Some standard content:
GE/T16470
This standard adopts the US military standard MI1.-STD-147D "Pallet Unit Cargo" in the formulation of the main content. This standard deletes the special requirements for military pallet packaging in the US military standard MI1.-STD-147D "Pallet Unit Cargo". The application of this standard is conducive to the realization of containerized transportation of goods and can be better aligned with international standards. This standard was proposed by China Packaging Corporation. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Packaging Standardization. The responsible drafting units of this standard are the Machinery Standardization Research Institute of the Ministry of Machinery Industry and the China Export Commodity Packaging Research Institute of the Ministry of Commerce and Trade. The main drafters of this standard: Li Xuelong, Li Jianhua, Hu Haiqin, Niu Chuanshi, Huang Xue56
1 Scope
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Purlct packuge
This standard specifies the requirements, sampling, test methods and other technical conditions for pallet packaging. This standard applies to the transport packaging of various types of goods that can be packaged on pallets. 2 Referenced Standards
CB/T 16470-1996
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised, and parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. GB190—90 Dangerous Goods Packaging Marking
GB191—90 Pictorial Marking for Packaging Storage and Transportation
GR371683 Pallet Terminology
GR/T4122.1—1996 Packaging Terminology
GB4173-84 Steel Straps for Packaging
GB/T4892—1996 Dimension Series for Rigid Cuboid Transport Packages GB6388-86 Shipping and Receiving Marks for Transport Packages
GB10486—89 Steel Flat Pallets for Railway Freight GB12023—89
Plastic Strapping
GB13201—91 Dimension Series for Cylinder Transport Packages GB/T13757-92 Dimension Series for Bag Transport Packages GB/T15172·-94 Sampling Inspection for Transport Packages GB/T15233-94 Dimensions of Packaging Unit Goods Plastic Flat Pallets
GR 15234 -94
JB/T5990—92 Metal accessories for packaging boxes 3 Definitions
This standard adopts the definitions of GB/T4122.1 and GB3716. 4 Requirements
4.1 Basic requirements
Pallet packaging is mainly used for packaging components to be stacked on pallets, with appropriate bundling and wrapping, so as to facilitate mechanical loading and unloading and transportation. Pallet packaging should be scientific, reasonable, safe and reliable, and meet the requirements of loading and unloading, transportation and storage. 4.2 Size and quality
The size and quality of pallet packaging should be consistent with the size of the pallet and the weight of the load. The calculation of the size and quality of pallet packaging should include the size and quality of the pallet, bundling materials, reinforcement accessories and the stacked goods. 4.2.1 Dimensions
The dimensions of transport packages shall comply with the provisions of GB/T4892, GI313201, GB/T13757, and the minimum dimensions of unit cargo shall comply with the provisions of GR 15233. The dimensions of pallets shall comply with the minimum dimensions of intermodal general flat pallets, and the height and tolerance of pallet packaging shall be less than or equal to 2200.2, mm. The plane dimensions and tolerances of pallet packaging shall comply with the requirements of Table 1. Table! Plane dimensions and tolerances of pallet packaging Length x Width
1200×1000
1140×114
1200800
4.2.2 Mass
According to the mass of the pallet, the mass of the pallet packaging shall be less than or equal to 2000k. For safety during transportation, the center of gravity of the pallet packaging should not exceed two-thirds of the pallet width. In order to adapt to the quality restrictions, the height of the pallet packaging should generally be minimized. 4.3 Design and manufacture
The design and manufacture of the pallet packaging should be carried out in the following order: the pallet packaging stacking method, fixing method, protective reinforcement accessories and pallet selection should be designed according to the goods. And it should be ensured that the pallet packaging can withstand reasonable impacts during loading and unloading and transportation, and ensure the predetermined stacking state and the degree of adhesion, support, packaging, bundling, etc.
The pallet packaging with special requirements shall be negotiated by the supply and demand parties. 4.4 Stacking method and requirements
4.4.1 Stacking method
According to the type of goods, the pallet load mass and the pallet size, the stacking method of the goods on the pallet should be reasonably determined. And it should comply with the provisions of GB/T 4892.GB13201, GB/T 13757. The utilization rate of the pallet bearing surface area should generally not be less than 10 80%. 4.4.2 Stacking requirements
The basic stacking requirements for pallet packaging are as follows: 1) Wooden, paper and metal rectangular goods are stacked in single or multiple layers, stretched or shrunk; b) Paper or fiber goods are stacked in single or multiple layers, cross-sealed with strapping tape; c) Sealed metal containers and other cylindrical goods are stacked in single or multiple layers, reinforced with wooden covers; d) Paper products and textile goods that require moisture-proof and waterproof protection are stacked in single or multiple layers, stretched or shrunk or with added corner supports, cover partitions and other solid structures: +) Fragile goods are stacked in single or multiple layers, with added wooden support partition structures; 1) Metal bottles and other cylindrical containers or goods are stacked in single layers with vertical points, and reinforced with receipts and slats; β) Cut goods are stacked in multiple layers with compaction. 4.5 Pallet
The technical requirements of pallets shall comply with the provisions of intermodal general-purpose flat pallets, steel pallets shall comply with the provisions of GB10486, and plastic pallets shall comply with the provisions of GB15234.
4.6 Fixing methods
The main fixing methods for pallet packaging are bundling, gluing, stretching and shrinking, and can be used in combination with the five (see Table 2). 58
4.61 Bundling
GB/T16470—1996
Table 2 Classification of pallet packaging fixing methods
Horizontal bundling
Vertical bundling
Adhesive bundling
Tape bundling
Stretching and shrinking
Shrinking
Bundling includes metal strapping and non-metal strapping. The strapping and bundling structure should be selected according to the characteristics of the goods (see Figure 1). Longitudinal strapping (secondary strapping)
Horizontal strapping
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of strapping
Bundling tape includes metal strapping tape and non-metal strapping tape. Differential strapping [main strapping)
Auxiliary strapping
Metal strapping tape is mainly steel strapping tape, which shall comply with the provisions of GB4173. The width of steel strapping tape shall be greater than or equal to 16mm, and the thickness shall be greater than or equal to 0.5mm
Non-metal strapping tape is mainly plastic strapping tape. It shall comply with the provisions of GB12023. The width of plastic strapping tape shall be greater than or equal to 15mm, and the thickness shall be greater than or equal to 0.8 mm.
Specifications and dimensions of strapping tape:
a) Dimensions of longitudinal strapping tape
The total mass of the pallet packaging is divided by the total number of longitudinal strapping tapes used to obtain the mass that each strapping tape should bear. The specifications and dimensions of the strapping tape are determined based on this mass, and strapping tapes of the same or larger specifications and dimensions are selected according to the requirements of GB4173 or GB12023. b) Dimensions of transverse strapping tape
The total mass of each layer of goods packaged on the pallet is determined and the specifications and dimensions of the required transverse strapping tapes are selected according to GB4173 or GB12023.
c) When longitudinal and transverse strapping are used for pallet packaging at the same time, the two strapping tapes can use the same specifications and dimensions. Generally, a strapping tape with a larger specification and dimension is used.
Bundling methods include transverse strapping and longitudinal strapping. Transverse strapping can be used for pallet packaging other than stretch packaging or shrink packaging. The type of strapping tape should be selected reasonably, and the strapping position and quantity should be determined. Transverse strapping can be used in conjunction with reinforcement accessories. Longitudinal strapping is divided into primary strapping, secondary strapping and auxiliary strapping. Except for pallet packaging with stretch packaging or shrink packaging, all pallet packaging parts should be strapped. The strapping method for longitudinal strapping that does not pass through the pallet is auxiliary strapping. The auxiliary strapping of pallet packaging can be determined according to specific circumstances.
When strapping, the strapping belt should be flat and have appropriate tension. The strapping should be firm and the strapping force should not be too large to avoid breakage during transportation. The strapping belt joint should be sealed. The sealing can be done by cross sleeve sealing or welding. When sealing, the strapping belt is not allowed to move. The strapping sequence should be to strap horizontally first, and start strapping from the bottom cargo first. Then perform longitudinal strapping. 4.6.2 Gluing
Gluing is used for the fixed stacking of non-bundled paper containers and other goods on pallets. Gluing includes adhesive bonding and tape bonding. Adhesive bonding should be applied with a layer of adhesive with a width greater than 10mm on the bottom surface of each cargo in the length direction, so that when the goods are stacked, the upper and lower cargoes and the bottom cargoes are fixed to the pallet surface by adhesive (see Figure 2). The adhesive can be applied by machine or by hand. The adhesive should comply with relevant regulations and should be compatible with the glued products. Figure 2 Schematic diagram of adhesive bonding
Tape bonding should be applied with cavity tape with two sides applied on the contact surface of the upper and lower cargoes or the contact surface of the bottom cargoes and the pallet surface (see Figure 3). The thickness of the cavity tape should be greater than or equal to 0.7mm, the width should be 10omm, and the length should be 400mml~600mm. At least six double-sided tapes should be applied to the edge of each layer of cargo. Four "X\-shaped" double-sided tapes are applied between the six tapes to ensure that the upper and lower surfaces of each layer of cargo are firmly in contact. The tapes should comply with relevant regulations. Figure 3 Schematic diagram of double-sided tape binding
4.6.3 Wrapping
Pallet packaging can use canvas, paper, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and other plastic films (including stretchable and shrinkable) to fully or half wrap the unit cargo.
Full wrapping includes stretch wrapping and transport wrapping.64
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Stretch wrapping can be used to fix the pallet (see Figure 4). The polyethylene or polyoxyethylene and other stretch films used in stretch wrapping should comply with relevant regulations. For stretch wrapping with a mass of less than or equal to 1000kg, polyethylene stretch film with a thickness of greater than or equal to 0.05mm or polyvinyl chloride stretch film with a thickness of greater than or equal to 0.03mm or ethylene polyresin stretch film should be used. For mass less than or equal to 2 For stretch packaging of 100kg, a polyvinyl PU film with a thickness of 0.06mm or equal to 0.04mm1 or a polyvinyl chloride stretch film and a polyolefin polymer resin stretch film with a thickness of 0.09mm1 or equal to 0.09mm1 should be used. When using a straightened polyethylene stretch film, its thickness should be greater than or equal to 0.09mm1. In order to adapt to additional protection, a piece of waterproof paper or spider film can be placed on the top of the unit cargo before stretch packaging of the pallet packaging, and it should cover the cargo by 30mm or more. The stretch packaging should be an outer packaging that makes all parts of the unit cargo bear equal force and be protected. Figure 4 Schematic diagram of stretch packaging
Shrink packaging can be used to fix all pallet packaging (see Figure 5). The polyvinyl or polyvinyl chloride thermoplastic film used for shrink packaging should comply with relevant regulations. For shrink packaging with a mass less than or equal to 1000kg, polyethylene thermoplastic film with a thickness greater than or equal to 0.06mm or polyvinyl chloride thermoplastic film with a thickness greater than or equal to 0.03mm should be used. For shrink packaging with a mass less than or equal to 2000kg, polyethylene thermoplastic film with a thickness greater than or equal to 0.08mm or polyvinyl chloride thermoplastic film with a thickness greater than or equal to 0.04mm should be used. Figure 5 Shrink packaging diagram
4.7 Protective reinforcement accessories
For pallet packaging that still cannot meet the transportation requirements after being fixed, protective reinforcement accessories should be selected as needed. Protective reinforcement accessories are made of paper, wood, plastic, metal or other materials. And they should comply with relevant regulations (see Table 3). 61
Cargo cover (limited)
Special cargo frame, box
GE/T16470-1996
Table 3 Classification of protective reinforcement accessories
4.7.1 Edge protection
Edge protection includes metal guard and non-metal thick edge protection, main form
Gold screen expansion
Non-metal guard
Waterproof expansion
Canvas cover (quantity
Paper cargo cover
Essential cargo cover
Side frame||tt| |Upper and lower grips
Support frame
Support board
Two paper boards
Wooden partitions
Empty partitions
Grooved partitions
Pallet attachments
Cross slats
Top (bottom) slats
Side slats on the bottom
Wooden cargo
Dividable pallet boxes
Divided boxes
Knock-type filling components
Metal guardrails are used for edge protection of wooden fasteners on pallets. Metal guardrails should be placed under the metal strapping tape. Metal guardrails should have anti-rust coating. The thickness of metal guardrails should be greater than or equal to 1mm. For the purpose of solid bundling, the outer surface of the guardrails should have an anti-slip structure. Non-metal guardrails mainly refer to cardboard guardrails and plastic guardrails. Used for edge protection of paper fasteners on pallets. Metal edge guards should be placed under non-metallic strapping straps. Non-metallic edge guards should be resistant to corrosion and deterioration. Paper edge guards should be made of double-wafer paperboard. The size is determined according to requirements. The outer surface of plastic edge guards should have an anti-slip structure. 4.7.2 Cargo cover (cover)
Cargo cover (cover) includes waterproof cover, machine cloth cover (cover), paper cargo cover, wooden cargo cover, etc. The waterproof cover is composed of two pieces of waterproof material (such as waterproof oil paper or plastic film). One piece of waterproof material is laid in the wooden cover on the pallet, and the other piece of waterproof material is covered on the top layer of cargo. The length of the removed waterproof material can overlap with the waterproof material in the lower wooden cargo cover, and the width of the overlapping part should be greater than or equal to 50mm. The joints of the two waterproof materials should be sealed with pressure-sensitive tape or glue. Canvas cover (cover) should be made of fireproof, waterproof, moisture-proof and mildew-proof materials, and the thickness should comply with relevant regulations. The canvas cover should cover at least one-third of the height of the top layer of cargo packed on the pallet. The canvas cover should cover at least half of the height of the pallet-packed goods. And it should be tied with strapping tape. Paper cargo covers should be made of double corrugated cardboard or cardboard. It should be moisture-proof and used for non-adhesive pallet packaging. Wooden cargo covers are divided into closed decking, non-closed decking wooden covers, partition-type one-way cargo covers, and partition-type two-way cargo covers. The decking of closed wooden covers should be a whole piece of plywood and should comply with relevant regulations. The decking of non-closed wooden covers is composed of multiple wooden boards, and the spacing should be less than or equal to 100mm. The minimum cutting size of each wooden board should be equal to 100mm×12mm. There should be no less than 2 steel nails at the end, and the nail distance should be less than or equal to 50mm. 62
GB/T 16470 1996
Partition-type one-way cargo cover is a wooden cargo cover with a one-way partition inside the cover, and partition-type two-way cargo cover is a plastic cargo cover with a two-way partition inside the cover. The dimensions and tolerances of the cargo cover length and width should be the same as those of the pallet. 4.7.3 Frame
Frames for pallet packaging include side frames, end frames, upper frames and lower frames. The frame material is made of wood or plywood with sufficient strength. The width should be greater than or equal to 0 mm. 4.7.4 Support
Support includes support plate and support frame.
The support plate is made of wood with a thickness greater than or equal to 20 mm or the same length as the pallet packaging. The support frame is roughly the same as the frame.
4.7.5 Partition
Partitions include paper partitions, wooden partitions, blank partitions, grooved partitions, etc. Paper partitions are placed between the layers of goods packed on the pallet. The material should be made of moisture-proof and waterproof double corrugated board or cardboard. And it should comply with relevant regulations.
Wooden partitions are divided into horizontal wooden partitions and vertical wooden partitions. Horizontal wooden partitions disperse the bearing pressure of pallet packaging, and vertical wooden partitions should be 10mm high for every ten yards of goods.
Empty format partitions are made of wabang paperboard. Depending on the specific situation, they can also be made of metal materials or wood. They are used in conjunction with wooden cargo frames and boxes. Grooved partitions are made of cut wooden boards. The cuts can be symmetrical cuts or one-way cuts. The cuts should be equal to the nominal size. 4.7.6 Slats
Slats include pallet attachments, cross slats, cargo top (bottom) slats, cargo bottom side slats, etc. Pallet attachments are mainly used to reinforce pallets and are used in conjunction with vertical wooden partitions. The thickness should be greater than or equal to 5mm, and the length should be the same as the cargo hook size. The width should be greater than or equal to 150mm. The ends of the attached boards are nailed to the pallet with no less than 3 steel nails per piece. The lower cross-section board is a cross-section board. The cross-section board is placed perpendicular to the surface of the pallet packaging, and the length is consistent with the height of the goods. It should be fixed with dagger-shaped nails and strapping tape. bzxz.net
The top (bottom) board is placed flat on the top of the top cargo and under the bottom cargo. The thickness should be greater than or equal to 20mm, the width should be greater than or equal to 150mm, and the length should be consistent with the size of the goods. The thickness of the side board of the bottom cargo should be greater than or equal to 20mm and the width should be greater than or equal to 100mm. 4.7.7 Special cargo frames and boxes
Special cargo frames and boxes include wooden cargo frames, divisible pallet boxes and compartment boxes. Wooden cargo handles are made of wooden boards with a thickness of greater than or equal to 20mm. The height is determined according to the size of the part of the cargo to be fixed. Divisible pallet boxes are divisible hollow containers with the same size as pallets, made of boards with a thickness of greater than or equal to 20mm and plywood with a thickness of greater than or equal to 15mm.
The compartment boxes are the same size as pallets and are made of corrugated cardboard or endboard. 4.7.8 Other protective reinforcement accessories
Other protective reinforcement accessories are mainly formed filling components. Formed filling components are used to fill the stacking space caused by the different sizes and shapes of the rectangular goods in the pallet packaging. The formed filling components should be made of cardboard or corrugated cardboard and folded according to the required size and shape. The filling components should have a strength greater than or equal to 5N/cm.
5 Sampling
The sampling inspection of pallet packaging shall comply with the provisions of GB/T15172. 6 Test method
The pallet packaging shall be subjected to stability test. The test method and parameters shall comply with relevant regulations. 63
GB/T16470—1996
The test sample must be a complete and fully loaded pallet packaging for actual transportation. The goods on the pallet packaging can be simulated. 7 Marking, transportation and storage
7.1 Marking
The packaging marking of pallet packaging shall comply with the provisions of GR190GB191 and GB6388. The packaging label of pallet packaging shall be painted or hung with labels according to the specific situation. 2 Transportation
Pallet packaging shall be protected according to the circulation environment conditions that may be encountered and the relevant transportation conditions shall be specified. 7.3 Storage
Pallet packaging shall be stored in a warehouse or under a canopy.
The storage temperature, relative humidity and ventilation requirements of pallet packaging shall be specified according to the requirements of the loaded goods. The stacking form and height of pallet packaging shall be specified according to the requirements of the loaded goods. The storage period of pallet packaging shall be specified according to the requirements of the loaded goods. G
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