Transport of dangerous goods—Test methods and criteria relating to the sensitivity of ammonium nitrate emulsions,suspension or gels,intermediate for blasting explosives(ANE)
Some standard content:
ICS13.300
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB26448-—2010
Transport of dangerous goods
Test methods and criteria relatingto the sensitivity of ammonium nitrate emulsions,suspensionor gels,intermediate for blasting explosives(ANE)Promulgated on January 14, 2011
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of ChinaAdministration of Standardization of the People's Republic of China
Implementation on July 1, 2011
Chapter 4 of this standard is mandatory, and the rest are recommended. GB26448--2010
This standard is not equivalent to the United Nations "Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods: Manual of Tests and Criteria" (4th revised edition). Its relevant technical contents are completely consistent with the above manual. The standard text format has been edited according to GB/T1.1-2000. The technical contents of this standard correspond to those of the United Nations "Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods: Manual of Tests and Criteria" as follows: Method 1 corresponds to test 8(a) of test series 8; Method 2 corresponds to test 8(b) of test series 8; Method 3 corresponds to test 8c) of test series 8; Method 4 corresponds to test 8(d) of test series 8. This standard was proposed and approved by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Dangerous Chemicals Management (SAC/TC251). The responsible drafting unit of this standard: Jiangxi Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau. The participating drafting units of this standard: China Chemical Standardization Research Institute, China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association. The main drafters of this standard: Zuo Haigen, Mei Jian, Shi Lei, Guo Ping, Gong Xiaopang, Jia Jiaxiang. This standard is published for the first time.
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1 Scope
Transport of Dangerous Goods
Sensitivity of Explosive Intermediates (ANE)
Test Methods and Criteria
GB26448—2010
This standard specifies the determination method and criteria for the sensitivity of explosive intermediates (ANE) such as ammonium nitrate emulsion, ammonium nitrate suspension or ammonium nitrate gel, and determines whether the substance can be classified as a substance in item 5.1. The first method of this standard is applicable to the determination of the stability of explosive intermediates (ANE) under high temperature conditions. The second method of this standard is applicable to the determination of the sensitivity of explosive intermediates (ANE) to shocks of a specified level. The third method of this standard is applicable to the determination of the sensitivity of explosive intermediates (AVE) to strong thermal effects under highly enclosed conditions. The fourth method of this standard is applicable to the determination of whether explosive intermediates (AVE) are suitable for canned transportation. 2 Normative References
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard through reference in this standard. For any dated referenced document, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this standard. However, the parties to an agreement based on this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For any undated referenced document, the latest version shall apply to this standard. GB6944 Classification and Name Number of Dangerous Goods United Nations "Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods: Model Regulations" (Fifteenth Revised Edition) 3 Terms and Definitions
GB6944 and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods: Manual of Tests and Criteria (Fifteenth Revised Edition) and the following terms and definitions are applicable to this standard.
Dangerous goods dangerous goods
Substances and articles with explosive, flammable, toxic, infectious, corrosive, radioactive and other dangerous characteristics that may cause personal injury, property damage or environmental pollution during transportation, storage, production, operation, use and disposal and require special protection. 3.2
Substances in Division 5.1 Oxidizing substances are not necessarily flammable in themselves, but may cause or promote the combustion of other substances by releasing oxygen. 3.3
Intermediate for blasting explosives The intermediate for blasting explosives in this standard refers to ammonium nitrate emulsion, ammonium nitrate suspension or ammonium nitrate gel, etc. 4 Test methods
4.1 Test types
This standard test is used for the determination method and criterion of the sensitivity of explosive intermediates (ANE), including four test methods. Among them, the first method, the second method and the third method are used as the basis for judging whether the test object belongs to the substance in Division 5.1, and the fourth method is used as a method to evaluate whether it is suitable for tank transportation.
4.2 Test conditions
The sample should be kept in the same state as during transportation, and the test should be carried out under the highest temperature conditions during transportation. 1
GB26448—2010
4.3 Method 1 ANE thermal stability test
4.3.1 Principle
This test is used to determine the stability of explosive intermediates (ANE) under high temperature conditions to determine whether the explosive intermediates (ANE) are stable under the temperature conditions during transportation and whether they are too dangerous to be transported. 4.3.2 Equipment and materials
4.3.2.1 Test room
It should be fire-resistant and pressure-resistant, and it is best to install a decompression system, such as an explosion-proof wall. A recording system is installed in a separate observation area. The test room can use a sufficiently large drying oven with temperature regulation function, such as a fan, to ensure air circulation around the Dewar flask. The temperature in the drying oven should be stably controlled to ensure that the temperature deviation of the liquid inert sample in the Dewar flask does not exceed 1°C in 10 days. It is recommended to install a magnetic lock on the door of the drying oven or use an insulating cover. The interior of the drying oven can be protected by an appropriate steel lining. 4.3.2.2 Dewar flask
The capacity is 500ml and can be placed in a metal mesh cover. With an inert closure device, as shown in Figure 1. By changing the closure device, the heat loss of the Dewar flask can be adjusted within 80mW/(kg·K)~100mW/(kg·K). H
Polytetrafluoroethylene capillary;
Spiral device to be made with annular seal (polytetrafluoroethylene or aluminum); metal belt;
Glass cover:
Glass beaker bottom seat;
Figure 1 Dewar flask with closure device
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Spring:
Glass protection tube:
A Dewar flask;
A steel bracket.
The heat loss per unit mass of the Dewar flask is calculated according to formula (1): L=ln2×c
Wherein:
Heat loss per unit mass, in watts per kilogram Kelvin [W/(kg·K)]; L
GB26448—2010
. (1)
The time taken for the temperature of the Dewar flask to drop by half after it is filled with an inert substance with similar physical properties, in seconds (s); specific heat capacity of the substance, in joules per kilogram Kelvin [J/(kg·K)]. 4.3.2.3 Temperature sensor
The temperature range can meet the requirement of being 6°C higher than the test room temperature. 4.3.2.4 Temperature recording system
Measure and record the temperature of the test room and the sample. 4.3.3 Test steps
4.3.3.1 Test of heat loss characteristics of Dewar flask and closed system Since the closed system has an important influence on the heat loss characteristics, the heat loss characteristics can be adjusted to a certain extent by changing the closed system. The heat loss characteristics of the Dewar flask and the closed system used should be determined before the test. The heat loss characteristics can be determined by measuring the time taken for the flask to reduce half the temperature after being filled with an inert material with similar physical properties. Calculate according to formula (1). When a suitable Dewar flask is filled with 400mL of material, its heat loss should be in the range of 80mW (kgK) 100mW/(kg:k) 4.3.3.2 Loading the sample
Put the sample into the Dewar flask to about 80% of the height of the flask. Record the mass of the sample loaded. When the viscosity of the sample is high, the sample can be prefabricated into a shape that can be placed in the Dewar flask. Its diameter should be slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the Dewar flask. Before loading the sample into the bottle, you can use inert solid materials to load the empty part at the bottom of the Dewar flask to facilitate the use of cylindrical samples. Insert the temperature sensor into the center of the sample, close the Dewar flask mouth, put the Dewar flask into the metal mesh cover of the test room, connect the temperature recording device, and close the test room. 4.3.3.3 Set the temperature
Set the test room temperature to a temperature point 20°C higher than the highest temperature that may occur during the loading or transportation of the test object. 4.3.3.4 Heating
Heat the sample, continuously monitor the sample and test room temperature, record the time when the sample temperature reaches 2°C below the test room temperature, and continue heating for 7 days: if the sample temperature rises to 6°C above the test room temperature within 7 days, stop heating. Record the time when the sample temperature rises from 2°C below the test room temperature to its maximum temperature. 4.3.3.5 Sample processing
After the test, if there are any samples left in the test room, take them out after cooling, process them as soon as possible, and determine the percentage of mass loss and composition changes. 4.3.4 Result determination
4.3.4.1 If the sample temperature does not exceed the test room temperature by 6°C during the test, it can be considered to be thermally stable, and the result is recorded as "", and subsequent tests can be carried out.
4.3.4.2 The thermal stability test results of some samples are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Results of thermal stability test of some samples Test object
Ammonium nitrate
ANE-1 Ammonium nitrate 76%. Water 17%, fuel/emulsifier 7%ANE-2 (sensitized) Ammonium nitrate 75%, water 17%, fuel/emulsifier 7%
ANE-Y Ammonium nitrate 77%, water 17%. Fuel/emulsifier 7% Sample mass/g Test temperature/℃
Slightly faded, formed into hard lumps,
Mass loss 0.5 %
Oil and salt separation,
Mass loss 0.8%
Partial fading,
Mass loss 0.8%
Mass loss 0.1%
GB26448—2010
Test object
ANE-ZAmmonium nitrate 75%. Water 20%. Fuel/emulsifier 5%A.VF-G1Ammonium nitrate 74%, sodium nitrate 1%, water 16%, fuel/emulsifier 7%|| tt||A.VE-G2 Ammonium nitrate 74%, sodium nitrate 3%, water 16%, fuel/emulsifier 7%
ANE-J1 Ammonium nitrate 80%. Water 13%. Fuel/emulsifier 7%ANE-J2 Ammonium nitrate 76%. Water 17%. Fuel/emulsifier 7%ANE-J4 Ammonium nitrate 71%, sodium nitrate 11%, water 12%, fuel/emulsifier 60%
4.4 Second method
4.4.1 Principle
A NE partition test
Table 1 (continued)
Sample mass/g
Test temperature/°C
Mass loss 0.2%
No temperature rise
No temperature rise
Mass loss 0.1%
Mass loss 0.3%
Mass loss 0.1%
This test is used to determine the sensitivity of explosive intermediates to specified levels of shock, given donor charge and partition. 4.4.2 Apparatus and materials
4.4.2.1 Detonators
United Nations standard detonators or equivalent.
4.4.2.2 Wooden blocks
Detonator support plates, 95 mm in diameter and 25 mm thick, with a hole drilled in the center. Used to support the detonators. 4.4.2.3 Explosive charge
Donor, compressed 50/50 pentolite with a diameter of 95 mm and a length of 95 mm, or 95/5 cyclonic dynamite/wax pellets with a density of 1600 kg/m ± 50 kg/m2.
4.4.2.4 Barrier
Partition, cast polymethyl methacrylate or plexiglass rod, 95 mm in diameter and 70 mm in length. Depending on the type of donor used
see Table 2 and Figure 2, the impact pressure of a 70 mm long partition on the latex is approximately between 3.5 GPa and +.0 GPa. 2ANE partition test calibration data
Pentolite 50/50 detonator
Partition distance/mm
Barrier pressure/GPa
Cyclone/wax/graphite donor detonator
Partition distance/mm
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Barrier pressure/GPa
Pentolite 50/50 detonator
Partition distance/mm
Cold drawn seamless steel pipe
Barrier pressure/GPa
Pentolite 50/50 detonator
Table 2 (continued)
GB26448— 2010
Cyclone explosive/wax/graphite donor detonator
Partition distance/mm
Cyclone explosive/wax/graphite donor detonator
Partition distance/mm
ANE partition test calibration data
Barrier pressure/GPa
Acceptor, used as a container for loading the sample explosive, has an outer diameter of 95 mm, a wall thickness of 11.1 mm ± 1.11 mm, a length of 280 mm, and has the following mechanical properties:
Tensile strength is 420 MPa ± 84 MPa;
Elongation is 22% ± 4.4%;
Brinell hardness is 125 + 25.
4.4.2.6 Test specimen
The diameter of the sample material is just smaller than the inner diameter of the cold-drawn seamless steel pipe loaded with the sample explosive. The gap between the sample and the receptor should be as small as possible. 4.4.2.7 Cardboard tube
Inner diameter 97mm, length 443mm.
GB26448—2010
4.4.2.8 Verification steel plate
Target. Mild steel plate. 200mm×200mm×20mm, with the following mechanical properties: a) Tensile strength 580MPa±116MPa; elongation 21%±4.2%;
c) Brinell hardness 160±32.
4.4.3 Test steps
4.4.3.1 Preparation of test apparatus
At ambient temperature, coaxially arrange the detonator, donor charge, partition and receptor charge above the center of the verification plate, ensuring good contact between the detonator and the donor, between the donor and the partition, and between the partition and the receptor charge, as shown in Figure 3. Composition
A—detonator:
explosive charge;
plexiglass partition:
test substance;
E—steel tube:
F—witness plate.
Figure 3ANE partition test device
4.4.3.2 Preparation of collection device
In order to better collect the remnants of the witness plate, the entire test device can be placed on top of a water container with at least 10 cm of space between the water surface and the bottom of the witness plate, and the witness plate is raised from both sides. Other collection methods can also be used, but there must be enough free space under the witness plate so as not to hinder the witness plate from being penetrated.
4.4.3.3 Test
Unless a positive result is observed in advance, three tests are generally carried out. 4.4.4 Result judgment
4.4.4.1 The witness plate is penetrated with a smooth hole, indicating that an explosion has been triggered in the sample. In any test, the material detonated under the 70 mm long partition is not classified as explosive interstitial and the result is recorded as "-". 6
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4.4.4.2 The test results of the ANE partition test of some samples are shown in Table 3. Table 3 Test results of some test objects ANE separator Test objects
Ammonium nitrate (low density)
Ammonium nitrate (low density)
ANE-FA Ammonium nitrate 69%. Sodium nitrate 12%
Water 10%, fuel/emulsifier 8%
ANE-FA
ANE-FB Ammonium nitrate 70%. Sodium nitrate 11%,
Water 12%, fuel/emulsifier 7%
ANE-FC (sensitized) Ammonium nitrate 75%,
Water 13%. Fuel/emulsifier 10%
ANE-FD (sensitized) Ammonium nitrate 76%.
Water 17%, fuel/emulsifier 7%
ANE-1 Ammonium nitrate 76%. Water 17%.
Fuel/emulsifier 7%
ANE-2 (sensitized) ammonium nitrate 76%,
Water 17%, fuel/emulsifier 7%
ANF-2 (sensitized) ammonium nitrate 76%:
Water 17%, fuel/emulsifier 7%
ANE-G1 ammonium nitrate 74%. Sodium nitrate 1%,
Water 16%, fuel/emulsifier 9%
ANE -G2 ammonium nitrate 74%, sodium nitrate 3%.
water 16%. fuel/emulsifier 7%
ANF-G3 (aeration sensitization) ammonium nitrate 74%
sodium nitrate 1%, water 16%, fuel/emulsifier 9%ANE-G4 (microsphere sensitization) ammonium nitrate 74%, sodium nitrate 3%, water 16%, fuel/emulsifier 7%ANE-G5 ammonium nitrate 70%. calcium nitrate 8%
water 16%.Fuel/emulsifier 7%
ANE-J1 Ammonium nitrate 80%, water 13%,
Fuel/emulsifier 7%
ANE-J2 Ammonium nitrate 76%, water 17%,
Fuel/emulsifier 7%
ANE-J4 Nitric acid 76%, sodium nitrate 11%,
Water 12%, Fuel/emulsifier 6%
ANE-J5 (microsphere sensitized) Ammonium nitrate 71%, sodium nitrate 5%, water 18%, Fuel/emulsifier 6%ANE-J6 (microsphere sensitized) Ammonium nitrate 80%, water 13%, Fuel/ Emulsifier 76%
Density/
(g/cm2)
Interval/
CB26448—2010
Steel pipe fragmentation (large fragments), steel plate bending VOD:2.3km/s~3.8km/s
Steel pipe fragmentation (large fragments), steel plate cracked steel pipe fragmentation (large fragments), steel plate unperforated steel pipe fragmentation (large fragments), steel plate unperforated steel pipe fragmentation (large fragments), steel plate unperforated steel pipe fragmentation (small fragments), steel plate perforated steel pipe fragmentation (small fragments), steel plate perforated steel pipe broken into large pieces. Steel plate concave marks
VOD.3.1km/s
The steel pipe is broken into small pieces, and the steel plate is perforated
VOD:6.7km/s
The steel pipe is broken into small pieces, and the steel plate is perforated
VOD.6.2km/s
The steel pipe is broken, and the steel plate is dented,
VOD1968m/s
The steel pipe is broken, and the steel plate is dented
The steel pipe is broken, and the steel plate is perforated
The steel pipe is broken, and the steel plate is perforated
The steel pipe is broken, and the steel plate is perforated
The steel pipe is broken, and the steel plate is dented,
VOD2061m/s||tt ||Steel pipes break, steel plates dent
Steel pipes break, steel plates dent
Steel pipes break, steel plates dent
Steel pipes break, steel plates puncture
VOD5.7km/s
Steel pipes break, steel plates puncture
VOD6.3km/s
GB26448—2010
4.5 Third Faknant Test
4.5.1 Principle
This test is used to determine the sensitivity of ammonium nitrate emulsions, suspensions or gels and explosive intermediates to strong thermal effects under highly enclosed conditions. 4.5.2 Equipment and Materials
4.5.2.1 Test Steel Tube
Used to load test samples, installed in heating and expansion devices, single use. Made of deep-drawn steel plate, with a mass of 25.5g ± 1.0g, with a flange at the open end, the dimensions are shown in Figure 4. 4.5.2.2 Orifice plate
Used to close the mouth of the steel pipe, made of heat-resistant chrome steel, with small holes to discharge the gas produced by the decomposition of the test object, the hole diameters are as follows: 1.0mm1.5mm.2.0mm.2.5mm.3.0mm.5.0mm.8.0mm, 12.0mm and 20.0mm. 4.5.2.3 Closing device
Includes a threaded sleeve and a nut, the dimensions are shown in Figure 4. Units are millimeters
Nut (h=10.0mm or 20.0mm):
Orifice plate;
Threaded sleeve;
Flat surface for No. 36 wrench;
E——flange;
Steel pipe.
Figure 4 Kenan test steel pipe assembly
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4.5.2.4 Heating device
GB26448-2010
It consists of an industrial gas cylinder, a flow meter, a gas distribution pipe and four burners. The arrangement of the burners is shown in Figure 5. The burners are ignited simultaneously by an ignition tongue or an electric ignition device. The pressure of the industrial gas cylinder gas (propane or other gas fuel) is adjusted by a pressure regulator so that it passes through a flow meter and a pipe and is distributed to four burners to achieve a heating rate of 3.3K/s±0.3K/s. The gas pressure is adjusted through a calibration procedure to achieve the specified heating rate. Note: The calibration procedure is measured as follows: Heat a steel tube (equipped with a sealing plate with a 1.5 mm round hole) filled with 27 cm of dibutyl phthalate. Record the time required for the liquid temperature (measured by a 1 mm diameter thermocouple placed in the center of the steel tube 43 mm from the tube mouth) to rise from 50°C to 250°C, and then calculate the heating rate.
4.5.2.5 Protective device
Since the steel tube may be damaged during the test, the heating should be carried out in a welded protective box. The structure and dimensions of the protective box are shown in Figure 5. Two rods are passed through the holes in the two opposite box walls, and the steel tube is suspended between the two rods. The unit is mm
Figure 5 Heating and protective device for the Kenan test
4.5.3 Test steps
4.5.3.1 Preparation
Place the test equipment in the protection zone. The flame of the burner shall be ensured to be free from any air flow and to exhaust the gas or smoke generated by the test.
When using an orifice plate with a hole diameter of 1.0 mm or 8.0 mm, use a nut with a hole diameter of 10.0 mm; if the orifice plate has a hole diameter greater than 8.0 mm, use a nut with a hole diameter of 20.0 mm. The orifice plate, threaded sleeve and nut may be reused if they are not damaged. 4.5.3.2 Loading the sample
Carefully load the sample to a height of 60 mm on the steel pipe, taking care to avoid the formation of gaps between the samples. Apply some lubricating oil based on molybdenum disulfide, put the threaded sleeve on the steel pipe from the lower end, insert the appropriate orifice plate and tighten the nut by hand, ensuring that no sample is left between the flange and the orifice plate or in the threads.
4.5.3.3 Test operation
Clamp the steel pipe in a fixed vise and tighten the nut with a wrench. Then hang the steel pipe between two rods in the protective box. Experiment 9
GB26448—2010
The personnel evacuate the test area, open the gas supply valve and ignite the burner. Record the time when the reaction occurs and the duration of the reaction. If the steel pipe is not broken, the heating should be continued for at least 5 minutes before the test is ended. After each test, if there are steel pipe fragments, they should be collected and weighed. First, test with a 20.0mm orifice plate. If the "explosion" result is observed in this test, continue the test using a steel pipe without an orifice plate and a nut but with a threaded sleeve (aperture 24.0mm). If there is "no explosion" at the aperture of 20.0mm, continue the single test with orifices of 12.0mm8.0mm, 5.0mm, 3.0mm, 2.0mm1.5mm and 1.0mm in sequence until one of these apertures obtains an "explosion" result. Then, test with orifice plates of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 5.0 mm, 8.0 mm, 12.0 mm and 20.0 mm in sequence until three tests with a certain orifice diameter are negative. The maximum orifice diameter that obtains the "explosion" result is recorded as the limiting diameter of the test object. If the result obtained with the orifice plate with an aperture of 1.0 mm is "no explosion", the limit diameter is recorded as "<1.0 mm". 4.5.3.4 Observation and judgment
Observe the tested steel pipe. Determine whether it is "exploded" by identifying the following effects: "0": no change in the steel pipe;
"A": the bottom of the steel pipe is bulging;
"B": the bottom of the steel pipe and the wall of the pipe are bulging;
"C" the bottom of the steel pipe is broken;
"D" the wall of the pipe is broken;
"E". The steel pipe is broken into two pieces;
"F" The steel pipe is broken into three or more pieces. If it is fragments, some large fragments may be connected by a narrow strip; "G", the steel pipe is broken into many pieces, mainly small fragments, and the closing device is not damaged; "H" The steel pipe is broken into many very small fragments, and the closing device is bulging or broken. The effects of "D", "E" and "F" types are shown in Figure 6. If the test results in any one of the effects from "O" to "E", the result is considered to be "no explosion". If the test results in "F", "G" or "H" effects, the result is evaluated as "explosion". D
4.5.4 Result determination
Figure 6 Examples of the effects of the Koonen test type D, E and F4.5.4.1 If the limiting diameter is 2.0 mm or greater, the result is counted as "+", indicating that the substance should not be classified in 5.1. 4.5.4.2 Examples of Koonen test results for some samples are shown in Table 4.1) The upper half of the steel tube that remains in the closed device is counted as a piece. 10
KAONKAcaExamples of the test results of the Konnan test for two parts of the sample are shown in Table 4. 1) The upper half of the steel pipe remaining in the closure device is counted as a piece. 10
KAONKAcaExamples of the test results of the Konnan test for two parts of the sample are shown in Table 4. 1) The upper half of the steel pipe remaining in the closure device is counted as a piece. 10
KAONKAca8km/s
Steel pipe shattered (large fragments), steel plate cracked steel pipe shattered (large fragments), steel plate unperforated steel pipe shattered (large fragments), steel plate unperforated steel pipe shattered (large fragments), steel plate unperforated steel pipe shattered (small fragments), steel plate perforated steel pipe shattered (small fragments), steel plate perforated steel pipe shattered into large pieces.Steel plate dents
VOD.3.1km/s
Steel pipe shattered into small pieces, steel plate perforated
VOD:6.7km/s
Steel pipe shattered into small pieces, steel plate perforated
VOD.6.2km/s
Steel pipe shattered, steel plate dented,
VOD1968m/s
Steel pipe shattered, steel plate dented
Steel pipe shattered, Steel plate perforation
Steel pipe fragmentation, steel plate perforation
Steel pipe fragmentation, steel plate dent,
VOD2061m/s
Steel pipe fragmentation, steel plate dent
Steel pipe fragmentation, steel plate dent
Steel pipe fragmentation, steel plate dent
Steel pipe fragmentation, steel plate perforation
VOD5.7km/s
Steel pipe fragmentation, steel plate perforation
VOD6.3km/s
GB26448—2010
4.5 Third Fakern test
4.5.1 Principle
This test is used to determine the sensitivity of ammonium nitrate emulsions, suspensions or gels and explosive intermediates to strong thermal effects under highly confined conditions. 4.5.2 Equipment and Materials
4.5.2.1 Test steel tube
Used to load the test sample, installed in the heating and expansion device, disposable. Made of deep-drawn steel plate, with a mass of 25.5g ± 1.0g, with a flange at the open end, the dimensions are shown in Figure 4. 4.5.2.2 Orifice plate
Used to close the mouth of the steel tube, made of heat-resistant chrome steel, with small holes to discharge the gas produced by the decomposition of the test object, the hole diameters are as follows: 1.0mm1.5mm.2.0mm.2.5mm.3.0mm.5.0mm.8.0mm, 12.0mm and 20.0mm. 4.5.2.3 Closing device
Includes a threaded sleeve and a nut, the dimensions are shown in Figure 4. Unit is mm
Nut (h=10.0mm or 20.0mm):
Orifice plate;
Threaded sleeve;
Flat surface for No. 36 wrench;
E——flange;
Steel pipe.
Figure 4 Kenan test steel pipe assembly
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4.5.2.4 Heating device
GB26448—2010
consists of industrial gas cylinders, flow meters, gas distribution pipes and four burners. The arrangement of the burners is shown in Figure 5. The burners are ignited simultaneously with ignition tongues or electric ignition devices. The pressure of the industrial gas cylinder gas (propane or other gas fuel) is adjusted by the pressure regulator so that it passes through the flow meter and a pipeline and is distributed to four burners to achieve a heating rate of 3.3K/s±0.3K/s. The gas pressure is adjusted by the calibration procedure to achieve the specified heating rate. Note: The calibration procedure is measured as follows: Heat a steel tube (equipped with a sealing plate with a 1.5 mm round hole) filled with 27 cm of dibutyl phthalate. Record the time required for the liquid temperature (measured by a 1 mm diameter thermocouple placed in the center of the steel tube 43 mm from the tube mouth) to rise from 50°C to 250°C, and then calculate the heating rate.
4.5.2.5 Protective device
Since the steel tube may be damaged during the test, the heating should be carried out in a welded protective box. The structure and dimensions of the protective box are shown in Figure 5. Two rods are passed through the holes in the two opposite box walls, and the steel tube is suspended between the two rods. The unit is mm
Figure 5 Heating and protective device for the Kenan test
4.5.3 Test steps
4.5.3.1 Preparation
Place the test equipment in the protection zone. The flame of the burner shall be ensured to be free from any air flow and to exhaust the gas or smoke generated by the test.
When using an orifice plate with a hole diameter of 1.0 mm or 8.0 mm, use a nut with a hole diameter of 10.0 mm; if the orifice plate has a hole diameter greater than 8.0 mm, use a nut with a hole diameter of 20.0 mm. The orifice plate, threaded sleeve and nut may be reused if they are not damaged. 4.5.3.2 Loading the sample
Carefully load the sample to a height of 60 mm on the steel pipe, taking care to avoid the formation of gaps between the samples. Apply some lubricating oil based on molybdenum disulfide, put the threaded sleeve on the steel pipe from the lower end, insert the appropriate orifice plate and tighten the nut by hand, ensuring that no sample is left between the flange and the orifice plate or in the threads.
4.5.3.3 Test operation
Clamp the steel pipe in a fixed vise and tighten the nut with a wrench. Then hang the steel pipe between two rods in the protective box. Experiment 9
GB26448—2010
The personnel evacuate the test area, open the gas supply valve and ignite the burner. Record the time when the reaction occurs and the duration of the reaction. If the steel pipe is not broken, the heating should be continued for at least 5 minutes before the test is ended. After each test, if there are steel pipe fragments, they should be collected and weighed. First, test with a 20.0mm orifice plate. If the "explosion" result is observed in this test, continue the test using a steel pipe without an orifice plate and a nut but with a threaded sleeve (aperture 24.0mm). If there is "no explosion" at the aperture of 20.0mm, continue the single test with orifices of 12.0mm8.0mm, 5.0mm, 3.0mm, 2.0mm1.5mm and 1.0mm in sequence until one of these apertures obtains an "explosion" result. Then, test with orifice plates of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 5.0 mm, 8.0 mm, 12.0 mm and 20.0 mm in sequence until three tests with a certain orifice diameter are negative. The maximum orifice diameter that obtains the "explosion" result is recorded as the limiting diameter of the test object. If the result obtained with the orifice plate with an aperture of 1.0 mm is "no explosion", the limit diameter is recorded as "<1.0 mm". 4.5.3.4 Observation and judgment
Observe the tested steel pipe. Determine whether it is "exploded" by identifying the following effects: "0": no change in the steel pipe;
"A": the bottom of the steel pipe is bulging;
"B": the bottom of the steel pipe and the wall of the pipe are bulging;
"C" the bottom of the steel pipe is broken;
"D" the wall of the pipe is broken;
"E". The steel pipe is broken into two pieces;
"F" The steel pipe is broken into three or more pieces. If it is fragments, some large fragments may be connected by a narrow strip; "G", the steel pipe is broken into many pieces, mainly small fragments, and the closing device is not damaged; "H" The steel pipe is broken into many very small fragments, and the closing device is bulging or broken. The effects of "D", "E" and "F" types are shown in Figure 6. If the test results in any one of the effects from "O" to "E", the result is considered to be "no explosion". If the test results in "F", "G" or "H" effects, the result is evaluated as "explosion". D
4.5.4 Result determination
Figure 6 Examples of the effects of the Koonen test type D, E and F4.5.4.1 If the limiting diameter is 2.0 mm or greater, the result is counted as "+", indicating that the substance should not be classified in 5.1. 4.5.4.2 Examples of Koonen test results for some samples are shown in Table 4.1) The upper half of the steel tube that remains in the closed device is counted as a piece. 10
KAONKAca8km/s
Steel pipe shattered (large fragments), steel plate cracked steel pipe shattered (large fragments), steel plate unperforated steel pipe shattered (large fragments), steel plate unperforated steel pipe shattered (large fragments), steel plate unperforated steel pipe shattered (small fragments), steel plate perforated steel pipe shattered (small fragments), steel plate perforated steel pipe shattered into large pieces.Steel plate dents
VOD.3.1km/s
Steel pipe shattered into small pieces, steel plate perforated
VOD:6.7km/s
Steel pipe shattered into small pieces, steel plate perforated
VOD.6.2km/s
Steel pipe shattered, steel plate dented,
VOD1968m/s
Steel pipe shattered, steel plate dented
Steel pipe shattered, Steel plate perforation
Steel pipe fragmentation, steel plate perforation
Steel pipe fragmentation, steel plate dent,
VOD2061m/s
Steel pipe fragmentation, steel plate dent
Steel pipe fragmentation, steel plate dent
Steel pipe fragmentation, steel plate dent
Steel pipe fragmentation, steel plate perforation
VOD5.7km/s
Steel pipe fragmentation, steel plate perforation
VOD6.3km/s
GB26448—2010
4.5 Third Fakern test
4.5.1 Principle
This test is used to determine the sensitivity of ammonium nitrate emulsions, suspensions or gels and explosive intermediates to strong thermal effects under highly confined conditions. 4.5.2 Equipment and Materials
4.5.2.1 Test steel tube
Used to load the test sample, installed in the heating and expansion device, disposable. Made of deep-drawn steel plate, with a mass of 25.5g ± 1.0g, with a flange at the open end, the dimensions are shown in Figure 4. 4.5.2.2 Orifice plate
Used to close the mouth of the steel tube, made of heat-resistant chrome steel, with small holes to discharge the gas produced by the decomposition of the test object, the hole diameters are as follows: 1.0mm1.5mm.2.0mm.2.5mm.3.0mm.5.0mm.8.0mm, 12.0mm and 20.0mm. 4.5.2.3 Closing device
Includes a threaded sleeve and a nut, the dimensions are shown in Figure 4. Unit is mm
Nut (h=10.0mm or 20.0mm):
Orifice plate;
Threaded sleeve;
Flat surface for No. 36 wrench;
E——flange;
Steel pipe.
Figure 4 Kenan test steel pipe assembly
KAONrKAca
4.5.2.4 Heating device
GB26448—2010
consists of industrial gas cylinders, flow meters, gas distribution pipes and four burners. The arrangement of the burners is shown in Figure 5. The burners are ignited simultaneously with ignition tongues or electric ignition devices. The pressure of the industrial gas cylinder gas (propane or other gas fuel) is adjusted by the pressure regulator so that it passes through the flow meter and a pipeline and is distributed to four burners to achieve a heating rate of 3.3K/s±0.3K/s. The gas pressure is adjusted by the calibration procedure to achieve the specified heating rate. Note: The calibration procedure is measured as follows: Heat a steel tube (equipped with a sealing plate with a 1.5 mm round hole) filled with 27 cm of dibutyl phthalate. Record the time required for the liquid temperature (measured by a 1 mm diameter thermocouple placed in the center of the steel tube 43 mm from the tube mouth) to rise from 50°C to 250°C, and then calculate the heating rate.
4.5.2.5 Protective device
Since the steel tube may be damaged during the test, the heating should be carried out in a welded protective box. The structure and dimensions of the protective box are shown in Figure 5. Two rods are passed through the holes in the two opposite box walls, and the steel tube is suspended between the two rods. The unit is mm
Figure 5 Heating and protective device for the Kenan test
4.5.3 Test steps
4.5.3.1 Preparation
Place the test equipment in the protection zone. The flame of the burner shall be ensured to be free from any air flow and to exhaust the gas or smoke generated by the test.
When using an orifice plate with a hole diameter of 1.0 mm or 8.0 mm, use a nut with a hole diameter of 10.0 mm; if the orifice plate has a hole diameter greater than 8.0 mm, use a nut with a hole diameter of 20.0 mm. The orifice plate, threaded sleeve and nut may be reused if they are not damaged. 4.5.3.2 Loading the sample
Carefully load the sample to a height of 60 mm on the steel pipe, taking care to avoid the formation of gaps between the samples. Apply some lubricating oil based on molybdenum disulfide, put the threaded sleeve on the steel pipe from the lower end, insert the appropriate orifice plate and tighten the nut by hand, ensuring that no sample is left between the flange and the orifice plate or in the threads.
4.5.3.3 Test operation
Clamp the steel pipe in a fixed vise and tighten the nut with a wrench. Then hang the steel pipe between two rods in the protective box. Experiment 9
GB26448—2010
The personnel evacuate the test area, open the gas supply valve and ignite the burner. Record the time when the reaction occurs and the duration of the reaction. If the steel pipe is not broken, the heating should be continued for at least 5 minutes before the test is ended. After each test, if there are steel pipe fragments, they should be collected and weighed. First, test with a 20.0mm orifice plate. If the "explosion" result is observed in this test, continue the test using a steel pipe without an orifice plate and a nut but with a threaded sleeve (aperture 24.0mm). If there is "no explosion" at the aperture of 20.0mm, continue the single test with orifices of 12.0mm8.0mm, 5.0mm, 3.0mm, 2.0mm1.5mm and 1.0mm in sequence until one of these apertures obtains an "explosion" result. Then, test with orifice plates of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 5.0 mm, 8.0 mm, 12.0 mm and 20.0 mm in sequence until three tests with a certain orifice diameter are negative. The maximum orifice diameter that obtains the "explosion" result is recorded as the limiting diameter of the test object. If the result obtained with the orifice plate with an aperture of 1.0 mm is "no explosion", the limit diameter is recorded as "<1.0 mm". 4.5.3.4 Observation and judgment
Observe the tested steel pipe. Determine whether it is "exploded" by identifying the following effects: "0": no change in the steel pipe;
"A": the bottom of the steel pipe is bulging;
"B": the bottom of the steel pipe and the wall of the pipe are bulging;
"C" the bottom of the steel pipe is broken;
"D" the wall of the pipe is broken;
"E". The steel pipe is broken into two pieces;
"F" The steel pipe is broken into three or more pieces. If it is fragments, some large fragments may be connected by a narrow strip; "G", the steel pipe is broken into many pieces, mainly small fragments, and the closing device is not damaged; "H" The steel pipe is broken into many very small fragments, and the closing device is bulging or broken. The effects of "D", "E" and "F" types are shown in Figure 6. If the test results in any one of the effects from "O" to "E", the result is considered to be "no explosion". If the test results in "F", "G" or "H" effects, the result is evaluated as "explosion". D
4.5.4 Result determination
Figure 6 Examples of the effects of the Koonen test type D, E and F4.5.4.1 If the limiting diameter is 2.0 mm or greater, the result is counted as "+", indicating that the substance should not be classified in 5.1. 4.5.4.2 Examples of Koonen test results for some samples are shown in Table 4.1) The upper half of the steel tube that remains in the closed device is counted as a piece. 10
KAONKAca1 Principle
This test is used to determine the sensitivity of ammonium nitrate emulsions, suspensions or gels and explosive intermediates to strong thermal effects under highly confined conditions. 4.5.2 Apparatus and Materials
4.5.2.1 Test steel tube
It is used to load the test sample and is installed in the heating and expansion device. It is disposable. It is made of deep-drawn steel plate with a mass of 25.5g ± 1.0g and a flange at the open end. The dimensions are shown in Figure 4. 4.5.2.2 Orifice plate
It is used to close the mouth of the steel tube. It is made of heat-resistant chrome steel and has small holes to discharge the gas generated by the decomposition of the test object. The hole diameters are as follows: 1.0mm1.5mm.2.0mm.2.5mm.3.0mm.5.0mm.8.0mm, 12.0mm and 20.0mm. 4.5.2.3 Closing device
It includes a threaded sleeve and a nut. The dimensions are shown in Figure 4. Unit is mm
Nut (h=10.0mm or 20.0mm):
Orifice plate;
Threaded sleeve;
Flat surface for No. 36 wrench;
E——flange;
Steel pipe.
Figure 4 Kenan test steel pipe assembly
KAONrKAca
4.5.2.4 Heating device
GB26448—2010
consists of industrial gas cylinders, flow meters, gas distribution pipes and four burners. The arrangement of the burners is shown in Figure 5. The burners are ignited simultaneously with ignition tongues or electric ignition devices. The pressure of the industrial gas cylinder gas (propane or other gas fuel) is adjusted by the pressure regulator so that it passes through the flow meter and a pipeline and is distributed to four burners to achieve a heating rate of 3.3K/s±0.3K/s. The gas pressure is adjusted by the calibration procedure to achieve the specified heating rate. Note: The calibration procedure is measured as follows: Heat a steel tube (equipped with a sealing plate with a 1.5 mm round hole) filled with 27 cm of dibutyl phthalate. Record the time required for the liquid temperature (measured by a 1 mm diameter thermocouple placed in the center of the steel tube 43 mm from the tube mouth) to rise from 50°C to 250°C, and then calculate the heating rate.
4.5.2.5 Protective device
Since the steel tube may be damaged during the test, the heating should be carried out in a welded protective box. The structure and dimensions of the protective box are shown in Figure 5. Two rods are passed through the holes in the two opposite box walls, and the steel tube is suspended between the two rods. The unit is mm
Figure 5 Heating and protective device for the Kenan test
4.5.3 Test steps
4.5.3.1 Preparation
Place the test equipment in the protection zone. The flame of the burner shall be ensured to be free from any air flow and to exhaust the gas or smoke generated by the test.
When using an orifice plate with a hole diameter of 1.0 mm or 8.0 mm, use a nut with a hole diameter of 10.0 mm; if the orifice plate has a hole diameter greater than 8.0 mm, use a nut with a hole diameter of 20.0 mm. The orifice plate, threaded sleeve and nut may be reused if they are not damaged. 4.5.3.2 Loading the sample
Carefully load the sample to a height of 60 mm on the steel pipe, taking care to avoid the formation of gaps between the samples. Apply some lubricating oil based on molybdenum disulfide, put the threaded sleeve on the steel pipe from the lower end, insert the appropriate orifice plate and tighten the nut by hand, ensuring that no sample is left between the flange and the orifice plate or in the threads.
4.5.3.3 Test operation
Clamp the steel pipe in a fixed vise and tighten the nut with a wrench. Then hang the steel pipe between two rods in the protective box. Experiment 9
GB26448—2010
The personnel evacuate the test area, open the gas supply valve and ignite the burner. Record the time when the reaction occurs and the duration of the reaction. If the steel pipe is not broken, the heating should be continued for at least 5 minutes before the test is ended. After each test, if there are steel pipe fragments, they should be collected and weighed. First, test with a 20.0mm orifice plate. If the "explosion" result is observed in this test, continue the test using a steel pipe without an orifice plate and a nut but with a threaded sleeve (aperture 24.0mm). If there is "no explosion" at the aperture of 20.0mm, continue the single test with orifices of 12.0mm8.0mm, 5.0mm, 3.0mm, 2.0mm1.5mm and 1.0mm in sequence until one of these apertures obtains an "explosion" result. Then, test with orifice plates of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 5.0 mm, 8.0 mm, 12.0 mm and 20.0 mm in sequence until three tests with a certain orifice diameter are negative. The maximum orifice diameter that obtains the "explosion" result is recorded as the limiting diameter of the test object. If the result obtained with the orifice plate with an aperture of 1.0 mm is "no explosion", the limit diameter is recorded as "<1.0 mm". 4.5.3.4 Observation and judgment
Observe the tested steel pipe. Determine whether it is "exploded" by identifying the following effects: "0": no change in the steel pipe;
"A": the bottom of the steel pipe is bulging;
"B": the bottom of the steel pipe and the wall of the pipe are bulging;
"C" the bottom of the steel pipe is broken;
"D" the wall of the pipe is broken;
"E". The steel pipe is broken into two pieces;
"F" The steel pipe is broken into three or more pieces. If it is fragments, some large fragments may be connected by a narrow strip; "G", the steel pipe is broken into many pieces, mainly small fragments, and the closing device is not damaged; "H" The steel pipe is broken into many very small fragments, and the closing device is bulging or broken. The effects of "D", "E" and "F" types are shown in Figure 6. If the test results in any one of the effects from "O" to "E", the result is considered to be "no explosion". If the test results in "F", "G" or "H" effects, the result is evaluated as "explosion". D
4.5.4 Result determination
Figure 6 Examples of the effects of the Koonen test type D, E and F4.5.4.1 If the limiting diameter is 2.0 mm or greater, the result is counted as "+", indicating that the substance should not be classified in 5.1. 4.5.4.2 Examples of Koonen test results for some samples are shown in Table 4.1) The upper half of the steel tube that remains in the closed device is counted as a piece. 10bzxZ.net
KAONKAca1 Principle
This test is used to determine the sensitivity of ammonium nitrate emulsions, suspensions or gels and explosive intermediates to strong thermal effects under highly confined conditions. 4.5.2 Apparatus and Materials
4.5.2.1 Test steel tube
It is used to load the test sample and is installed in the heating and expansion device. It is disposable. It is made of deep-drawn steel plate with a mass of 25.5g ± 1.0g and a flange at the open end. The dimensions are shown in Figure 4. 4.5.2.2 Orifice plate
It is used to close the mouth of the steel tube. It is made of heat-resistant chrome steel and has small holes to discharge the gas generated by the decomposition of the test object. The hole diameters are as follows: 1.0mm1.5mm.2.0mm.2.5mm.3.0mm.5.0mm.8.0mm, 12.0mm and 20.0mm. 4.5.2.3 Closing device
It includes a threaded sleeve and a nut. The dimensions are shown in Figure 4. Unit is mm
Nut (h=10.0mm or 20.0mm):
Orifice plate;
Threaded sleeve;
Flat surface for No. 36 wrench;
E——flange;
Steel pipe.
Figure 4 Kenan test steel pipe assembly
KAONrKAca
4.5.2.4 Heating device
GB26448—2010
consists of industrial gas cylinders, flow meters, gas distribution pipes and four burners. The arrangement of the burners is shown in Figure 5. The burners are ignited simultaneously with ignition tongues or electric ignition devices. The pressure of the industrial gas cylinder gas (propane or other gas fuel) is adjusted by the pressure regulator so that it passes through the flow meter and a pipeline and is distributed to four burners to achieve a heating rate of 3.3K/s±0.3K/s. The gas pressure is adjusted by the calibration procedure to achieve the specified heating rate. Note: The calibration procedure is measured as follows: Heat a steel tube (equipped with a sealing plate with a 1.5 mm round hole) filled with 27 cm of dibutyl phthalate. Record the time required for the liquid temperature (measured by a 1 mm diameter thermocouple placed in the center of the steel tube 43 mm from the tube mouth) to rise from 50°C to 250°C, and then calculate the heating rate.
4.5.2.5 Protective device
Since the steel tube may be damaged during the test, the heating should be carried out in a welded protective box. The structure and dimensions of the protective box are shown in Figure 5. Two rods are passed through the holes in the two opposite box walls, and the steel tube is suspended between the two rods. The unit is mm
Figure 5 Heating and protective device for the Kenan test
4.5.3 Test steps
4.5.3.1 Preparation
Place the test equipment in the protection zone. The flame of the burner shall be ensured to be free from any air flow and to exhaust the gas or smoke generated by the test.
When using an orifice plate with a hole diameter of 1.0 mm or 8.0 mm, use a nut with a hole diameter of 10.0 mm; if the orifice plate has a hole diameter greater than 8.0 mm, use a nut with a hole diameter of 20.0 mm. The orifice plate, threaded sleeve and nut may be reused if they are not damaged. 4.5.3.2 Loading the sample
Carefully load the sample to a height of 60 mm on the steel pipe, taking care to avoid the formation of gaps between the samples. Apply some lubricating oil based on molybdenum disulfide, put the threaded sleeve on the steel pipe from the lower end, insert the appropriate orifice plate and tighten the nut by hand, ensuring that no sample is left between the flange and the orifice plate or in the threads.
4.5.3.3 Test operation
Clamp the steel pipe in a fixed vise and tighten the nut with a wrench. Then hang the steel pipe between two rods in the protective box. Experiment 9
GB26448—2010
The personnel evacuate the test area, open the gas supply valve and ignite the burner. Record the time when the reaction occurs and the duration of the reaction. If the steel pipe is not broken, the heating should be continued for at least 5 minutes before the test is ended. After each test, if there are steel pipe fragments, they should be collected and weighed. First, test with a 20.0mm orifice plate. If the "explosion" result is observed in this test, continue the test using a steel pipe without an orifice plate and a nut but with a threaded sleeve (aperture 24.0mm). If there is "no explosion" at the aperture of 20.0mm, continue the single test with orifices of 12.0mm8.0mm, 5.0mm, 3.0mm, 2.0mm1.5mm and 1.0mm in sequence until one of these apertures obtains an "explosion" result. Then, test with orifice plates of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 5.0 mm, 8.0 mm, 12.0 mm and 20.0 mm in sequence until three tests with a certain orifice diameter are negative. The maximum orifice diameter that obtains the "explosion" result is recorded as the limiting diameter of the test object. If the result obtained with the orifice plate with an aperture of 1.0 mm is "no explosion", the limit diameter is recorded as "<1.0 mm". 4.5.3.4 Observation and judgment
Observe the tested steel pipe. Determine whether it is "exploded" by identifying the following effects: "0": no change in the steel pipe;
"A": the bottom of the steel pipe is bulging;
"B": the bottom of the steel pipe and the wall of the pipe are bulging;
"C" the bottom of the steel pipe is broken;
"D" the wall of the pipe is broken;
"E". The steel pipe is broken into two pieces;
"F" The steel pipe is broken into three or more pieces. If it is fragments, some large fragments may be connected by a narrow strip; "G", the steel pipe is broken into many pieces, mainly small fragments, and the closing device is not damaged; "H" The steel pipe is broken into many very small fragments, and the closing device is bulging or broken. The effects of "D", "E" and "F" types are shown in Figure 6. If the test results in any one of the effects from "O" to "E", the result is considered to be "no explosion". If the test results in "F", "G" or "H" effects, the result is evaluated as "explosion". D
4.5.4 Result determination
Figure 6 Examples of the effects of the Koonen test type D, E and F4.5.4.1 If the limiting diameter is 2.0 mm or greater, the result is counted as "+", indicating that the substance should not be classified in 5.1. 4.5.4.2 Examples of Koonen test results for some samples are shown in Table 4.1) The upper half of the steel tube that remains in the closed device is counted as a piece. 10
KAONKAca0mm8.0mm orifice plate, use a nut with a hole diameter of 10.0mm; if the orifice plate has a hole diameter greater than 8.0mm, use a nut with a hole diameter of 20.0mm. Orifice plates, threaded sleeves and nuts can be reused if they are not damaged. 4.5.3.2 Loading samples
Carefully load the specimens to a height of 60mm on the steel pipe, taking care to avoid gaps between the specimens. Apply some lubricating oil based on molybdenum disulfide, put the threaded sleeve on the steel pipe from the lower end, insert the appropriate orifice plate and tighten the nut by hand, ensuring that no specimen is left between the flange and the orifice plate or in the threads.
4.5.3.3 Test operation
Clamp the steel pipe in a fixed vise and tighten the nut with a wrench. Then hang the steel pipe between two rods in the protective box. Experiment 9
GB26448—2010
The personnel evacuate the test area, open the gas supply valve and ignite the burner. Record the time when the reaction occurs and the duration of the reaction. If the steel pipe is not broken, the heating should be continued for at least 5 minutes before the test is ended. After each test, if there are steel pipe fragments, they should be collected and weighed. First, test with a 20.0mm orifice plate. If the "explosion" result is observed in this test, continue the test using a steel pipe without an orifice plate and a nut but with a threaded sleeve (aperture 24.0mm). If there is "no explosion" at the aperture of 20.0mm, continue the single test with orifices of 12.0mm8.0mm, 5.0mm, 3.0mm, 2.0mm1.5mm and 1.0mm in sequence until one of these apertures obtains an "explosion" result. Then, test with orifice plates of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 5.0 mm, 8.0 mm, 12.0 mm and 20.0 mm in sequence until three tests with a certain orifice diameter are negative. The maximum orifice diameter that obtains the "explosion" result is recorded as the limiting diameter of the test object. If the result obtained with the orifice plate with an aperture of 1.0 mm is "no explosion", the limit diameter is recorded as "<1.0 mm". 4.5.3.4 Observation and judgment
Observe the tested steel pipe. Determine whether it is "exploded" by identifying the following effects: "0": no change in the steel pipe;
"A": the bottom of the steel pipe is bulging;
"B": the bottom of the steel pipe and the wall of the pipe are bulging;
"C" the bottom of the steel pipe is broken;
"D" the wall of the pipe is broken;
"E". The steel pipe is broken into two pieces;
"F" The steel pipe is broken into three or more pieces. If it is fragments, some large fragments may be connected by a narrow strip; "G", the steel pipe is broken into many pieces, mainly small fragments, and the closing device is not damaged; "H" The steel pipe is broken into many very small fragments, and the closing device is bulging or broken. The effects of "D", "E" and "F" types are shown in Figure 6. If the test results in any one of the effects from "O" to "E", the result is considered to be "no explosion". If the test results in "F", "G" or "H" effects, the result is evaluated as "explosion". D
4.5.4 Result determination
Figure 6 Examples of the effects of the Koonen test type D, E and F4.5.4.1 If the limiting diameter is 2.0 mm or greater, the result is counted as "+", indicating that the substance should not be classified in 5.1. 4.5.4.2 Examples of Koonen test results for some samples are shown in Table 4.1) The upper half of the steel tube that remains in the closed device is counted as a piece. 10
KAONKAca0mm8.0mm orifice plate, use a nut with a hole diameter of 10.0mm; if the orifice plate has a hole diameter greater than 8.0mm, use a nut with a hole diameter of 20.0mm. Orifice plates, threaded sleeves and nuts can be reused if they are not damaged. 4.5.3.2 Loading samples
Carefully load the specimens to a height of 60mm on the steel pipe, taking care to avoid gaps between the specimens. Apply some lubricating oil based on molybdenum disulfide, put the threaded sleeve on the steel pipe from the lower end, insert the appropriate orifice plate and tighten the nut by hand, ensuring that no specimen is left between the flange and the orifice plate or in the threads.
4.5.3.3 Test operation
Clamp the steel pipe in a fixed vise and tighten the nut with a wrench. Then hang the steel pipe between two rods in the protective box. Experiment 9
GB26448—2010
The personnel evacuate the test area, open the gas supply valve and ignite the burner. Record the time when the reaction occurs and the duration of the reaction. If the steel pipe is not broken, the heating should be continued for at least 5 minutes before the test is ended. After each test, if there are steel pipe fragments, they should be collected and weighed. First, test with a 20.0mm orifice plate. If the "explosion" result is observed in this test, continue the test using a steel pipe without an orifice plate and a nut but with a threaded sleeve (aperture 24.0mm). If there is "no explosion" at the aperture of 20.0mm, continue the single test with orifices of 12.0mm8.0mm, 5.0mm, 3.0mm, 2.0mm1.5mm and 1.0mm in sequence until one of these apertures obtains an "explosion" result. Then, test with orifice plates of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 5.0 mm, 8.0 mm, 12.0 mm and 20.0 mm in sequence until three tests with a certain orifice diameter are negative. The maximum orifice diameter that obtains the "explosion" result is recorded as the limiting diameter of the test object. If the result obtained with the orifice plate with an aperture of 1.0 mm is "no explosion", the limit diameter is recorded as "<1.0 mm". 4.5.3.4 Observation and judgment
Observe the tested steel pipe. Determine whether it is "exploded" by identifying the following effects: "0": no change in the steel pipe;
"A": the bottom of the steel pipe is bulging;
"B": the bottom of the steel pipe and the wall of the pipe are bulging;
"C" the bottom of the steel pipe is broken;
"D" the wall of the pipe is broken;
"E". The steel pipe is broken into two pieces;
"F" The steel pipe is broken into three or more pieces. If it is fragments, some large fragments may be connected by a narrow strip; "G", the steel pipe is broken into many pieces, mainly small fragments, and the closing device is not damaged; "H" The steel pipe is broken into many very small fragments, and the closing device is bulging or broken. The effects of "D", "E" and "F" types are shown in Figure 6. If the test results in any one of the effects from "O" to "E", the result is considered to be "no explosion". If the test results in "F", "G" or "H" effects, the result is evaluated as "explosion". D
4.5.4 Result determination
Figure 6 Examples of the effects of the Koonen test type D, E and F4.5.4.1 If the limiting diameter is 2.0 mm or greater, the result is counted as "+", indicating that the substance should not be classified in 5.1. 4.5.4.2 Examples of Koonen test results for some samples are shown in Table 4.1) The upper half of the steel tube that remains in the closed device is counted as a piece. 10
KAONKAca
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