Some standard content:
ICS 17. 040. 10
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T11337—2004
Replaces GB 11337---1939
Measurenent of departures from flatness
Issued on 2004-11-11
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China Administration of Standardization of the People's Republic of China
Implementation on 2005-07-01
This standard replaces GB/T11337-189 "Measurement of departures from flatness". Compared with GB/T11337--1989, the main changes of this standard are as follows: ... The normative references take into account the latest revision of the standard. The definition of terms has been appropriately supplemented and revised according to the new concepts promoted by the American Standards; GB/T11337-2004
Replaced two reference appendices of the original standard: Appendix A "Approximate calculation method of flatness error value" and Appendix B "Application examples of flatness error measurement".
This standard is proposed and managed by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Product Dimensions and Geometric Technical Specifications. The drafting units of this standard are: Mechanical Science Research Institute, China Institute of Metrology. The main drafters of this standard are: Li Xiaopei, Zhang Heng. The previous versions of the standards replaced by this standard are: -GB/T 11337-1989.
1 Scope
Flatness error detection
GB/T 11337—2004
This standard specifies the terminology, evaluation method, detection method and data processing method for flatness error detection. This standard is applicable to the flatness error detection of zero-element elements in mechanical products. This standard is a specific provision for flatness error detection in GB/T1958. 2 Normative references
The clauses in the following documents become clauses of this standard through reference in this standard. For all dated references, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable. Applicable to this standard, however, the parties to the agreement based on this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For any undated referenced documents, the latest version applies to this standard. GB/T1182 General rules, definitions, symbols and drawing representations for shape and position tolerances (GB/T1182-1996, e1SO/DIS1101:1996)
GB/T1958 Regulations for shape and position tolerance testing GB/T11336 Straightness error testing
GR/T 18780.1 Technical Specification for Product Geometry (GPS) Geometrical Elements Part 1: Basic Terms and Definitions (GB/118780.1—2002.id1 ISO 14660-1:1999) 3 Terms and Definitions
The terms and definitions established in GB/T1182, GB/T1958 and GB/T18780.1 and the following terms and definitions apply to the standard. 3. 1
Ideal plane
A surface with geometrical significance.
Real surface
A plane that actually exists on a part (see 2.4 Actual surface of a workpiece in GB/T18780.1). 3.3
Meastered plane (extracted surface) Surface (extracted surface) When measuring, the plane formed by extracting a limited number of points from the actual plane according to the specified method (see 2.5 Extraction of red elements in GR/T18780.1).
Note: When evaluating the flatness error, the measured plane is used instead of the actual plane. 3.4
Flatness error (value) departure from Malness The amount of change of the actual plane from its ideal plane. The position of the ideal plane should meet the minimum condition. That is, the value expressed by the minimum inclusion area of flatness, see Figure 1,
GB/T11337—2004
Minimum zone or Tlatness The area between two parallel planes that include the actual surface and have the minimum width 3.6
Reference plane for measurenent The reference plane for obtaining the measurement value during the measurement process. 3.7
reference plane for assessing departure from flatness ideal plane for assessing flatness error,
minimum zone plane one of two parallel ideal planes constituting the minimum enclosing zone of flatness 3.7.2
least squares mean plane the ideal plane that minimizes the sum of the squares of the distances from each point on the actual plane to the plane. 3.7.3
diagonal plane
an ideal plane passing through two diagonal points on one diagonal of the actual plane and parallel to the other diagonal. 3.7.4
three-point plane the ideal plane passing through three points on the actual plane that are far apart. 3.8
extreme points
points on the minimum enclosing zone plane.
4 Evaluation method
The evaluation methods for flatness error are: minimum inclusion area method, least square method, diagonal plane method and three-point plane method. The evaluation result of the minimum inclusion area method is less than or equal to the other three evaluation methods: 4.1 Minimum inclusion area method and its discrimination method
4.1.1 Minimum inclusion area method
The minimum area surface Swz is used as the method for evaluating the base surface. According to this method, the flatness error value fmz is obtained, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2
Where:
d umex d au
fkw =J=dmex dnin
The maximum and minimum deviation values of each measured point relative to the minimum area surface SMz. d, take positive values above Smz and negative values below. 4.1.2 Minimum Enclosed Area Judgment Method
When the actual surface is enclosed by two parallel planes, there are at least three or four points in contact with it. There are three criteria as follows: GB/T11337-2004
a) Triangle criterion: three high poles and one low pole (or vice versa), one of the low poles (or high poles) is located within the triangle formed by the three high poles (or low poles) or on one side line of the triangle, see Figure 3. o
b) Cross criterion: two high poles and two low poles in a mutually crossed form, see Figure 4. Figure 4
Straight line criterion: two high poles and one low pole (or vice versa) arranged in a straight line, see Figure 5. O
4.2 Least square method
High pole
Low pole
Using the least square center plane S as the method for evaluating the base surface, the flatness error value is obtained according to this method, Yao Figure 6, Figure 6
GB/T 11337—2004
Where:
dmx gedmi.
ftg - dmex - dnc
The maximum and minimum deviation values of the measured point relative to the least square center plane S. d, take positive values above Sis: take negative values below, 4.3 Diagonal plane method
Using the diagonal plane S as the method for evaluating the base surface, the flatness error value fnl. is obtained according to this method, see Figure 7. Figure
fat. fanx du.
Where:
cf max i douo
The maximum and minimum deviations of the measured point relative to the diagonal plane S. d is positive above S and negative below S. 4.4 Three-point plane method
Use the three-point plane S as the method for evaluating the base surface, and calculate the flatness error value f according to this method, see Figure 8. Figure 8
ftr = dux —dmin
c ax dain
The maximum and minimum deviations of the measured point relative to the two-point plane $. d is positive above S and negative below S. 5 Measurement method
5.1 Classification of measurement methods
The measurement methods in this standard are classified according to the measurement source, measuring instrument, etc. See Figure 9. ()
（3）
5.2 Common symbols and explanations
Direct method
Indirect method
Combined method
The symbols used in this standard and their explanations are shown in Table 1. Serial number
777797
Non-serial number
Plate, platform (or measuring plate plane)
Fixed support
Adjustable support
Continuous linear movement
Indicator method
Optical axis method
Interference method
Liquid surface method
Horizontal method
Self-collimation method
Step method
Bridge method
Reverse difference statement
GB/T 11337—2004
Eliminate several directions of movement
Indicator or recorder
Measurement frame with indicator without
(The symbol of the measuring frame can be drawn in other
styles according to the use of the measuring
equipment)
GB/T 11337—2004
5.3 Measurement point arrangement form
This section gives three commonly used measurement point arrangement forms, which are mainly suitable for indirect methods. When measuring the wall flatness error, in addition to using these three measurement point arrangement forms for measurement: other forms of point arrangement methods can also be used. 5.3.1 Grid point arrangement
This point arrangement form is a closed mesh form, and its measurement sequence is shown in Figures 10 and 11. a) Rectangular plane (see Figure 1o)
Figure 10a) is suitable for planes with higher tolerance grades, and Figure 10) is suitable for planes with lower tolerance grades. o
Measurement sequence:
( AB,-C
@ A-→
@ Pi+P:
Pe-+- P.-..
Circular plane (see Figure 11)
Surveying sequence
QA+BC:
② AD:
P,--+P'-.
The measurement sequence is similar to that of rectangular plane. If necessary, points can be arranged from the outer extension of the rectangle ABCE, see Figure 11b), explanation: 1) The number of horizontal measurement lines P,P can be increased or decreased according to the size of the measured plane and the measurement accuracy requirements. 2) If necessary, longitudinal measurement lines can be appropriately added, as shown in Figures 0 and 11. 5.3.2 Diagonal point arrangement This point arrangement form is a closed cross shape, and its measurement sequence is shown in Figures 12 and 13. a): Rectangular plane (see Figure 12) Measurement sequence: DA-→C; @ D-Ct @ P+Pt @ P,-P't @ P.-1 +Ph-1! Circular plane (see Figure 13) GB/T11337—2004 Measurement sequence is similar to that of rectangular plane. It is recommended to extend the points outward from the ABCD rectangle, see Figure 13b). Note: 1) The number of horizontal survey lines P, P can be increased or decreased according to the size of the measured plane and the measurement accuracy required. If necessary, longitudinal measurement lines can be appropriately added, such as the QQ lines in Figures 12 and 13. 2)
For small planes, it can be directly simplified to the point distribution form shown in Figure 14. 3)
4) The number of segments in the diagonal direction should generally be a false number. CB/T 11337—2004
5.3.3 Circular plane point arrangement
a) Method - (circular point arrangement, see Figure 15)
Measurement sequence:
AA circular line;
② B-→B circular line;
A-→+B.
b) Method 2 (see Figure 16)
Measurement sequence:
ABC;
2) A-→LC;
Pr→P,
P.-i - P,-..
e) Method 3 (see Figure 17)
Measurement sequence:
AB--C;
②) A-+D-→C.
Note 1: Method 1 and Method 2 are applicable to surfaces with wider circular surfaces. The number of circular ring lines can be appropriately increased or decreased according to the width of the circular surface and the measurement accuracy requirements, but it cannot be less than two rings.
Note 2: Method 1 and Method 2 are applicable to surfaces with narrow circular surfaces. Note 3: Circular ring point arrangement is generally only applicable to occasions where measurements are made using a level or an instrument with a similar working principle to a level: 5.4 Direct method
A measurement method that can directly obtain the coordinate value of a plane point or directly evaluate the flatness error value through measurement. 5.4.1 Gap method
5.4.1.1 Compare the light gap formed between the measured straight line and the measurement baseline with the standard light gap, measure the straightness error on several sections in different directions, and take the maximum value as the approximate value of the flatness error, see Figure 18. This method is applicable to the measurement of the flatness error of small planes processed by grinding or lapping. 1
T um2um3um4um
Standard light
Sample ruler;
Measured workpiece,
3·Light box:
Frosted glass;
-light source,
Gauge block:
Measurement steps
Measurement principle
Make the measuring light gap as small as possible
GB/T11337—2004
d) Measure different sections of the egg
Put the measuring baseline in direct contact with the measured straight line and place it in an appropriate position between the light source and the eye, see Figure 18a); adjust the sample ruler to make the maximum light as small as possible, see Figure 18b), compare with the standard light source [see Figure 18c), and estimate the straightness error value of a single section! According to the shape of the measured plane, measurements are made in multiple directions (see Figure 18d)], and the maximum value is taken as the approximate value of the flatness error of the measured surface.
Note 1 The baseline is usually measured by a template ruler (knife edge ruler) or a flat ruler; Note 2: The standard light strikes the template straight foot, and the gauge block and flat crystal are combined to produce it. See Figure 18c); Note 3: The light gap between the standard light block and the measured workpiece should be observed under the same conditions. 5.4.1.2 Use a gauge block (or feeler gauge) to measure the gap between the measured straight line and the measurement baseline, see Figure 19, and measure the straightness error values of several sections in different directions, and take the maximum value as the approximate method of flatness error. This method is suitable for flatness error measurement of low-precision planes. a)
GB/T11337-2004
Measurement steps:
1) Place the measuring baseline of the flat ruler on the measured straight line, and place
equal thickness notches at a distance of about 1 meter (the length of the flat ruler) from both ends of the flat ruler;
2) Use a sheet plug gauge or a feeler gauge to directly measure the distance between the working surface of the flat ruler and the measured straight line; 3) The maximum distance measured minus the thickness of the equal thickness block is the approximate straightness error of the section: 4) According to the shape of the measured plane, measure in multiple directions, see Figure 19b), and the maximum value is taken as the approximate flatness error of the measured plane.
5. 4. 2 Indicator method
The method of using a measuring device with an indicator or a coordinate measuring machine to measure the deviation of the measured surface relative to the measured base surface and then evaluate the flatness error value is shown in Figure 20.
This method is suitable for the flatness error measurement of medium and small planes. The final steps are:
1) Adjust the corner points of the two diagonals to be equal or approximately equal (any three distant points can also be adjusted); 2)
Move the measuring device (or move the workpiece) point by point in a certain point arrangement form (for data processing), and record the sampled values h, to obtain the coordinate values Z: of each measuring point relative to the measuring base surface; h. Note 1: The measuring base surface is usually represented by a flat plate, or by a coordinate measuring instrument; Note 2: If the indications of the two diagonal points are equal, then: Fru. - ha - hm
Note 3: If the values of any distant point are equal, then: fap - hmuxhnin
5.4.3 Optical axis method
The method of establishing the measuring base surface with a geometric optical axis, measuring the deviation of the measured surface relative to the measuring base surface, and then evaluating the flatness error value is shown in Figure 21.
This method is applicable to - Flatness error measurement of large plane with general precision 1- Aiming target:
Push straight telescope:
Turning prism.
One-push straight telescope:
Steering prism.
One-push straight telescope:
Steering prism.1 Grid point distribution
This point distribution form is a closed mesh form, and its measurement sequence is shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11. a) Rectangular plane (see Figure 1o)
Figure 10a) is suitable for planes with higher tolerance grades, and Figure 10) is suitable for planes with lower tolerance grades. o
Measurement sequence:
( AB,-C
@ A-→
@ Pi+P:
Pe-+- P.-..
Circular plane (see Figure 11)
Surveying sequence
QA+BC:
② AD:
P,--+P'-.
The measurement sequence is similar to that of rectangular plane. If necessary, points can be arranged from the outer extension of the rectangle ABCE, see Figure 11b), explanation: 1) The number of horizontal measurement lines P,P can be increased or decreased according to the size of the measured plane and the measurement accuracy requirements. 2) If necessary, longitudinal measurement lines can be appropriately added, as shown in Figures 0 and 11. 5.3.2 Diagonal point arrangement This point arrangement form is a closed cross shape, and its measurement sequence is shown in Figures 12 and 13. a): Rectangular plane (see Figure 12) Measurement sequence: DA-→C; @ D-Ct @ P+Pt @ P,-P't @ P.-1 +Ph-1! Circular plane (see Figure 13) GB/T11337—2004 Measurement sequence is similar to that of rectangular plane. It is recommended to extend the points outward from the ABCD rectangle, see Figure 13b). Note: 1) The number of horizontal survey lines P, P can be increased or decreased according to the size of the measured plane and the measurement accuracy required. If necessary, longitudinal measurement lines can be appropriately added, such as the QQ lines in Figures 12 and 13. 2)
For small planes, it can be directly simplified to the point distribution form shown in Figure 14. 3)
4) The number of segments in the diagonal direction should generally be a false number. CB/T 11337—2004
5.3.3 Circular plane point arrangement
a) Method - (circular point arrangement, see Figure 15)
Measurement sequence:
AA circular line;
② B-→B circular line;
A-→+B.
b) Method 2 (see Figure 16)
Measurement sequence:
ABC;
2) A-→LC;
Pr→P,
P.-i - P,-..
e) Method 3 (see Figure 17)
Measurement sequence:
AB--C;
②) A-+D-→C.
Note 1: Method 1 and Method 2 are applicable to surfaces with wider circular surfaces. The number of circular ring lines can be appropriately increased or decreased according to the width of the circular surface and the measurement accuracy requirements, but it cannot be less than two rings.
Note 2: Method 1 and Method 2 are applicable to surfaces with narrow circular surfaces. Note 3: Circular ring point arrangement is generally only applicable to occasions where measurements are made using a level or an instrument with a similar working principle to a level: 5.4 Direct method
A measurement method that can directly obtain the coordinate value of a plane point or directly evaluate the flatness error value through measurement. 5.4.1 Gap method
5.4.1.1 Compare the light gap formed between the measured straight line and the measurement baseline with the standard light gap, measure the straightness error on several sections in different directions, and take the maximum value as the approximate value of the flatness error, see Figure 18. This method is applicable to the measurement of the flatness error of small planes processed by grinding or lapping. 1
T um2um3um4um
Standard light
Sample ruler;
Measured workpiece,
3·Light box:
Frosted glass;
-light source,
Gauge block:
Measurement steps
Measurement principle
Make the measuring light gap as small as possible
GB/T11337—2004
d) Measure different sections of the egg
Put the measuring baseline in direct contact with the measured straight line and place it in an appropriate position between the light source and the eye, see Figure 18a); adjust the sample ruler to make the maximum light as small as possible, see Figure 18b), compare with the standard light source [see Figure 18c), and estimate the straightness error value of a single section! According to the shape of the measured plane, measurements are made in multiple directions (see Figure 18d)], and the maximum value is taken as the approximate value of the flatness error of the measured surface.
Note 1 The baseline is usually measured by a template ruler (knife edge ruler) or a flat ruler; Note 2: The standard light strikes the template straight foot, and the gauge block and flat crystal are combined to produce it. See Figure 18c); Note 3: The light gap between the standard light block and the measured workpiece should be observed under the same conditions. 5.4.1.2 Use a gauge block (or feeler gauge) to measure the gap between the measured straight line and the measurement baseline, see Figure 19, and measure the straightness error values of several sections in different directions, and take the maximum value as the approximate method of flatness error. This method is suitable for flatness error measurement of low-precision planes. a)
GB/T11337-2004
Measurement steps:
1) Place the measuring baseline of the flat ruler on the measured straight line, and place
equal thickness notches at a distance of about 1 meter (the length of the flat ruler) from both ends of the flat ruler;
2) Use a sheet plug gauge or a feeler gauge to directly measure the distance between the working surface of the flat ruler and the measured straight line; 3) The maximum distance measured minus the thickness of the equal thickness block is the approximate straightness error of the section: 4) According to the shape of the measured plane, measure in multiple directions, see Figure 19b), and the maximum value is taken as the approximate flatness error of the measured plane.
5. 4. 2 Indicator method
The method of using a measuring device with an indicator or a coordinate measuring machine to measure the deviation of the measured surface relative to the measured base surface and then evaluate the flatness error value is shown in Figure 20.
This method is suitable for the flatness error measurement of medium and small planes. The final steps are:
1) Adjust the corner points of the two diagonals to be equal or approximately equal (any three distant points can also be adjusted); 2)
Move the measuring device (or move the workpiece) point by point in a certain point arrangement form (for data processing), and record the sampled values h, to obtain the coordinate values Z: of each measuring point relative to the measuring base surface; h. Note 1: The measuring base surface is usually represented by a flat plate, or by a coordinate measuring instrument; Note 2: If the indications of the two diagonal points are equal, then: Fru. - ha - hm
Note 3: If the values of any distant point are equal, then: fap - hmuxhnin
5.4.3 Optical axis method
The method of establishing the measuring base surface with a geometric optical axis, measuring the deviation of the measured surface relative to the measuring base surface, and then evaluating the flatness error value is shown in Figure 21.
This method is applicable to - Flatness error measurement of large plane with general precision 1- Aiming target:
Push straight telescope:
Turning prism.1 Grid point distribution
This point distribution form is a closed mesh form, and its measurement sequence is shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11. a) Rectangular plane (see Figure 1o)
Figure 10a) is suitable for planes with higher tolerance grades, and Figure 10) is suitable for planes with lower tolerance grades. o
Measurement sequence:
( AB,-C
@ A-→
@ Pi+P:
Pe-+- P.-..
Circular plane (see Figure 11)
Surveying sequence
QA+BC:
② AD:
P,--+P'-.
The measurement sequence is similar to that of rectangular plane. If necessary, points can be arranged from the outer extension of the rectangle ABCE, see Figure 11b), explanation: 1) The number of horizontal measurement lines P,P can be increased or decreased according to the size of the measured plane and the measurement accuracy requirements. 2) If necessary, longitudinal measurement lines can be appropriately added, as shown in Figures 0 and 11. 5.3.2 Diagonal point arrangement This point arrangement form is a closed cross shape, and its measurement sequence is shown in Figures 12 and 13. a): Rectangular plane (see Figure 12) Measurement sequence: DA-→C; @ D-Ct @ P+Pt @ P,-P't @ P.-1 +Ph-1! Circular plane (see Figure 13) GB/T11337—2004 Measurement sequence is similar to that of rectangular plane. It is recommended to extend the points outward from the ABCD rectangle, see Figure 13b). Note: 1) The number of horizontal survey lines P, P can be increased or decreased according to the size of the measured plane and the measurement accuracy required. If necessary, longitudinal measurement lines can be appropriately added, such as the QQ lines in Figures 12 and 13. 2)
For small planes, it can be directly simplified to the point distribution form shown in Figure 14. 3)
4) The number of segments in the diagonal direction should generally be a false number. CB/T 11337—2004
5.3.3 Circular plane point arrangement
a) Method - (circular point arrangement, see Figure 15)
Measurement sequence:
AA circular line;
② B-→B circular line;
A-→+B.
b) Method 2 (see Figure 16)
Measurement sequence:
ABC;
2) A-→LC;
Pr→P,
P.-i - P,-..
e) Method 3 (see Figure 17)
Measurement sequence:
AB--C;
②) A-+D-→C.
Note 1: Method 1 and Method 2 are applicable to surfaces with wider circular surfaces. The number of circular ring lines can be appropriately increased or decreased according to the width of the circular surface and the measurement accuracy requirements, but it cannot be less than two rings.
Note 2: Method 1 and Method 2 are applicable to surfaces with narrow circular surfaces. Note 3: Circular ring point arrangement is generally only applicable to occasions where measurements are made using a level or an instrument with a similar working principle to a level: 5.4 Direct method
A measurement method that can directly obtain the coordinate value of a plane point or directly evaluate the flatness error value through measurement. 5.4.1 Gap method
5.4.1.1 Compare the light gap formed between the measured straight line and the measurement baseline with the standard light gap, measure the straightness error on several sections in different directions, and take the maximum value as the approximate value of the flatness error, see Figure 18. This method is applicable to the measurement of the flatness error of small planes processed by grinding or lapping. 1
T um2um3um4um
Standard light
Sample ruler;
Measured workpiece,
3·Light box:
Frosted glass;
-light source,
Gauge block:
Measurement steps
Measurement principle
Make the measuring light gap as small as possible
GB/T11337—2004
d) Measure different sections of the egg
Put the measuring baseline in direct contact with the measured straight line and place it in an appropriate position between the light source and the eye, see Figure 18a); adjust the sample ruler to make the maximum light as small as possible, see Figure 18b), compare with the standard light source [see Figure 18c), and estimate the straightness error value of a single section! According to the shape of the measured plane, measurements are made in multiple directions (see Figure 18d)], and the maximum value is taken as the approximate value of the flatness error of the measured surface.
Note 1 The baseline is usually measured by a template ruler (knife edge ruler) or a flat ruler; Note 2: The standard light strikes the template straight foot, and the gauge block and flat crystal are combined to produce it. See Figure 18c); Note 3: The light gap between the standard light block and the measured workpiece should be observed under the same conditions. 5.4.1.2 Use a gauge block (or feeler gauge) to measure the gap between the measured straight line and the measurement baseline, see Figure 19, and measure the straightness error values of several sections in different directions, and take the maximum value as the approximate method of flatness error. This method is suitable for flatness error measurement of low-precision planes. a)
GB/T11337-2004
Measurement steps:
1) Place the measuring baseline of the flat ruler on the measured straight line, and place
equal thickness notches at a distance of about 1 meter (the length of the flat ruler) from both ends of the flat ruler;
2) Use a sheet plug gauge or a feeler gauge to directly measure the distance between the working surface of the flat ruler and the measured straight line; 3) The maximum distance measured minus the thickness of the equal thickness block is the approximate straightness error of the section: 4) According to the shape of the measured plane, measure in multiple directions, see Figure 19b), and the maximum value is taken as the approximate flatness error of the measured plane.
5. 4. 2 Indicator method
The method of using a measuring device with an indicator or a coordinate measuring machine to measure the deviation of the measured surface relative to the measured base surface and then evaluate the flatness error value is shown in Figure 20.
This method is suitable for the flatness error measurement of medium and small planes. The final steps are:
1) Adjust the corner points of the two diagonals to be equal or approximately equal (any three distant points can also be adjusted); 2)
Move the measuring device (or move the workpiece) point by point in a certain point arrangement form (for data processing), and record the sampled values h, to obtain the coordinate values Z: of each measuring point relative to the measuring base surface; h. Note 1: The measuring base surface is usually represented by a flat plate, or by a coordinate measuring instrument; Note 2: If the indications of the two diagonal points are equal, then: Fru. - ha - hm
Note 3: If the values of any distant point are equal, then: fap - hmuxhnin
5.4.3 Optical axis method
The method of establishing the measuring base surface with a geometric optical axis, measuring the deviation of the measured surface relative to the measuring base surface, and then evaluating the flatness error value is shown in Figure 21.
This method is applicable to - Flatness error measurement of large plane with general precision 1- Aiming target:
Push straight telescope:
Turning prism.The number of P can be increased or decreased according to the size of the measured plane and the measurement accuracy. If necessary, longitudinal measurement lines can be appropriately added, such as the QQ lines in Figures 12 and 13. 2)
For small planes, it can be directly simplified to the point distribution form shown in Figure 14. 3)
4) The number of segments in the diagonal direction should generally be a false number. CB/T 11337—2004
5.3.3 Circular plane point arrangement
a) Method - (circular point arrangement, see Figure 15)
Measurement sequence:
AA circular line;wwW.bzxz.Net
② B-→B circular line;
A-→+B.
b) Method 2 (see Figure 16)
Measurement sequence:
ABC;
2) A-→LC;
Pr→P,
P.-i - P,-..
e) Method 3 (see Figure 17)
Measurement sequence:
AB--C;
②) A-+D-→C.
Note 1: Method 1 and Method 2 are applicable to surfaces with wider circular surfaces. The number of circular ring lines can be appropriately increased or decreased according to the width of the circular surface and the measurement accuracy requirements, but it cannot be less than two rings.
Note 2: Method 1 and Method 2 are applicable to surfaces with narrow circular surfaces. Note 3: Circular ring point arrangement is generally only applicable to occasions where measurements are made using a level or an instrument with a similar working principle to a level: 5.4 Direct method
A measurement method that can directly obtain the coordinate value of a plane point or directly evaluate the flatness error value through measurement. 5.4.1 Gap method
5.4.1.1 Compare the light gap formed between the measured straight line and the measurement baseline with the standard light gap, measure the straightness error on several sections in different directions, and take the maximum value as the approximate value of the flatness error, see Figure 18. This method is applicable to the measurement of the flatness error of small planes processed by grinding or lapping. 1
T um2um3um4um
Standard light
Sample ruler;
Measured workpiece,
3·Light box:
Frosted glass;
-light source,
Gauge block:
Measurement steps
Measurement principle
Make the measuring light gap as small as possible
GB/T11337—2004
d) Measure different sections of the egg
Put the measuring baseline in direct contact with the measured straight line and place it in an appropriate position between the light source and the eye, see Figure 18a); adjust the sample ruler to make the maximum light as small as possible, see Figure 18b), compare with the standard light source [see Figure 18c), and estimate the straightness error value of a single section! According to the shape of the measured plane, measurements are made in multiple directions (see Figure 18d)], and the maximum value is taken as the approximate value of the flatness error of the measured surface.
Note 1 The baseline is usually measured by a template ruler (knife edge ruler) or a flat ruler; Note 2: The standard light strikes the template straight foot, and the gauge block and flat crystal are combined to produce it. See Figure 18c); Note 3: The light gap between the standard light block and the measured workpiece should be observed under the same conditions. 5.4.1.2 Use a gauge block (or feeler gauge) to measure the gap between the measured straight line and the measurement baseline, see Figure 19, and measure the straightness error values of several sections in different directions, and take the maximum value as the approximate method of flatness error. This method is suitable for flatness error measurement of low-precision planes. a)
GB/T11337-2004
Measurement steps:
1) Place the measuring baseline of the flat ruler on the measured straight line, and place
equal thickness notches at a distance of about 1 meter (the length of the flat ruler) from both ends of the flat ruler;
2) Use a sheet plug gauge or a feeler gauge to directly measure the distance between the working surface of the flat ruler and the measured straight line; 3) The maximum distance measured minus the thickness of the equal thickness block is the approximate straightness error of the section: 4) According to the shape of the measured plane, measure in multiple directions, see Figure 19b), and the maximum value is taken as the approximate flatness error of the measured plane.
5. 4. 2 Indicator method
The method of using a measuring device with an indicator or a coordinate measuring machine to measure the deviation of the measured surface relative to the measured base surface and then evaluate the flatness error value is shown in Figure 20.
This method is suitable for the flatness error measurement of medium and small planes. The final steps are:
1) Adjust the corner points of the two diagonals to be equal or approximately equal (any three distant points can also be adjusted); 2)
Move the measuring device (or move the workpiece) point by point in a certain point arrangement form (for data processing), and record the sampled values h, to obtain the coordinate values Z: of each measuring point relative to the measuring base surface; h. Note 1: The measuring base surface is usually represented by a flat plate, or by a coordinate measuring instrument; Note 2: If the indications of the two diagonal points are equal, then: Fru. - ha - hm
Note 3: If the values of any distant point are equal, then: fap - hmuxhnin
5.4.3 Optical axis method
The method of establishing the measuring base surface with a geometric optical axis, measuring the deviation of the measured surface relative to the measuring base surface, and then evaluating the flatness error value is shown in Figure 21.
This method is applicable to - Flatness error measurement of large plane with general precision 1- Aiming target:
Push straight telescope:
Turning prism.The number of P can be increased or decreased according to the size of the measured plane and the measurement accuracy. If necessary, longitudinal measurement lines can be appropriately added, such as the QQ lines in Figures 12 and 13. 2)
For small planes, it can be directly simplified to the point distribution form shown in Figure 14. 3)
4) The number of segments in the diagonal direction should generally be a false number. CB/T 11337—2004
5.3.3 Circular plane point arrangement
a) Method - (circular point arrangement, see Figure 15)
Measurement sequence:
AA circular line;
② B-→B circular line;
A-→+B.
b) Method 2 (see Figure 16)
Measurement sequence:
ABC;
2) A-→LC;
Pr→P,
P.-i - P,-..
e) Method 3 (see Figure 17)
Measurement sequence:
AB--C;
②) A-+D-→C.
Note 1: Method 1 and Method 2 are applicable to surfaces with wider circular surfaces. The number of circular ring lines can be appropriately increased or decreased according to the width of the circular surface and the measurement accuracy requirements, but it cannot be less than two rings.
Note 2: Method 1 and Method 2 are applicable to surfaces with narrow circular surfaces. Note 3: Circular ring point arrangement is generally only applicable to occasions where measurements are made using a level or an instrument with a similar working principle to a level: 5.4 Direct method
A measurement method that can directly obtain the coordinate value of a plane point or directly evaluate the flatness error value through measurement. 5.4.1 Gap method
5.4.1.1 Compare the light gap formed between the measured straight line and the measurement baseline with the standard light gap, measure the straightness error on several sections in different directions, and take the maximum value as the approximate value of the flatness error, see Figure 18. This method is applicable to the measurement of the flatness error of small planes processed by grinding or lapping. 1
T um2um3um4um
Standard light
Sample ruler;
Measured workpiece,
3·Light box:
Frosted glass;
-light source,
Gauge block:
Measurement steps
Measurement principle
Make the measuring light gap as small as possible
GB/T11337—2004
d) Measure different sections of the egg
Put the measuring baseline in direct contact with the measured straight line and place it in an appropriate position between the light source and the eye, see Figure 18a); adjust the sample ruler to make the maximum light as small as possible, see Figure 18b), compare with the standard light source [see Figure 18c), and estimate the straightness error value of a single section! According to the shape of the measured plane, measurements are made in multiple directions (see Figure 18d)], and the maximum value is taken as the approximate value of the flatness error of the measured surface.
Note 1 The baseline is usually measured by a template ruler (knife edge ruler) or a flat ruler; Note 2: The standard light strikes the template straight foot, and the gauge block and flat crystal are combined to produce it. See Figure 18c); Note 3: The light gap between the standard light block and the measured workpiece should be observed under the same conditions. 5.4.1.2 Use a gauge block (or feeler gauge) to measure the gap between the measured straight line and the measurement baseline, see Figure 19, and measure the straightness error values of several sections in different directions, and take the maximum value as the approximate method of flatness error. This method is suitable for flatness error measurement of low-precision planes. a)
GB/T11337-2004
Measurement steps:
1) Place the measuring baseline of the flat ruler on the measured straight line, and place
equal thickness notches at a distance of about 1 meter (the length of the flat ruler) from both ends of the flat ruler;
2) Use a sheet plug gauge or a feeler gauge to directly measure the distance between the working surface of the flat ruler and the measured straight line; 3) The maximum distance measured minus the thickness of the equal thickness block is the approximate straightness error of the section: 4) According to the shape of the measured plane, measure in multiple directions, see Figure 19b), and the maximum value is taken as the approximate flatness error of the measured plane.
5. 4. 2 Indicator method
The method of using a measuring device with an indicator or a coordinate measuring machine to measure the deviation of the measured surface relative to the measured base surface and then evaluate the flatness error value is shown in Figure 20.
This method is suitable for the flatness error measurement of medium and small planes. The final steps are:
1) Adjust the corner points of the two diagonals to be equal or approximately equal (any three distant points can also be adjusted); 2)
Move the measuring device (or move the workpiece) point by point in a certain point arrangement form (for data processing), and record the sampled values h, to obtain the coordinate values Z: of each measuring point relative to the measuring base surface; h. Note 1: The measuring base surface is usually represented by a flat plate, or by a coordinate measuring instrument; Note 2: If the indications of the two diagonal points are equal, then: Fru. - ha - hm
Note 3: If the values of any distant point are equal, then: fap - hmuxhnin
5.4.3 Optical axis method
The method of establishing the measuring base surface with a geometric optical axis, measuring the deviation of the measured surface relative to the measuring base surface, and then evaluating the flatness error value is shown in Figure 21.
This method is applicable to - Flatness error measurement of large plane with general precision 1- Aiming target:
Push straight telescope:
Turning prism.2 Use a gauge block (or feeler gauge) to measure the gap between the measured straight line and the measuring baseline, see Figure 19, measure the straightness error values of several sections in different directions, and take the maximum value as the approximate method of flatness error. This method is suitable for flatness error measurement of low-precision planes. a)
GB/T11337-2004
Measurement steps:
1) Place the measuring baseline of a flat ruler on the measured straight line, and pad it with equal thickness gaps at about 1 meter away from both ends of the flat ruler (the length of the flat ruler);
2) Use a sheet plug gauge or feeler gauge to directly measure the distance between the working surface of the flat ruler and the measured straight line; 3) The maximum distance measured minus the thickness of the equal thickness gauge block is the approximate straightness error value of the section: 4) According to the shape of the measured plane, measure in multiple directions, see Figure 19b), and take the maximum value as the approximate flatness error value of the measured plane.
5. 4. 2 Indicator Method
The method of using a measuring device with an indicator or a coordinate measuring machine to measure the deviation of the measured surface relative to the measured base surface and then evaluate the flatness error value is shown in Figure 20.
This method is suitable for the flatness error measurement of medium and small planes, &
The last step:
1) Adjust the corner points of the two diagonals to the same height or approximately the same height (any three distant points can also be adjusted); 2)
Move the measuring device (or move the workpiece) point by point according to a certain point arrangement form (for data processing), and record the sampled values h, at the same time, and you can get the coordinate value Z: of each measuring point relative to the measured base surface; h. Note 1: The measurement base surface is usually represented by a flat plate, or by a coordinate measuring instrument; Note 2: If the indications of the two diagonal points are equal, then: Fru. - ha - hm
Note 3: If the stasis values of any far point are equal, then: fap - hmuxhnin
5.4.3 Optical axis method
The method of establishing the measurement base surface with the geometric optical axis, measuring the deviation of the measured surface relative to the measurement base surface, and then evaluating the flatness error value is shown in Figure 21.
This method is applicable to - Flatness error measurement of large planes with general accuracy 1 - Aiming target:
Push straight telescope:
Turning prism.2 Use a gauge block (or feeler gauge) to measure the gap between the measured straight line and the measuring baseline, see Figure 19, measure the straightness error values of several sections in different directions, and take the maximum value as the approximate method of flatness error. This method is suitable for flatness error measurement of low-precision planes. a)
GB/T11337-2004
Measurement steps:
1) Place the measuring baseline of a flat ruler on the measured straight line, and pad it with equal thickness gaps at about 1 meter away from both ends of the flat ruler (the length of the flat ruler);
2) Use a sheet plug gauge or feeler gauge to directly measure the distance between the working surface of the flat ruler and the measured straight line; 3) The maximum distance measured minus the thickness of the equal thickness gauge block is the approximate straightness error value of the section: 4) According to the shape of the measured plane, measure in multiple directions, see Figure 19b), and take the maximum value as the approximate flatness error value of the measured plane.
5. 4. 2 Indicator Method
The method of using a measuring device with an indicator or a coordinate measuring machine to measure the deviation of the measured surface relative to the measured base surface and then evaluate the flatness error value is shown in Figure 20.
This method is suitable for the flatness error measurement of medium and small planes, &
The last step:
1) Adjust the corner points of the two diagonals to the same height or approximately the same height (any three distant points can also be adjusted); 2)
Move the measuring device (or move the workpiece) point by point according to a certain point arrangement form (for data processing), and record the sampled values h, at the same time, and you can get the coordinate value Z: of each measuring point relative to the measured base surface; h. Note 1: The measurement base surface is usually represented by a flat plate, or by a coordinate measuring instrument; Note 2: If the indications of the two diagonal points are equal, then: Fru. - ha - hm
Note 3: If the stasis values of any far point are equal, then: fap - hmuxhnin
5.4.3 Optical axis method
The method of establishing the measurement base surface with the geometric optical axis, measuring the deviation of the measured surface relative to the measurement base surface, and then evaluating the flatness error value is shown in Figure 21.
This method is applicable to - Flatness error measurement of large planes with general accuracy 1 - Aiming target:
Push straight telescope:
Turning prism.
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