Some standard content:
Mechanical Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
JB/T628892
Terms of Ground Machine Systems
Issued on June 10, 1992
Implementation by the Ministry of Machinery and Electronics Industry of the People's Republic of China on July 1, 1993
Subject content and scope of application
Ground·
General principles of vehicles·
Wheeled vehicles
Tracked vehicles·
Soil working parts
Tests, test equipment and instruments
Appendix A
Appendix B
Chinese index (reference)
English index (reference)
· (13)
Mechanical Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
Terms of Ground Machine Systems
1 Subject content and scope of application
This standard specifies the terms and definitions related to the mechanics of ground machine systems. This standard is applicable to scientific research, teaching, production and other fields. 2 General
Terrain-machine systemterrain-machinesystemA system composed of ground and machine (off-road vehicle and ground working machine) in a certain relationship. Terramechanicsterramechanics
The science of the mechanical relationship between ground and machine. 2.3
Off-roadlocomotion
Driving of vehicles on non-paved roads
3 Ground
3.1 Ground assessment
3.1.1 Terrainterrain
The natural surface of the earth that a machine travels or contacts, including soil, desert, swamp, rock, etc. Terrain featureterrainfeature
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A special attribute of the ground that can be described in quantitative terms, such as ground physical characteristics and ground geometric characteristics. 3.1.3
Roadroad
The road surface laid for vehicle travel.
Off-road terrain
Cross-country torrain
Ground that has not been specially modified for the passage of vehicles. Slope
The angle between the road surface or local ground and the horizontal plane in the plane perpendicular to the direction of vehicle travel. Slope length
For a slope, the straight-line distance from one change point to another change point of the slope. Terrain profile
The geometric shape of the ground surface represented by an altitude-distance curve. 3.1.8 Terrain irregularities The description of the ruggedness of the ground is often determined by a continuous ground waveform function or a spectral density function. 3.1.9wwW.bzxz.Net
Ground state of terrain
The general environmental conditions of the ground or road surface, which can be divided into dry, wet, moist, frozen, and covered with ice, snow or vegetation. 3.1.10 Terrain trafficability The ability of the ground to bear vehicles and provide traffic. 3.1.11 Geometry performance of terrain The three-dimensional characteristics of the geometric shape of the ground contour. Approved by the Ministry of Machinery and Electronics Industry on June 10, 1992 and implemented on July 1, 1993
3.2 Environment and obstacles
3.2.1 Vehicle environment vehicle environment JB/T6288--92
All natural or man-made factors that affect vehicle performance, such as terrain, objects, obstacles, ground geological conditions, air and traffic in the area where the vehicle is traveling.
3.2.2 Environmental factor Environmental attributes expressed in quantitative terms. For example, the quantity of temperature, air pressure, sea, humidity, etc. 3.2.3
Environmental effectenvironmental effect
A measurable or determinable effect caused by a specific environmental factor or combination of factors on the object of study. 3.2.4
Obstacle
External environmental features that hinder the movement of vehicles and equipment. 3.2.5
Terrain obstacleterrain obstacle
Various ground environmental features that can affect the normal movement of vehicles and equipment, such as tree trunks, tree roots, stones and ditches. Longitudinal obstaclelongitudinal obstacleA ground feature along the direction of vehicle travel that can force the vehicle to reduce its speed when the vehicle passes through it, thus hindering the vehicle's movement. 3.2.7
Lateral obstaclelateral obstacle
A ground feature or combination of features perpendicular to the direction of vehicle travel that can force the vehicle to deviate laterally. Obstacle outlineohstacle outline
The surface geometric shape of a ground obstacle.
convex obstacle
convex terrain surface, which can cause the bottom of the vehicle to hit or lift up and prevent it from driving. 3.2.10 pitted obstacle pitted terrain surface, which can cause the front of the vehicle to hit the obstacle and cause the front end to fail or cause the rear of the vehicle to hit the obstacle and cause the tail end to fail.
vegetation obstacle
vegetation obstacle
low vegetation covering the ground surface that hinders the driving of vehicles and machinery. 4 soil
4.1 soil type soiltype
4.1.1 sand sand
a loose medium composed of small but easily identifiable quartz particles with a diameter between 0.05 and 2 mm and mainly composed of quartz fine particles decomposed from rocks.
Silty
Unconsolidated or loose sedimentary material, composed of rock particles finer than sand and coarser than clay, with a particle diameter between 0.0050.05mm and very low strength after air drying.
4.1.3 Clay
A kind of soil that is plastic when wet and often hard when dry, mainly composed of decomposed igneous and metamorphic rocks, rich in fine particles with a diameter less than 0.005mm.
CohesionlesssoilSoil whose shear strength is mainly generated by internal friction, and its cohesion can be ignored. Such as ideal pure sand. 4.1.5
Cohesivesoil.
Soil whose shear strength is mainly generated by cohesion, and its internal friction can be ignored. For example, ideal clay, 4.1.6
coarse-grainedsoil
When determining the soil type based on the sieve analysis results, a soil sample with soil particles larger than 0.1mm weighing more than 50% of the total weight is a coarse-grained soil, 4.1.7
fine-grainedsoil
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a soil sample containing more than 50% of the particles with a diameter less than 0.1mm is a fine-grained soil. Humus
Soil with a high organic content (usually more than 20%). 4.1.9 Peat
A soil with a high organic content. The ground with this soil often has a layer of living vegetation in the rock layer. 4.2 Soil strength and its influencing factors
4.2.1 Soil strengthsoilstrength
The ability of soil to resist external forces. It varies with humidity, temperature, soil particle properties, arrangement and size distribution, speed of action, stress state and test method.
4.2.2 Normal stress gnormalstress
Stress caused by normal force (compression or tension) acting on any plane of the soil. 4.2.3 Shear stress tshearstress
Stress caused by the force that causes two parallel planes in the soil to slide relative to each other. 4.2.4 Neutral stress neutralstress
The part of the total stress of saturated soil caused by water pressure. It neither produces an observable amount of compression on the soil nor an increase in the shear strength of the soil.
4.2.5 Effective stress effectivestress The difference between the total stress and the neutral stress in saturated soil. It is the stress that contributes to soil deformation. 4.2.6 Unconfined compression strength unconfinedcompressionstrength-The maximum stress at which a prismatic or cylindrical soil sample will fail in a simple compression test. Shear strength
The maximum value of soil's resistance to shear stress,
4.2.8 Ground pressure, contact pressure contact pressure The positive pressure acting on the contact area between the vehicle running parts or other machine contacting parts and the soil surface. Cone index coneindex
The ability of soil to resist the penetration of objects. A cone probe is usually pressed vertically into the soil, and the unit area pressure at different depths is measured, and the average value of each layer is taken as the cone index of the layer. Synonymous with 4.2.16. 4.2.10 Specific resistance specific resistance The average unit resistance in the forward direction when a standard working part works in different soils under certain conditions. Cohesion cohesion
The cohesion between soil particles.
4.2.12 Angle of internal friction angle of internal friction The angle between the tangent line at any point on the curve of the relationship between soil shear strength and the normal pressure acting on the soil shear surface and the horizontal coordinate representing the normal pressure.
4.2.13 Coefficient of internal friction coefficient of internal friction The ratio of the shear force generated by friction inside the soil to the normal pressure acting on the sheared soil. Angle of external friction4.2.14
The angle at which the resultant force of normal pressure and external friction acting between soil and other materials deviates from the normal. Coefficient of external friction4.2.15
The ratio of the shearing force generated by friction between soil and other materials to the normal pressure acting on the contact surface4.2.16 Consistency
See 4.2.9
4.3 Soil and water
4.3.1 Soil consistency
soil consistency
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The characteristic value of clay soil showing different states due to changes in water content. Plasticity
The property of soil that allows permanent deformation without breaking or obvious volume change within a certain range of water content. Limitwatercontent
The water content of soil when it changes from one state to another is called limit water content, or "Atterberg limit". 4.3.4Plastic limitplasticlimit
The limit water content of soil when it changes from semi-permeable state to plastic state, or the lower limit water content of soil plastic state. 4.3.5Liquid limitliquidlimit
The limit water content of soil when it changes from plastic state to flow state; or the upper limit water content of soil plastic state. 4.3.6
Plasticityindexplasticityindex
The difference between liquid limit and plastic limit.
Shrinkagelimit
The water content of soil when its volume no longer continues to decrease during drying. 4.3.8
Stickinesslimit
The minimum water content at which soil will stick to sheet materials pulled through its surface. 4.4 Soil properties 4.4.1 Compaction The phenomenon of soil becoming dense due to natural forces or mechanical operations. 4.4.2 Consolidation The phenomenon of slow reduction of soil volume due to water draining out of soil pores for some reason. Creep The phenomenon of soil continuously deforming at a very slow rate under the condition of constant stress load. Rheologic performance The characteristic of soil stress and strain changing with time. 4.4.5
thixotropy
the property of soil that the strength decreases during agitation or operation, and the soil strength gradually recovers with time after the agitation stops; the moisture content of the soil does not change during the whole process. Constant performance of soil 4.4.6
the soil material properties that do not consider the instantaneous condition of the soil, or do not change significantly due to the external stress field or short-term environmental effects; such as particle size, particle shape, mineral composition and various critical moisture contents. 4.4.7 instantaneous performance of soil The actual instantaneous properties of soil, indicating the variability of soil with environmental and loading conditions; such as moisture content, porosity, void ratio and bulk density.
5 General Introduction to Vehicles
5.1 Types of Vehicles
5.1.1 Vehicles
a movable machine used to transport materials and personnel and perform other operations on the ground. 5.1.2
wheeled vehicle
A vehicle that uses wheels or wheel-like components as its running parts. All-wheel drive vehicle vehicle driven by all wheels 5.1.3
A vehicle that can be driven by all wheels. 5.1.4
off-road vehicle
A vehicle that is mainly used to carry people and goods or to perform other operations on unpaved roads. 4
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5.1.5high-passage off-road vehicle
allterrainvehicle
A wheeled and tracked vehicle that can travel off-road on extremely difficult ground. Tracked vehicle tracked vehicle
A vehicle that uses tracks as its running device. 5.1.7semi-tracked vehicle semi-tracked vehicle A vehicle that uses wheels at the front and tracks at the rear as its running device. Articulated vehicles5.1.8
A vehicle with two or more similar or different (e.g. tractor-trailer) bodies connected by hinges. 5.1.9tractor
A self-propelled machine used primarily for towing operations. Boat tractor
A tractor whose hull supports most of the tractor's weight when working in a paddy field and whose drive wheels move it forward in a sudden motion. 5.1.11
Hillside tractor
A special tractor whose body can be kept level manually or automatically by a control device when working on a horizontal slope or hilly area. 5.1.12construction machinerymachinery and equipment that can replace heavy manual labor in various construction projects, such as bulldozers, graders and excavators. Air-cushion vehicle air-cushion vehicle
A vehicle that uses air with appropriate pressure to lift the bottom of the vehicle off the ground and is propelled and steered by means of paddles. Walking machine
A vehicle that uses a number of legs and feet that imitate humans and creatures as its walking mechanism. Floating spiral-push machine 5.1.15
A vehicle that uses two or four floating cylinders with spiral blades as its sudden moving parts to move. 5.2 Vehicle geometry and basic parameters
5.2.1. Overall length of vehicle overall length
The distance between two vertical planes perpendicular to the longitudinal center plane of the vehicle and respectively against the outermost protruding parts of the front and rear ends of the vehicle. Overall width of vehicle overall width
The distance between two vertical planes parallel to the longitudinal center plane of the vehicle and respectively against the fixed protruding parts on both sides of the vehicle (excluding removable external parts).
5.2.3 Overall height of vehicle overallheight
The distance between the vehicle support plane and the horizontal plane against the highest protruding part of the vehicle. 5.2.4
Minimum ground clearanceminimumgroundclearanceThe vertical distance from the lowest point of the bottom of the vehicle to the support ground plane. 5.2.5 Turning radiusturningradius
The vertical distance from the axis of rotation to the longitudinal center plane of the vehicle when the vehicle turns. 5.2.6 GrossweightThe weight of the vehicle when fully equipped, full of oil and water but without loadContactarea
The area of the vehicle's running parts in contact with the ground it supports. 5.3 Sinkage and resistance
5.3.1 Sinkage
The vertical distance between the lowest point of the running mechanism and the unpressed ground surface. 5.3.2 Immobilization
The state in which a vehicle cannot drive itself due to sinking or sliding. 5.3.3 Bellying
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The state in which a vehicle cannot drive due to sinking and its bottom is in contact with the soil. 5.3.4 Internal motion resistance internal motion resistance The resistance of the moving parts of the traveling mechanism to internal energy losses such as friction and vibration during the driving of the vehicle. External motion resistance external motion resistance 5.3.5
The resistance caused by ground deformation (such as compaction, displacement, etc.), air, slope, etc. during the driving of the vehicle. 5.3.6
Total motion resistance total motion resistance The sum of internal and external motion resistances.
5.4 Speed, power and traction performance
Theoretical speed theoretical travel speed The movement speed of the vehicle body when the supporting section of the traveling mechanism is not sliding relative to the ground. Actual speedactualtravelspeed
The speed of the vehicle body when the supporting section of the traveling mechanism is slipping relative to the ground. 5.4.3
maximumspoed
The maximum stable driving speed that a vehicle can reach on a straight and good road surface. Specific powerpower-massratio
The ratio of the rated power of the engine to the total mass of the vehicle. Drawbarpull
The force of the vehicle acting on the outside, the direction of which is consistent with the direction of the vehicle's travel. 5.4.63
tractiveeffort
The resultant ground force acting on the driving wheels of the traveling mechanism, which is parallel to the ground and in the same direction as the vehicle's travel. Drawbarpower
The product of the drawbar traction force and the travel speed. Drawbarefficiency
The ratio of the vehicle's drawbar traction power to its engine power. 5.4.9
Drawbarcoefficient
The ratio of the vehicle's hook traction force to the vehicle's total mass. 5.4.10 Self-propelledpointThe point on the driving force-slip curve where the vehicle can just overcome its own driving resistance and drive without providing hook traction force.
5.5 Stability
Stability
stability
The ability of a vehicle to work on a slope or be disturbed by the outside world without tipping over and recovering to its original state of motion. Lateralstabilitylateralstability
The ability of a fully loaded vehicle to travel perpendicular to the slope at a low speed without lateral tipping or side sliding. LongitudinalstaticoverturningangleThe maximum slope angle at which a vehicle is braked longitudinally and parked on a slope without causing longitudinal tipping. LongitudinalstaticskiddingangleThe maximum slope angle at which a vehicle is braked longitudinally and parked on a slope without causing downward sliding. Lateral static overturning angle The maximum slope angle at which a vehicle can park laterally on a ramp without causing lateral overturning. Lateral static skidding angle 5.5.6
The maximum slope angle at which a vehicle can park laterally on a ramp without causing lateral sliding. 5.6 Other performances
5.6.1 Trafficability
: Trafficability
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The vehicle's ability to pass under various soil and ground conditions. Mobility
The vehicle's ability to move from one place to another and perform its main functions. 5.6.3 Maneuverability
The vehicle's ability to accurately respond to the driver's operating instructions. 5.6.4
Climbing performance
The ability of a vehicle to climb a flat concrete slope at a constant speed. The maximum longitudinal slope angle or percentage that can be climbed is used to measure obstacle crossing performance. The ability of a vehicle to overcome various obstacles.
Maximum height of surmountable obstacle 5.6.6
The maximum height of an obstacle that a vehicle can climb when driving at low speed. Maximum width of trench crossing 5.6.7
The maximum width of a trench that a vehicle can cross when driving at low speed. 5.6.8
Soft terrain performance The ability of a vehicle to drive on paddy fields, soft land, snow and swamps. 5.6.9 Floating capability The ability of a vehicle to float in water or prevent sinking on soft soil. 5.6.10 Fording depth
The depth of a water obstacle that a vehicle can pass by itself. Swimming capability
The vehicle has the ability to turn, propel and float across water obstacles in the water. 5.6.12 Reliability
The probability that the vehicle can maintain normal working ability under specified conditions within the specified service time, usually expressed as the ratio of the fault interval mileage or maintenance time to the total service time. 5.6.13 Durability
The length of time the main parts need to be replaced or repaired before they can be used. 5.6.14 Riding comfort
The shock absorption and comfort level of the vehicle passengers. 5.6.15 Ride performance
The performance of preventing the vibration and impact generated by the vehicle during driving from causing discomfort, fatigue and even damage to health, or damage to the cargo.
5.6.16 Slip
The percentage of the difference between the theoretical moving distance and the actual moving distance when the driving wheels are purely rolling on the water surface to the theoretical moving distance. 5.6.17 Slip ratio skid
The difference between the actual moving distance of the driven wheel or brake wheel and the theoretical moving distance of pure rolling is the percentage of the actual moving distance. 5.6.18 Vehicle cone index vehicle cone index In order to pass a certain number of vehicles, the soil critical layer should have the minimum strength expressed by the cone index. 6 Wheeled vehicles
6.1. Structural parameters
6.1.1 Wheelbase wheelbase
The vertical distance between the aluminum plumb planes made through the center lines of the two adjacent wheel axles on the same side of the vehicle. 6.1.2 Track
The distance between the centers of the left and right tire tracks on the same axle. 6.1.3 Front overhang
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The distance between the plumb plane passing through the centers of the two front wheels and the plumb plane passing through the frontmost point of the vehicle and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. 6.1.4 Rear overhang
The distance between the vertical plane passing through the centres of the two rear wheels and the vertical plane passing through the rearmost point of the vehicle and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. Approach angle approachangle
The angle between the plane tangent to the lowest point of the front end of the vehicle and the outer edge of the front wheel tyre (static load) and the ground plane. 6.1.6
Departure angle departureangle
The angle between the plane tangent to the lowest point of the rear end of the vehicle and the outer edge of the rear wheel tyre (static load) and the ground plane. Longitudinal rampangle
The minimum acute angle between two planes perpendicular to the longitudinal centre plane of the vehicle and tangent to the outer edge of the front and rear tyres of the vehicle respectively (static load) and whose intersection line touches the lowest part of the bottom of the vehicle (see Figure 1). Longitudinal rampangle
6.1.8 Weight transfer weighttransfer
The change in vertical load on the front and rear axles when the vehicle is in motion compared with the vertical load on each axle when the vehicle is stationary on a horizontal ground.
6.1.9 Suspended weight weightsprung
The weight of the vehicle supported by the elastic components of the vehicle suspension. 6.1.10 Unsprung weight weightunsprungThe weight of the vehicle not supported by the elastic components of the vehicle suspension. 6.2 Tires and anti-skid devices
6.2.1 Bias tyre diagonal tyre
A pneumatic tyre in which the cords of the adjacent layers of the ply and buffer layer are crossed and arranged at an angle less than 90° to the centerline of the tread. 6.2.2 Radial ply tyre A pneumatic tyre in which the cords of the carcass ply are arranged at an angle of 90° or close to 90° to the centerline of the tread, and the carcass is tightened by the belt layer. Low section tyre low section tyre
A pneumatic tyre in which the aspect ratio of the tire section is 0.70 to 0.88. 6.2.4 Pneumatic tyre
A tyre in which the inner cavity needs to be filled with compressed gas or liquid and can maintain the internal pressure. It is divided into tube tires and tubeless tires. 6.2.5 Number of plies
The actual number of plies of the tire carcass ply.
Narrowbase tyre
Ordinary section tyre with a ratio of rim width to tyre section width of less than 0.70. 6.2.7
Widebase tyre
Ordinary section tyre with a ratio of rim width to tyre section width of about 0.80 or more. 6.2.8Cordless tyre
Pneumatic tyre with no cord layer in the carcass.
TyrewithadjustableinflationpressurePneumatic tyre with tire pressure adjustable by the driver or automatic adjustment device according to the conditions of use. 6.2.10
Arched tire
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The tire section is curved and the sidewall has greater rigidity. When a large deformation occurs, the ground contact part is concave, increasing the ground contact area and reducing the tire sinking.
The tire section width of the pneumatic rollers is much wider than other types of tires. The outer diameter is small and the rim diameter is also small. Due to the large tire section width and height, the tire has good elasticity, a large ground contact area and a small ground contact pressure. Antiskid chains
Metal chains and non-metal chains with or without thorns are wound around the tire to improve the tire's passability on ice, snow and slippery ground.
6.2.13 Tyre inflation pressure For pneumatic tires, it refers to the gauge pressure measured when the air nozzle is in any position. For a tyre filled with liquid, it refers to the gauge pressure measured by an "air-water" pressure gauge at the bottom of the valve. It does not include the internal pressure of the tyre during use. 6.2.14 Tire section height tyresectionheight Half the difference between the outside diameter of the tyre and the nominal diameter of the wheel when the tyre is inflated and unloaded (see Figure 2). Section width
Unloaded section
Wheel shoulder
Centre line
Loaded section
Loaded section width
6.2.15 Tire section width tyresectionwidth
The maximum distance between the two outer sides of the tyre when it is inflated as required and in the unloaded state, excluding the increase caused by markings, decorative lines and anti-scratch lines
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