GB/T 11299.10-1989 Satellite communication earth station radio equipment measurement methods Part 2: Subsystem measurements Section 10: High power amplifier
Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Methods of measurement for radio equipment used in satellite earth stationsPart 2:Measurements for sub-systemsSection Ten-High-power amplifierThis standard is the first of the series of standards "Methods of measurement for radio equipment used in satellite earth stations"Subject content and scope of application
This standard specifies the measurement methods for the electrical characteristics of high-power amplifiers. This standard applies to the common measurement of high-power amplifiers in satellite earth station transmitters. 2 Input and output power
According to Chapter 5 of this series of standards GB11299.2\Measurements within the radio frequency range\. Output power refers to the power delivered by the amplifier under test to the load matched with it, GB11299.10-89
Pay special attention to avoid the measurement results containing useless power such as harmonics. A low-pass filter with known insertion loss should be connected between the power meter and the measured point at the test frequency!
Note: For some amplifiers, excessive excitation may saturate their output or even damage them. Therefore, the excitation power must be limited during measurement. 3 Return loss
According to this series of standards GB11299.2 "Measurement within the radio frequency range". The measurement should be carried out under both hot and cold conditions. When measuring the hot input return loss, it is necessary to avoid excessive excitation of the amplifier so as to exceed the maximum output power specified for the amplifier. When measuring the hot output return loss, the amplifier under test is not excited, and a load with specified characteristics is connected to the input. Note: Here "hot" means that all electrodes are applied with voltage; "cold" means that no voltage is applied to the electrodes. The output load usually specifies two VSWR values, namely; one is the upper limit value that can avoid destructive failure of the amplifier under test, and the other is another upper limit value that can make the amplifier under test meet the specified gain/frequency response. 4 Power gain
According to Chapter 5 of this series of standards GB11299.2~Measurement within the radio frequency range. Since high-power amplifiers usually have highly nonlinear power transfer characteristics, the power gain under the following two conditions should be given: a. Small signal output power;
b. Saturated output power.
Small signal gain refers to the amplifier working at the output The gain obtained within the linear range of the input power/output power characteristic, approved by the Ministry of Electronics Industry of the People's Republic of China on March 1, 1989 112
Implementation on January 1, 1990
GB11299.10-89
Note: For amplifiers using traveling wave tubes or klystrons, when the input power is 15-20 dB lower than the value required to drive the amplifier to saturated output, the side transfer characteristic is linear.
5 Spurious signals
According to Chapter 10 of this series of standards GB11299.2\Measurement within the radio frequency range". 6 Efficiency
The efficiency of the amplifier refers to the ratio of the rated output power to the total AC input power (including the power required by the heat exchanger or air cooling equipment), expressed as a percentage
Note: 1) The saturated output power cannot be used as a benchmark. () For amplifiers using traveling wave tubes or klystrons, the efficiency of the electron beam is also important. It refers to the ratio of the rated output power to the total electron beam power and is expressed as a percentage.
The measurement should be carried out according to the standard conditions given in this series of standards GB11299.1\General Principles, 7 Amplitude/Frequency Characteristics
According to Chapter 6 of this series of standards GB11299.2\Measurements within the radio frequency range. It is usually required that the input signal power remains constant to measure the amplitude/frequency characteristics. In some cases, it is necessary to keep the output signal power constant to measure the amplitude/frequency characteristics.
The high-power amplifier used is nonlinear, so the output power must be specified in both of the above cases. The swept frequency method is recommended. However, it must be ensured that the swept frequency input power is constant within the passband used, and the output power should not exceed the value recommended by the safety 1 operation of the amplifier under test.
8 Group Delay/Frequency Characteristics
According to Chapter 7 of "Measurements within the Radio Frequency Range" in this series of standards GB11299.2. Both the AM method and the FM method can be applied. If the measurement is made within the nonlinear range of the amplifier, certain precautions should be taken. The advantage of the AM method is that it is measured directly at the output frequency, unlike the FM method which requires the use of an up-converter, thus avoiding the corresponding correction process. On the other hand, when measuring at saturated output power, it often causes amplitude modulation, resulting in errors in the measurement results. When the FM method is used, since the measuring equipment generally works at an intermediate frequency, the intermediate frequency must first be converted to the frequency of the high-power amplifier, and then the frequency of the high-power amplifier output measurement signal must be converted back to the original intermediate frequency. For some types of amplifiers, the measuring equipment is prone to introduce a group delay of the same order of magnitude as the group delay of the amplifier being measured, so two measurements are required, namely: connect the high-power amplifier to the amplifier and then connect the high-power amplifier to the amplifier. The measurements shall be made once with the amplifier connected and once without the high power amplifier connected. The measurements and results shall cover the bandwidth and frequency range of the corresponding satellite transponder used by the high power amplifier. [Since the phase shift of the high power amplifier depends on the RF excitation power, it is important to keep the excitation power constant over the entire frequency sweep. When the amplitude modulation method is used, it is convenient to control the excitation power by means of the power level device of the swept frequency generator. The reference voltage for the power level device is obtained from the directional coupler at the input of the amplifier under test. 9 Residual modulation
9.1 The value of residual amplitude modulation, residual frequency modulation or residual phase modulation in the output of the amplifier is generally considered to be related to the degree of filtering of the power supply. NOTE: In high power amplifiers, residual modulation caused by random noise can be ignored, but residual amplitude modulation becomes important due to the influence of amplitude/phase modulation conversion in subsequent equipment (such as amplifiers on satellites). 9.2 Measurement Methods
9.2.1 Residual AM
GB 11299.10-89
During the measurement, the amplifier under test is connected to a diode detector via a suitable directional coupler. The detector is connected to a low-frequency waveform analyzer. The low-frequency waveform analyzer identifies and measures the power frequency and various harmonics present in the detector output. During the measurement, it must be ensured that the diode detector is not overloaded.
In order to obtain the ratio of residual AM to unmodulated carrier voltage, the DC output voltage of the detector is measured. 9.2.2 Residual FM
During the measurement, the amplifier under test is connected to a test downconverter via a suitable directional coupler. The output of the test downconverter is connected to a demodulator whose FM sensitivity has been calibrated
The baseband output of the demodulator is coupled to a waveform analyzer or a frequency-selective level meter with a known bandwidth (e.g. 4kHz). The measurement range is from 12kHz to the maximum baseband frequency.
9.2.3 Residual phase modulation
When measuring, the amplifier under test is connected to the test downconverter through a suitable directional coupler. The output of the test downconverter is connected to a waveform analyzer with a bandwidth of 20Hz through a calibrated demodulator, and the residual phase modulation is measured in the frequency range of 50H2 to 20kHz. 9.3 Result expression
The measurement result of residual amplitude modulation is expressed in decibels, as shown in formula (1): 0.707Er
Residual amplitude modulation: -20log0
Where: E—Root mean square voltage of each spectrum line of the detected signal measured by the waveform analyzer; E.—DC voltage caused by the reference carrier and useless signals. The measurement result of residual frequency modulation can be expressed by an equation. For example, when the reference root mean square value frequency deviation is 200kHz, it can be expressed as: I In — I..
f..ms -- (200 kHz) · logi)
where: 1.-——the noise decibel number read by the frequency-selective level meter; L,: the decibel number read by the frequency-selective level meter at the considered frequency point. The measurement result of residual phase modulation is expressed in degrees, such as equation (3): Residual phase modulation = 57.3.
where: fm-
measurement frequency, Hz;
frm is given by equation (2).
9.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment technical requirements should include the following: the maximum allowable residual amplitude modulation noise;
the maximum allowable residual frequency modulation noise;
the maximum allowable residual phase modulation noise.
10 AM/PM conversion factor
According to this series standard GI311299.2 Measurements in the RF Range”, Chapter 9. (2)
For travelling wave or klystron amplifiers, the phase shift through the amplifier is an important function of the beam voltage and the input power. When using the static method for measurement, it is important to determine whether the beam voltage changes with the excitation power. If the excitation power is kept constant, the phase change with the beam voltage can be observed, and the correction factor for the beam voltage change can be determined. 11 Multicarrier intermodulation ratio
According to Chapter 8 of this series of standards GB11299.2 “Measurements in the RF Range”. The multicarrier intermodulation ratio may vary within the operating frequency range of the amplifier under test, so the measurement should be repeated for the interfering frequency. 114
GB11299.10-89
When the amplifier is operating at an output power far below the saturation value, it is assumed that the ratio of the carrier to the third-order F modulation product changes by 2dB for a 1B change in the excitation power. However, this relationship does not apply to the case when the output power is at or near the saturation value. When operating in this region, the author must make additional measurements.
12 Noise figure
·General consideration
Noise…·Generally, it can be divided into background noise and modulation noise. Background noise often appears in microwave tubes. Thermal noise, flicker effect noise, shot effect noise, ion noise and any other noise caused by random processes are called background noise. The background noise in the amplifier is expressed by the noise figure. Modulation noise is caused by the interaction between the carrier and the modulation signal. Here we mainly measure the background noise of the base amplifier. 12.2 Measurement method
The output end of the amplifier under test is connected to the power meter through a bandpass filter of known bandwidth. The amplitude/frequency characteristics of the filter are required to be sufficient to make the noise have a constant density within the selected bandwidth. The selected bandwidth must be wide enough to ensure sufficient sound level required for measurement. The input end of the amplifier is connected to a matching load and voltages of various levels are added, but no excitation signal is added. Thus, the noise temperature of the amplifier is given by equation (4):KBG
WWhere: P.—-output noise power, W;
—·Boltzmann constant;
B-bandwidth of the output filter, Hz
G—amplifier small signal gain.
After determining the noise temperature in this way, the noise figure is given by equation (5):Noise figure = 10log1o
12.3 Representation of results
The noise figure shall be expressed in decibels.
12.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the following shall be included in the equipment specifications:Maximum allowable noise figure (dB)
Automatic level control (ALC)
When the amplifier is equipped with an automatic level control device, the function of this device shall be measured statically point by point. The measurement shall be made within the specified input power range.
14 Gain instability:
14.1 Definition
The power gain instability of an amplifier refers to the change in gain under specified output power and frequency conditions within a specified time interval:
Gain instability is expressed in decibels.
According to Chapter 5 of this series of standards GB11299.2 "Measurements in the radio frequency range". Adoption instructions:
111F (Standard 12F (C0) 98 is 293 in the original text, but the noise isolation coefficient is usually defined at the standard noise temperature of 290K, so this standard is changed to 290. 115
14.2 Measurement method
The measurement equipment is configured as shown in Figure 1.
GB11299.10-89
After the amplifier under test reaches thermal stability, a signal of specified power and frequency is added to the input terminal, and the output power is adjusted to the specified value. Use a multi-pen recorder to plot the following parameters within the specified time interval. a.
Output power;||t t||Input power;
Supply voltage;
Amplifier electrode voltage;
Ambient temperature;
Amplifier coolant temperature (if used). 14.3 Representation of results
The above parameters shall be recorded continuously at the specified time intervals and the results shall be expressed as traces drawn by a multi-pen recorder. 14.4
Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment specifications shall include the following: a.
Input test signal frequency;
Input test signal power:
Output power;
Ambient conditions;
Time interval between measurements.
Ionizing radiation
15.1 Definitions and general considerations
Ionizing radiation is radiation with high energy that can ionize the propagating material. Ionizing radiation produced by high-power amplifiers is mostly X-rays. X-rays can be generated as long as the potential difference between the electrodes of the amplifier tube exceeds 5 kV.
The unit used for ionizing radiation is gray.
The unit of maximum permissible radiation dose rate, usually expressed in milligray/hour. 15.2 Measurement method
The measurement equipment is configured as shown in Figure 2.
Note: RF receivers and oscilloscopes are not used here. The measurements are made when the high-power amplifier is operating in saturation and when the excitation signal is removed. All parts of the amplifier under test that are easily touched by operators or maintenance personnel are tested. For each measurement, the ionizing radiometer is held 5 cm from the component being measured. 15.3 Expression of results
Any apparent radiation levels, i.e., those approaching the specified maximum level, shall be recorded together with the position of the radiometer. 15.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the following shall be included in the equipment specifications: The maximum permissible ionizing radiation level in milligrays per hour. 16 Spurious RF radiation (cabinet radiation)
16.1 Definition
Spurious RF radiation or cabinet radiation is non-ionizing RF radiation which originates from the cabinet or other components of the high power amplifier, in particular, which is not absorbed by the RF load connected to the amplifier. 16.2 Measurement method
The test equipment shall be configured as shown in Figure 2.
GB 11299.10--89
The amplifier under test is stimulated to saturation, and the test signal is scanned within the passband of the amplifier. The horn antenna is connected to the RF receiver and the oscilloscope to detect all the areas that can be affected by the amplifier under test. The RF power within the measured range is read out by the calibrated oscilloscope through the standard receiver.
Note: Any change in the actual structure of the amplifier may cause a change in the radiation pattern. Therefore, all states (conditions) that may be encountered during the use of the equipment must be measured.
16.3 Expression of results
Any obvious radiation, that is, those close to the specified maximum value, should be recorded together with the signal frequency and the precise position of the test horn.
Radiated power density is the ratio of the power at the output of the horn to the effective area of the horn mouth, expressed in m/cm\. Note: The permitted stray RF radiation power standards vary from country to country, generally between 1 and 10 mw/cm\. 16.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment specifications shall include the following: a.
Permitted stray (cabinet) RF radiation, mW/cm\; Frequency range of measurement.
RF signal
Generator
Coupler
Frequency meter
Amplifier
Coupler
Attenuator
Power meter
Delay line
Monitor
Amplifier
Recorder
Overflow monitor
Figure 1 Gain instability measurement equipment configuration
Coupler
Attenuator
Power meter
Power supply
Monitor
Sweep voltage Output
RF frequency sweep
Generator
Ionization sheath radiator
Oscilloscope
GB11299.10---89
Amplifier
Amplifier
Test horn antenna
Receiver
Coupler
Frequency power
Figure 2 Configuration of stray radiation and X-ray radiation measurement equipment matching end
Note: For X-ray measurement, an ionization radiometer calibrated with a suitable standard radiation source is used instead of the test horn receiver and oscilloscope. Additional remarks:
This standard was drafted by Nanjing Changjiang Machinery Manufacturing Plant and installed in the following year 118
2 Measurements in the RF Range" Chapter 8. The multi-carrier intermodulation ratio may change within the operating frequency range of the amplifier under test, so the measurement should be repeated for the interference frequency, 114
GB11299.10-89
When the amplifier operates at an output power far below the saturation value, assuming that the excitation power changes by 1B, the ratio of the carrier to the third-order F modulation product changes by 2dB. However, this relationship does not apply to the case when the output power is at or near the saturation value. When working in this area, the author must make additional measurements.
12 Noise Figure
·General Consideration
Noise...·Generally, it can be divided into background noise and modulation noise. Background noise often appears Now in the microwave tube, thermal noise, flicker effect noise, shot effect noise, ion noise and any other noise caused by random processes are called background noise. The background noise in the amplifier is expressed by the noise factor. Modulation noise is caused by the interaction between the carrier and the modulation signal. Here we mainly measure the background noise of the base amplifier. 12.2 Measurement method
The output end of the amplifier under test is connected to the power meter through a bandpass filter of known bandwidth. The amplitude/frequency characteristics of the filter are required to be sufficient to make the noise have a constant density within the selected bandwidth. The selected bandwidth must be wide enough to ensure sufficient noise level required for the measurement. The input end of the amplifier is connected to a matching load. , add voltages at each level, but do not add excitation signals. In this way, the noise temperature of the amplifier is obtained by formula (4): KBG
Wu In: P.—-output noise power, W;
—·Boltzmann constant;
B-bandwidth of the output filter, Hz
G—amplifier small signal gain.
After determining the noise temperature in this way, the noise figure is given by formula (5): Noise figure = 10log1o
12.3 Result expression
The noise figure should be expressed in decibels.
12.4 Details to be specified
When the requirements for this measurement are to be made, the technical conditions of the equipment The following should be included: Maximum value of the allowable noise figure (dB)
Automatic level control (ALC)
When the amplifier is equipped with an automatic level control device, the function of this device should be measured statically point by point. The measurement should be carried out within the specified input power range.
14 Gain instability:
14.1 Definition
The power gain instability of the amplifier refers to the change in gain under the specified output power and frequency conditions within a specified time interval:
Gain instability is expressed in decibels.
According to Chapter 5 of this series of standards GB11299.2 "Measurements within the radio frequency range". Instructions for use:
111F (standard 12F (C0) 98 is 293 in the original text, but the noise isolation coefficient is usually defined at the standard noise temperature of 290K, so this standard is changed to 290. 115
14.2 Measurement method
The measurement equipment configuration is shown in Figure 1.
GB11299.10—89
When the amplifier under test reaches thermal stability, a signal of specified power and frequency is added to the input terminal, and the output power is adjusted to the specified value. Use a multi-pen recorder to plot the following parameters within the specified time interval. a.
Output power;
Input power;
Power supply voltage;
Amplifier Electrode voltage;
Ambient temperature;
Amplifier coolant temperature (if used). 14.3 Representation of results
The above parameters should be recorded continuously at specified time intervals and the results should be expressed as traces drawn by a multi-pen recorder. 14.4
Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment specifications should include the following: a.
Input test signal frequency;
Input test signal power:
Output power;
Ambient conditions;
Time interval between measurements.
Ionizing radiation
15.1 Definitions and general considerations
Ionizing radiation Refers to radiation with high energy that can ionize the propagating material. The ionizing radiation generated by high-power amplifiers is mostly X-rays. As long as the potential difference between the electrodes of the amplifier tube exceeds 5kV, X-rays can be generated.
The unit of ionizing radiation is gray.
The unit of the maximum allowable radiation dose rate, usually expressed in milligray/hour. 15.2 Measurement method
The measurement equipment configuration is shown in Figure 2.
Note: RF receivers and oscilloscopes are not used here. The measurement is carried out in two states: the high-power amplifier is operating in saturation and the excitation signal is removed. For each measurement of all parts of the amplifier under test that are easily touched by operators or maintenance personnel, the ionizing radiation meter is in direct contact with the measured part. 5 cm from the device. 15.3 Expression of results
Any significant radiation, i.e., those close to the specified maximum value, shall be recorded together with the position of the radiometer. 15.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the following shall be included in the equipment specifications: The maximum permissible ionizing radiation in milligrays per hour. 16 Spurious RF radiation (cabinet radiation)
16.1 Definition
Spurious RF radiation or cabinet radiation is non-ionizing RF radiation which originates from the cabinet or other components of the high power amplifier, in particular, which is not absorbed by the RF load connected to the amplifier. 16.2 Measurement method
The test equipment is shown in Figure 2.
GB 11299.10--89
The amplifier under test is driven to saturation, the test signal is swept within the passband of the amplifier, the horn antenna is connected to the RF receiver and the oscilloscope, and all areas that may be affected by the amplifier under test are detected. The RF power in the measured cheek band range is read out by a calibrated oscilloscope displayed via a standard receiver.
Note: Any change in the actual structure of the amplifier may cause a change in the radiation pattern. Therefore, all states (conditions) that may be encountered during the use of the equipment must be measured.
16.3 Representation of results
Any significant radiation, that is, those close to the specified maximum value, should be recorded together with the signal frequency and the precise position of the test speaker.
Radiated power density is the ratio of the power at the speaker output to the effective area of the speaker mouth, expressed in m/cm\. Note: The standards for the power of stray RF radiation allowed in different countries are different, generally between 1 and 10mw/cm\. 16.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment specifications should include the following: a.
Permissible stray (cabinet) RF radiation, mW/cm\; the frequency range of measurement.
RF signal
Generator
Coupler
Frequency meter
Amplifier
Coupler
Attenuator
Power meter
Delay line
Monitor
Amplifier
Recorder
Overflow monitor
Figure 1 Gain instability measurement equipment configuration
Coupler
Attenuator
Power meter
Power supply
Monitor
Sweep voltage Output
RF frequency sweep
Generator
Ionization sheath radiator
Oscilloscope
GB11299.10---89
Amplifier
Amplifier
Test horn antenna
Receiver
Coupler
Frequency power
Figure 2 Configuration of stray radiation and X-ray radiation measurement equipment matching end
Note: For X-ray measurement, an ionization radiometer calibrated with a suitable standard radiation source is used instead of the test horn receiver and oscilloscope. Additional remarks:
This standard was drafted by Nanjing Changjiang Machinery Manufacturing Plant and installed in the following year 118
2 Measurements in the RF Range" Chapter 8. The multi-carrier intermodulation ratio may change within the operating frequency range of the amplifier under test, so the measurement should be repeated for the interference frequency, 114
GB11299.10-89
When the amplifier operates at an output power far below the saturation value, assuming that the excitation power changes by 1B, the ratio of the carrier to the third-order F modulation product changes by 2dB. However, this relationship does not apply to the case when the output power is at or near the saturation value. When working in this area, the author must make additional measurements.
12 Noise Figure
·General Consideration
Noise...·Generally, it can be divided into background noise and modulation noise. Background noise often appears Now in the microwave tube, thermal noise, flicker effect noise, shot effect noise, ion noise and any other noise caused by random processes are called background noise. The background noise in the amplifier is expressed by the noise factor. Modulation noise is caused by the interaction between the carrier and the modulation signal. Here we mainly measure the background noise of the base amplifier. 12.2 Measurement method
The output end of the amplifier under test is connected to the power meter through a bandpass filter of known bandwidth. The amplitude/frequency characteristics of the filter are required to be sufficient to make the noise have a constant density within the selected bandwidth. The selected bandwidth must be wide enough to ensure sufficient noise level required for the measurement. The input end of the amplifier is connected to a matching load. , add voltages at each level, but do not add excitation signals. In this way, the noise temperature of the amplifier is obtained by formula (4): KBG
Wu In: P.—-output noise power, W;
—·Boltzmann constant;
B-bandwidth of the output filter, Hz
G—amplifier small signal gain.
After determining the noise temperature in this way, the noise figure is given by formula (5): Noise figure = 10log1o
12.3 Result expression
The noise figure should be expressed in decibels.
12.4 Details to be specified
When the requirements for this measurement are to be made, the technical conditions of the equipment The following should be included: Maximum value of the allowable noise figure (dB)
Automatic level control (ALC)
When the amplifier is equipped with an automatic level control device, the function of this device should be measured statically point by point. The measurement should be carried out within the specified input power range.
14 Gain instability:
14.1 Definition
The power gain instability of the amplifier refers to the change in gain under the specified output power and frequency conditions within a specified time interval:
Gain instability is expressed in decibels.
According to Chapter 5 of this series of standards GB11299.2 "Measurements within the radio frequency range". Instructions for use:
111F (standard 12F (C0) 98 is 293 in the original text, but the noise isolation coefficient is usually defined at the standard noise temperature of 290K, so this standard is changed to 290. 115
14.2 Measurement method
The measurement equipment configuration is shown in Figure 1.
GB11299.10—89
When the amplifier under test reaches thermal stability, a signal of specified power and frequency is added to the input terminal, and the output power is adjusted to the specified value. Use a multi-pen recorder to plot the following parameters within the specified time interval. a.
Output power;
Input power;
Power supply voltage;
Amplifier Electrode voltage;
Ambient temperature;
Amplifier coolant temperature (if used). 14.3 Representation of results
The above parameters should be recorded continuously at specified time intervals and the results should be expressed as traces drawn by a multi-pen recorder. 14.4
Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment specifications should include the following: a.
Input test signal frequency;
Input test signal power:
Output power;
Ambient conditions;
Time interval between measurements.
Ionizing radiation
15.1 Definitions and general considerations
Ionizing radiation Refers to radiation with high energy that can ionize the propagating material. The ionizing radiation generated by high-power amplifiers is mostly X-rays. As long as the potential difference between the electrodes of the amplifier tube exceeds 5kV, X-rays can be generated.
The unit of ionizing radiation is gray.
The unit of the maximum allowable radiation dose rate, usually expressed in milligray/hour. 15.2 Measurement method
The measurement equipment configuration is shown in Figure 2.
Note: RF receivers and oscilloscopes are not used here. The measurement is carried out in two states: the high-power amplifier is operating in saturation and the excitation signal is removed. For each measurement of all parts of the amplifier under test that are easily touched by operators or maintenance personnel, the ionizing radiation meter is in direct contact with the measured part. 5 cm from the device. 15.3 Expression of results
Any significant radiation, i.e., those close to the specified maximum value, shall be recorded together with the position of the radiometer. 15.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the following shall be included in the equipment specifications: The maximum permissible ionizing radiation in milligrays per hour. 16 Spurious RF radiation (cabinet radiation)
16.1 Definition
Spurious RF radiation or cabinet radiation is non-ionizing RF radiation which originates from the cabinet or other components of the high power amplifier, in particular, which is not absorbed by the RF load connected to the amplifier. 16.2 Measurement method
The test equipment is shown in Figure 2.
GB 11299.10--89
The amplifier under test is driven to saturation, the test signal is swept within the passband of the amplifier, the horn antenna is connected to the RF receiver and the oscilloscope, and all areas that may be affected by the amplifier under test are detected. The RF power in the measured cheek band range is read out by a calibrated oscilloscope displayed via a standard receiver.
Note: Any change in the actual structure of the amplifier may cause a change in the radiation pattern. Therefore, all states (conditions) that may be encountered during the use of the equipment must be measured.
16.3 Representation of results
Any significant radiation, that is, those close to the specified maximum value, should be recorded together with the signal frequency and the precise position of the test speaker.
Radiated power density is the ratio of the power at the speaker output to the effective area of the speaker mouth, expressed in m/cm\. Note: The standards for the power of stray RF radiation allowed in different countries are different, generally between 1 and 10mw/cm\. 16.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment specifications should include the following: a.
Permissible stray (cabinet) RF radiation, mW/cm\; the frequency range of measurement.
RF signal
Generator
Coupler
Frequency meter
Amplifier
Coupler
Attenuator
Power meter
Delay line
Monitor
Amplifier
Recorder
Overflow monitor
Figure 1 Gain instability measurement equipment configuration
Coupler
Attenuator
Power meter
Power supply
Monitor
Sweep voltage Output
RF frequency sweep
Generator
Ionization sheath radiator
Oscilloscope
GB11299.10---89
Amplifier
Amplifier
Test horn antenna
Receiver
Coupler
Frequency power
Figure 2 Configuration of stray radiation and X-ray radiation measurement equipment matching end
Note: For X-ray measurement, an ionization radiometer calibrated with a suitable standard radiation source is used instead of the test horn receiver and oscilloscope. Additional remarks:
This standard was drafted by Nanjing Changjiang Machinery Manufacturing Plant and installed in the following year 118
However, this relationship does not apply to the case where the output power is at or near the saturation value. Additional measurements must be made when working in this region.
12 Noise Figure
·General Consideration
Noise…·Generally, it can be divided into background noise and modulation noise. Background noise often appears in microwave tubes. Thermal noise, flicker effect noise, shot effect noise, ion noise and any other noise caused by random processes are called background noise. The background noise in the amplifier is expressed by the noise figure. Modulation noise is caused by the interaction between the carrier and the modulation signal. Here, the background noise of the base amplifier is mainly measured. 12.2 Measurement Method
The output end of the amplifier under test is connected to the power meter through a bandpass filter of known bandwidth. The amplitude/frequency characteristics of the filter are required to be sufficient to make the noise have a constant density within the selected bandwidth. The selected bandwidth must be wide enough to ensure sufficient sound level required for measurement. The input end of the amplifier is connected to a matching load and voltages of various levels are added, but no excitation signal is added. Thus, the noise temperature of the amplifier is given by equation (4):KBG
WWhere: P.—-output noise power, W;
—·Boltzmann constant;
B-bandwidth of the output filter, Hz
G—amplifier small signal gain.
After determining the noise temperature in this way, the noise figure is given by equation (5):Noise figure = 10log1o
12.3 Representation of results
The noise figure shall be expressed in decibels.
12.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the following shall be included in the equipment specifications:Maximum allowable noise figure (dB)
Automatic level control (ALC)
When the amplifier is equipped with an automatic level control device, the function of this device shall be measured statically point by point. The measurement shall be made within the specified input power range.
14 Gain instability:
14.1 Definition
The power gain instability of an amplifier refers to the change in gain under specified output power and frequency conditions within a specified time interval:
Gain instability is expressed in decibels.
According to Chapter 5 of this series of standards GB11299.2 "Measurements in the radio frequency range". Adoption instructions:
111F (Standard 12F (C0) 98 is 293 in the original text, but the noise isolation coefficient is usually defined at the standard noise temperature of 290K, so this standard is changed to 290. 115
14.2 Measurement method
The measurement equipment is configured as shown in Figure 1.
GB11299.10-89
After the amplifier under test reaches thermal stability, a signal of specified power and frequency is added to the input terminal, and the output power is adjusted to the specified value. Use a multi-pen recorder to plot the following parameters within the specified time interval. a.
Output power;||t t||Input power;
Supply voltage;
Amplifier electrode voltage;
Ambient temperature;
Amplifier coolant temperature (if used). 14.3 Representation of results
The above parameters shall be recorded continuously at the specified time intervals and the results shall be expressed as traces drawn by a multi-pen recorder. 14.4
Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment specifications shall include the following: a.
Input test signal frequency;
Input test signal power:
Output power;
Ambient conditions;
Time interval between measurements.
Ionizing radiation
15.1 Definitions and general considerations
Ionizing radiation is radiation with high energy that can ionize the propagating material. Ionizing radiation produced by high-power amplifiers is mostly X-rays. X-rays can be generated as long as the potential difference between the electrodes of the amplifier tube exceeds 5 kV.
The unit used for ionizing radiation is gray.
The unit of maximum permissible radiation dose rate, usually expressed in milligray/hour. 15.2 Measurement method
The measurement equipment is configured as shown in Figure 2.
Note: RF receivers and oscilloscopes are not used here. The measurements are made when the high-power amplifier is operating in saturation and when the excitation signal is removed. All parts of the amplifier under test that are easily touched by operators or maintenance personnel are tested. For each measurement, the ionizing radiometer is held 5 cm from the component being measured. 15.3 Expression of results
Any apparent radiation levels, i.e., those approaching the specified maximum level, shall be recorded together with the position of the radiometer. 15.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the following shall be included in the equipment specifications: The maximum permissible ionizing radiation level in milligrays per hour. 16 Spurious RF radiation (cabinet radiation)
16.1 Definition
Spurious RF radiation or cabinet radiation is non-ionizing RF radiation which originates from the cabinet or other components of the high power amplifier, in particular, which is not absorbed by the RF load connected to the amplifier. 16.2 Measurement method
The test equipment shall be configured as shown in Figure 2.
GB 11299.10--89
The amplifier under test is stimulated to saturation, and the test signal is scanned within the passband of the amplifier. The horn antenna is connected to the RF receiver and the oscilloscope to detect all the areas that can be affected by the amplifier under test. The RF power within the measured range is read out by the calibrated oscilloscope through the standard receiver.
Note: Any change in the actual structure of the amplifier may cause a change in the radiation pattern. Therefore, all states (conditions) that may be encountered during the use of the equipment must be measured.
16.3 Expression of results
Any obvious radiation, that is, those close to the specified maximum value, should be recorded together with the signal frequency and the precise position of the test horn.
Radiated power density is the ratio of the power at the output of the horn to the effective area of the horn mouth, expressed in m/cm\. Note: The permitted stray RF radiation power standards vary from country to country, generally between 1 and 10 mw/cm\. 16.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment specifications shall include the following: a.
Permitted stray (cabinet) RF radiation, mW/cm\; Frequency range of measurement.
RF signal
Generator
Coupler
Frequency meter
Amplifier
Coupler
Attenuator
Power meter
Delay line
Monitor
Amplifier
Recorder
Overflow monitor
Figure 1 Gain instability measurement equipment configuration
Coupler
Attenuator
Power meter
Power supply
Monitor
Sweep voltage Output
RF frequency sweep
Generator
Ionization sheath radiator
Oscilloscope
GB11299.10---89
Amplifier
Amplifier
Test horn antenna
Receiver
Coupler
Frequency power
Figure 2 Configuration of stray radiation and X-ray radiation measurement equipment matching end
Note: For X-ray measurement, an ionization radiometer calibrated with a suitable standard radiation source is used instead of the test horn receiver and oscilloscope. Additional remarks:
This standard was drafted by Nanjing Changjiang Machinery Manufacturing Plant and installed in the following year 118
However, this relationship does not apply to the case where the output power is at or near the saturation value. Additional measurements must be made when working in this region.
12 Noise Figure
·General Consideration
Noise…·Generally, it can be divided into background noise and modulation noise. Background noise often appears in microwave tubes. Thermal noise, flicker effect noise, shot effect noise, ion noise and any other noise caused by random processes are called background noise. The background noise in the amplifier is expressed by the noise figure. Modulation noise is caused by the interaction between the carrier and the modulation signal. Here, the background noise of the base amplifier is mainly measured. 12.2 Measurement Method
The output end of the amplifier under test is connected to the power meter through a bandpass filter of known bandwidth. The amplitude/frequency characteristics of the filter are required to be sufficient to make the noise have a constant density within the selected bandwidth. The selected bandwidth must be wide enough to ensure sufficient sound level required for measurement. The input end of the amplifier is connected to a matching load and voltages of various levels are added, but no excitation signal is added. Thus, the noise temperature of the amplifier is given by equation (4):KBG
WWhere: P.—-output noise power, W;
—·Boltzmann constant;
B-bandwidth of the output filter, Hz
G—amplifier small signal gain.
After determining the noise temperature in this way, the noise figure is given by equation (5):Noise figure = 10log1o
12.3 Representation of results
The noise figure shall be expressed in decibels.
12.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the following shall be included in the equipment specifications:Maximum allowable noise figure (dB)
Automatic level control (ALC)
When the amplifier is equipped with an automatic level control device, the function of this device shall be measured statically point by point. The measurement shall be made within the specified input power range.
14 Gain instability:
14.1 Definition
The power gain instability of an amplifier refers to the change in gain under specified output power and frequency conditions within a specified time interval:
Gain instability is expressed in decibels.
According to Chapter 5 of this series of standards GB11299.2 "Measurements in the radio frequency range". Adoption instructions:
111F (Standard 12F (C0) 98 is 293 in the original text, but the noise isolation coefficient is usually defined at the standard noise temperature of 290K, so this standard is changed to 290. 115
14.2 Measurement method
The measurement equipment is configured as shown in Figure 1.
GB11299.10-89
After the amplifier under test reaches thermal stability, a signal of specified power and frequency is added to the input terminal, and the output power is adjusted to the specified value. Use a multi-pen recorder to plot the following parameters within the specified time interval. a.
Output power;||t t||Input power;
Supply voltage;
Amplifier electrode voltage;
Ambient temperature;
Amplifier coolant temperature (if used). 14.3 Representation of results
The above parameters shall be recorded continuously at the specified time intervals and the results shall be expressed as traces drawn by a multi-pen recorder. 14.4
Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment specifications shall include the following: a.
Input test signal frequency;
Input test signal power:
Output power;
Ambient conditions;
Time interval between measurements.
Ionizing radiation
15.1 Definitions and general considerations
Ionizing radiation is radiation with high energy that can ionize the propagating material. Ionizing radiation produced by high-power amplifiers is mostly X-rays. X-rays can be generated as long as the potential difference between the electrodes of the amplifier tube exceeds 5 kV.
The unit used for ionizing radiation is gray.
The unit of maximum permissible radiation dose rate, usually expressed in milligray/hour. 15.2 Measurement method
The measurement equipment is configured as shown in Figure 2.
Note: RF receivers and oscilloscopes are not used here. The measurements are made when the high-power amplifier is operating in saturation and when the excitation signal is removed. All parts of the amplifier under test that are easily touched by operators or maintenance personnel are tested. For each measurement, the ionizing radiometer is held 5 cm from the component being measured. 15.3 Expression of results
Any apparent radiation levels, i.e., those approaching the specified maximum level, shall be recorded together with the position of the radiometer. 15.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the following shall be included in the equipment specifications: The maximum permissible ionizing radiation level in milligrays per hour. 16 Spurious RF radiation (cabinet radiation)
16.1 Definition
Spurious RF radiation or cabinet radiation is non-ionizing RF radiation which originates from the cabinet or other components of the high power amplifier, in particular, which is not absorbed by the RF load connected to the amplifier. 16.2 Measurement method
The test equipment shall be configured as shown in Figure 2.
GB 11299.10--89
The amplifier under test is stimulated to saturation, and the test signal is scanned within the passband of the amplifier. The horn antenna is connected to the RF receiver and the oscilloscope to detect all the areas that can be affected by the amplifier under test. The RF power within the measured range is read out by the calibrated oscilloscope through the standard receiver.
Note: Any change in the actual structure of the amplifier may cause a change in the radiation pattern. Therefore, all states (conditions) that may be encountered during the use of the equipment must be measured.
16.3 Expression of results
Any obvious radiation, that is, those close to the specified maximum value, should be recorded together with the signal frequency and the precise position of the test horn.
Radiated power density is the ratio of the power at the output of the horn to the effective area of the horn mouth, expressed in m/cm\. Note: The permitted stray RF radiation power standards vary from country to country, generally between 1 and 10 mw/cm\. 16.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment specifications shall include the following: a.
Permitted stray (cabinet) RF radiation, mW/cm\; Frequency range of measurement.
RF signal
Generator
Coupler
Frequency meter
Amplifier
Coupler
Attenuator
Power meter
Delay line
Monitor
Amplifier
Recorder
Overflow monitor
Figure 1 Gain instability measurement equipment configuration
Coupler
Attenuator
Power meter
Power supply
Monitor
Sweep voltage Output
RF frequency sweep
Generator
Ionization sheath radiator
Oscilloscope
GB11299.10---89
Amplifier
Amplifier
Test horn antenna
Receiver
Coupler
Frequency power
Figure 2 Configuration of stray radiation and X-ray radiation measurement equipment matching end
Note: For X-ray measurement, an ionization radiometer calibrated with a suitable standard radiation source is used instead of the test horn receiver and oscilloscope. Additional remarks:
This standard was drafted by Nanjing Changjiang Machinery Manufacturing Plant and installed in the following year 118
4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the following shall be included in the equipment specifications: Maximum allowable noise figure (dB)
Automatic level control (ALC)
When the amplifier is equipped with an automatic level control device, the function of this device shall be measured statically point by point. The measurement shall be carried out within the specified input power range.
14 Gain instability:
14.1 Definition
The power gain instability of an amplifier refers to the change in gain value under specified output power and frequency conditions within a specified time interval:
Gain instability is expressed in decibels.
According to Chapter 5 of this series of standards GB11299.2 "Measurements in the radio frequency range". Adoption instructions:
111F (Standard 12F (C0) 98 is 293 in the original text, but the noise isolation coefficient is usually defined at the standard noise temperature of 290K, so this standard is changed to 290. 115
14.2 Measurement method
The measurement equipment is configured as shown in Figure 1.
GB11299.10-89
After the amplifier under test reaches thermal stability, a signal of specified power and frequency is added to the input terminal, and the output power is adjusted to the specified value. Use a multi-pen recorder to plot the following parameters within the specified time interval. a.
Output power;||t t||Input power;
Supply voltage;
Amplifier electrode voltage;
Ambient temperature;
Amplifier coolant temperature (if used). 14.3 Representation of results
The above parameters shall be recorded continuously at the specified time intervals and the results shall be expressed as traces drawn by a multi-pen recorder. 14.4
Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment specifications shall include the following: a.
Input test signal frequency;
Input test signal power:
Output power;
Ambient conditions;
Time interval between measurements.
Ionizing radiation
15.1 Definitions and general considerations
Ionizing radiation is radiation with high energy that can ionize the propagating material. Ionizing radiation produced by high-power amplifiers is mostly X-rays. X-rays can be generated as long as the potential difference between the electrodes of the amplifier tube exceeds 5 kV.
The unit used for ionizing radiation is gray.
The unit of maximum permissible radiation dose rate, usually expressed in milligray/hour. 15.2 Measurement method
The measurement equipment is configured as shown in Figure 2.
Note: RF receivers and oscilloscopes are not used here. The measurements are made when the high-power amplifier is operating in saturation and when the excitation signal is removed. All parts of the amplifier under test that are easily touched by operators or maintenance personnel are tested. For each measurement, the ionizing radiometer is held 5 cm from the component being measured. 15.3 Expression of results
Any apparent radiation levels, i.e., those approaching the specified maximum level, shall be recorded together with the position of the radiometer. 15.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the following shall be included in the equipment specifications: The maximum permissible ionizing radiation level in milligrays per hour. 16 Spurious RF radiation (cabinet radiation)
16.1 Definition
Spurious RF radiation or cabinet radiation is non-ionizing RF radiation which originates from the cabinet or other components of the high power amplifier, in particular, which is not absorbed by the RF load connected to the amplifier. 16.2 Measurement method
The test equipment shall be configured as shown in Figure 2.
GB 11299.10--89
The amplifier under test is stimulated to saturation, and the test signal is scanned within the passband of the amplifier. The horn antenna is connected to the RF receiver and the oscilloscope to detect all the areas that can be affected by the amplifier under test. The RF power within the measured range is read out by the calibrated oscilloscope through the standard receiver.
Note: Any change in the actual structure of the amplifier may cause a change in the radiation pattern. Therefore, all states (conditions) that may be encountered during the use of the equipment must be measured.
16.3 Expression of results
Any obvious radiation, that is, those close to the specified maximum value, should be recorded together with the signal frequency and the precise position of the test horn.
Radiated power density is the ratio of the power at the output of the horn to the effective area of the horn mouth, expressed in m/cm\. Note: The permitted stray RF radiation power standards vary from country to country, generally between 1 and 10 mw/cm\. 16.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment specifications shall include the following: a.
Permitted stray (cabinet) RF radiation, mW/cm\; Frequency range of measurement.
RF signal
Generator
Coupler
Frequency meter
Amplifier
Coupler
Attenuator
Power meter
Delay line
Monitor
Amplifier
Recorder
Overflow monitor
Figure 1 Gain instability measurement equipment configuration
Coupler
Attenuator
Power meter
Power supply
Monitor
Sweep voltage Output
RF frequency sweep
Generator
Ionization sheath radiator
Oscilloscope
GB11299.10---89
Amplifier
Amplifier
Test horn antenna
Receiver
Coupler
Frequency power
Figure 2 Configuration of stray radiation and X-ray radiation measurement equipment matching end
Note: For X-ray measurement, an ionization radiometer calibrated with a suitable standard radiation source is used instead of the test horn receiver and oscilloscope. Additional remarks:
This standard was drafted by Nanjing Changjiang Machinery Manufacturing Plant and installed in the following year 118
4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the following shall be included in the equipment specifications: Maximum allowable noise figure (dB)
Automatic level control (ALC)
When the amplifier is equipped with an automatic level control device, the function of this device shall be measured statically point by point. The measurement shall be carried out within the specified input power range.
14 Gain instability:
14.1 Definition
The power gain instability of an amplifier refers to the change in gain value under specified output power and frequency conditions within a specified time interval:
Gain instability is expressed in decibels.
According to Chapter 5 of this series of standards GB11299.2 "Measurements in the radio frequency range". Adoption instructions:
111F (Standard 12F (C0) 98 is 293 in the original text, but the noise isolation coefficient is usually defined at the standard noise temperature of 290K, so this standard is changed to 290. 115
14.2 Measurement method
The measurement equipment is configured as shown in Figure 1.
GB11299.10-89
After the amplifier under test reaches thermal stability, a signal of specified power and frequency is added to the input terminal, and the output power is adjusted to the specified value. Use a multi-pen recorder to plot the following parameters within the specified time interval. a.
Output power;||t t||Input power;
Supply voltage;
Amplifier electrode voltage;
Ambient temperature;
Amplifier coolant temperature (if used). 14.3 Representation of results
The above parameters shall be recorded continuously at the specified time intervals and the results shall be expressed as traces drawn by a multi-pen recorder. 14.4
Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment specifications shall include the following: a.
Input test signal frequency;
Input test signal power:
Output power;
Ambient conditions;
Time interval between measurements.
Ionizing radiation
15.1 Definitions and general considerations
Ionizing radiation is radiation with high energy that can ionize the propagating material. Ionizing radiation produced by high-power amplifiers is mostly X-rays. X-rays can be generated as long as the potential difference between the electrodes of the amplifier tube exceeds 5 kV.
The unit used for ionizing radiation is gray.
The unit of maximum permissible radiation dose rate, usually expressed in milligray/hour. 15.2 Measurement method
The measurement equipment is configured as shown in Figure 2.
Note: RF receivers and oscilloscopes are not used here. The measurements are made when the high-power amplifier is operating in saturation and when the excitation signal is removed. All parts of the amplifier under test that are easily touched by operators or maintenance personnel are tested. For each measurement, the ionizing radiometer is held 5 cm from the component being measured. 15.3 Expression of results
Any apparent radiation levels, i.e., those approaching the specified maximum level, shall be recorded together with the position of the radiometer. 15.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the following shall be included in the equipment specifications: The maximum permissible ionizing radiation level in milligrays per hour. 16 Spurious RF radiation (cabinet radiation)
16.1 Definition
Spurious RF radiation or cabinet radiation is non-ionizing RF radiation which originates from the cabinet or other components of the high power amplifier, in particular, which is not absorbed by the RF load connected to the amplifier. 16.2 Measurement method
The test equipment shall be configured as shown in Figure 2.
GB 11299.10--89
The amplifier under test is stimulated to saturation, and the test signal is scanned within the passband of the amplifier. The horn antenna is connected to the RF receiver and the oscilloscope to detect all the areas that can be affected by the amplifier under test. The RF power within the measured range is read out by the calibrated oscilloscope through the standard receiver.
Note: Any change in the actual structure of the amplifier may cause a change in the radiation pattern. Therefore, all states (conditions) that may be encountered during the use of the equipment must be measured.
16.3 Expression of results
Any obvious radiation, that is, those close to the specified maximum value, should be recorded together with the signal frequency and the precise position of the test horn.
Radiated power density is the ratio of the power at the output of the horn to the effective area of the horn mouth, expressed in m/cm\. Note: The permitted stray RF radiation power standards vary from country to country, generally between 1 and 10 mw/cm\. 16.4 Details to be specified
When this measurement is required, the equipment specifications shall include the following: a.
Permitted stray (cabinet) RF radiation, mW/cm\; Frequency range of measurement.
RF signal
Generator
Coupler
Frequency meter
Amplifier
Coupler
Attenuator
Power meter
Delay line
Monitor
Amplifier
Recorder
Overflow monitor
Figure 1 Gain instability measurement equipment configuration
Coupler
Attenuator
Power meter
Power supply
Monitor
Sweep voltage Output
RF frequency sweep
Generator
Ionization sheath radiator
Oscilloscope
GB11299.10---89
Amplifier
Amplifier
Test horn antenna
ReceiverWww.bzxZ.net
Coupler
Frequency power
Figure 2 Configuration of stray radiation and X-ray radiation measurement equipment matching end
Note: For X-ray measurement, an ionization radiometer calibrated with a suitable standard radiation source is used instead of the test horn receiver and oscilloscope. Additional remarks:
This standard was drafted by Nanjing Changjiang Machinery Manufacturing Plant and installed in the following year 118
2 Measurement Methods
The measurement equipment is configured as shown in Figure 2.
Note: An RF receiver and oscilloscope are not used. The measurements are made with the high power amplifier operating in saturation and with the excitation signal removed. For each measurement of all parts of the amplifier under test that are easily accessible to operators or maintenance personnel, the ionizing radiation meter is 5 cm away from the measured parts. 15.3 Expression of Results
Any significant radiation, i.e., those approaching the specified maximum value, shall be recorded together with the position of the radiation meter. 15.4 Details to be Specified
When this measurement is required, the following shall be included in the equipment specifications: The maximum permissible ionizing radiation in milligrays per hour. 16 Spurious RF Radiation (Cabinet Radiation)
16.1 Definitions
Spurious RF radiation or cabinet radiation is non-ionizing RF radiation that comes from the cabinet or other components of the high power amplifier, in particular, that is not absorbed by the RF load connected to the amplifier. 16.2 Measurement method
The test equipment is shown in
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