score greater than 66%
Obtain a symbol selected for inclusion in the standard
Other tests
Further modification
Obtain a symbol that meets the Italian standard
Transformation scheme
Analyze and answer the request formCumulative, %
GB 12103—90
Appendix D
Schematic diagram of the steps for developing a symbol
(reference)
Planning to develop a symbol standard
Is there an international
standard?
Collect information
Is the symbol needed?
Collect and design at least
four symbol schemes
Appropriateness rejection test
Select one scheme
Comprehension test
Obtain an easily understandable scheme
Comprehension score greater than 66%
Obtain the symbol selected for inclusion in the standard
Other tests
Further modification
Obtain the symbol in the Italian standard
Transformation scheme
Analysis and answer request formCumulative, %
GB 12103—90
Appendix D
Schematic diagram of the steps for developing a symbol
(reference)
Planning to develop a symbol standard
Is there an international
standard?
Collect information
Is the symbol needed?
Collect and design at least
four symbol schemes
Appropriateness rejection test
Select one scheme
Comprehension test
Obtain an easily understandable scheme
Comprehension score greater than 66%
Obtain the symbol selected for inclusion in the standard
Other tests
Further modification
Obtain the symbol in the Italian standard
Transformation scheme
Analysis and answer request form
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