GB/T 16157-1996 Method for determination of particulate matter in exhaust gas from stationary sources and sampling of gaseous pollutants
Some standard content:
GB/T 16157—1996
This standard is formulated to implement national and local air pollutant emission standards and to regulate the monitoring of organized emissions from fixed pollution sources, especially the sampling method.
The content of the determination of particulate matter specified in this standard includes deep sampling, which is a particulate matter measurement section. It should be followed in general with pollution source monitoring, unless otherwise specified in the relevant emission standards or analytical method standards. For example, if there are other provisions in the analytical method standards for thermal power plants, chromium (sulfuric) acid mist, lead (or other metals) and their compounds, etc., which should also be followed, the emission of gaseous pollutants is complex, and the sampling content specified in this standard should be understood as general requirements. When sampling, the specific provisions of the relevant emission standards and gaseous pollutant analysis methods should also be followed. 1. The conditions and requirements for acceptance monitoring and regular monitoring of fixed pollution sources are not specifically covered by this standard. When monitoring, relevant emission standards, monitoring specifications and the provisions of the State Environmental Protection Administration on acceptance monitoring of construction projects should also be used. The boiler emission monitoring requirements are not specified in its emission standards, but in its smoke test method. Therefore, even if this standard is approved and issued, GB5468-91 "Boiler Smoke Test Method" will still be retained. It is not understood that this standard is in conflict with it. When implementing the test, in addition to the implementation of the provisions, the unclear parts are still referred to this standard: In addition, GB907888 Industrial Smoke Generation Test Method has been included in the standard.
White From the date of implementation of this standard, GB9078887.1 Industrial Smoke Test Method will be abolished immediately. This standard was entrusted to China National Environmental Monitoring Center for interpretation. The standard was proposed by the Science and Technology Promotion Department of the State Environmental Protection Administration: This standard was drafted by the Institute of Environmental Health and Sanitary Engineering, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, and the main drafters of this standard are: Liu Guangfeng, Chang Dehua, Zhou Shi, Zhou Guangfa, and Liu Jiang. National Standard of the People's Republic of China Determination of particulates and sampling methods for gaseous pollutants cmitted from exhaugt gas of stationary source 1 Subject content and scope of application GB/T 16157 1996 1.1 This standard specifies the determination of particulates and sampling methods for gaseous pollutants in exhaust gas of stationary sources such as flues, vents and exhaust pipes (hereinafter referred to as flues). 1.2 This standard applies to the determination of particulates and sampling methods for gaseous pollutants in exhaust gas of various boilers, industrial furnaces, and other stationary sources. 2 Definition 2.1 Particulate matter Particulate matter refers to suspended solid and liquid matter in the exhaust gas produced by the combustion, synthesis, decomposition of fuels and other substances and the mechanical treatment of various materials. 2.2 Gaseous pollutants
Gaseous pollutants refer to various pollutants dispersed in the exhaust gas in gaseous state. 2.3 Dry exhaust under standard conditions
Dry exhaust under standard conditions refers to exhaust without moisture at a temperature of 273K and a pressure of 101300Pa. 3 Measurement and calculation content
3. Measurement of exhaust parameters (temperature, pressure, moisture content, composition). 3.2 Calculation of exhaust density and gas distribution. 3.3 Measurement of exhaust velocity and flow rate.
3.4 Measurement of particulate matter in the exhaust and calculation of emission efficiency. 3.5 Sampling and calculation of concentration and emission rate of gaseous pollutants in exhaust gas 4 Basic requirements for sampling
4.1 Sampling conditions
Sampling should be carried out when the production equipment is in normal operation, or measured under the specified operating conditions according to the requirements of relevant pollutant emission standards:
4.2 Sampling position and sampling point
4.2.1 Sampling position
4.2.1.1 The sampling position should preferably be selected in the vertical pipe section. Avoid the flue and other places with sharp changes in cross section: the sampling position should be set at a distance of not less than 6 times the diameter of the downstream direction of the elbow, valve, and light tube, and not less than 3 times the diameter of the upstream direction of the above parts. For short flue, the diameter of the plate D = 2AB/(A+B), where A and B are the side lengths. 4.2.1.2 For gaseous pollutants, the sampling position is not subject to the above regulations, but the dry flow area should be avoided. If the exhaust flow rate is measured at the same time, the sampling position is still selected according to 4.2.1.1. 4.2.1.3 The sampling position should avoid places that are dangerous for the test personnel to operate. 4.2.2 Sampling holes
4.2.2.1 Sampling holes shall be opened at the selected measurement positions. The inner diameter of the sampling holes shall not be less than 80mm and the length of the sampling hole tube shall not be less than 50mm1. When not in use, they shall be sealed with a plate, plug or seal (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3). When the sampling holes are only used to collect gaseous pollutants, their inner diameter shall not be less than 0mm.
Figure 1 Sampling hole with cover
(Unit: mn)
Figure 2 Sampling hole with pipe plug
(Unit: mm)
Figure 3 Sampling hole with pipe plug
(Unit: mm)
For flues that transport high temperature or gas under positive pressure, sealed sampling holes with partitions should be used (Figure 4). 4.2.2.2
Figure 4 Dense sampling holes with chip valves
4.2.2.3 For circular flues, the sampling holes should be located on mutually straight diameter lines including all measuring points (Figure 5). For short or round flues, the sampling holes should be located on the extension line including all measuring points (Figure 6, Figure 7). Sampling hole
GB/T16157—1996
Sampling hole
Figure 5 Measuring points for circular section
Figure 6 Measuring points for rectangular section
4.2.3 Sampling platform
Sampling hole
Figure 7 Measuring points for square section
The sampling platform is set up for sampling by testers. There should be enough working area for workers to operate safely and conveniently. The platform area should not be less than 1.5m2, and there should be a 1.1m high guardrail. The sampling hole is about 1.2~1.3m away from the half platform. 4.2.4 Location and number of sampling points
4.2.4.1 Circular fluewwW.bzxz.Net
a) Divide the flue into an appropriate number of concentric rings of equal area. Each measuring point is selected at the intersection of the center line of each ring with equal area and two diameter lines intersecting vertically. One of the diameter lines should be in the plane with the largest expected concentration change. For example, when the measuring point is behind the elbow, the true diameter line should be in the plane AA where the elbow is located (Figure 8).
Figure 8 Measurement points after the circular flue elbow
b) For flues that meet the requirements of 4.2.1.1. Only the measurement point on the diameter line with the largest expected concentration change can be selected GB/T 16157-1996
) For small flues with a diameter of less than 0.3m and a relatively uniform and symmetrical velocity distribution that meets the requirements of 4.2.1.1, the center of the flue can be taken as the measurement point.
) The number of equal-area rings, the number of measured diameters and the number of measuring points for circular flues of different diameters are shown in Table 1. In principle, the number of measuring points shall not exceed 20. Table 1 Determination of the number of rings and measuring points for circular flues State flue diameter·n
0. 3-~0. 6
0. 6~-1. 0
Number of equal-area rings
Number of measured diameters
The distance between the measuring point and the inner wall of the flue is shown in the letter and determined according to Table 2. When the distance between the measuring point and the inner wall of the flue is less than 25mm, take 25mm. 0.567D
Figure 9 Distance between the sampling point and the inner wall of the flue
Distance between the measuring point and the inner wall of the flue (measured in flue diameter D) Point number
4.2.4.2 Rectangular or square flue
a) Divide the flue section into an appropriate number of small blocks of equal area, and the center of each block is the measuring point. The number of small blocks is selected according to the provisions of Table 3. In principle, the number of measuring points shall not exceed 20.
Chunnel cross-sectional area (n)
0.5--1.0
1.0--4.0
1.0~9.0
CB/T 16157
Table 3 Blocks and number of measuring points for rectangular (square) flue Equal area block length ()
.0.82
Total number of measuring points
9---16
h) When the cross-sectional area of the flue is less than 0.1 m, the velocity distribution is relatively uniform and symmetrical and meets the requirements of 4.2.1.1, the center of the cross section can be taken as the measuring point.
4.2.4.3 When the flue layout cannot meet the requirements of 4.2.1.1.5.1 Determination of exhaust gas temperature 5.1.1 Measurement position and measurement point Determine according to 4.2.1 and 4.2.4. Generally, it can be measured at a point near the center of the flue. 5.1.2 Instruments Thermocouple or electric overflow meter: its indication error should be less than 100%. a) b) Mercury glass thermometer: the accuracy should not be less than 2.5%, and the minimum scale value should not be greater than 2℃. 5. 1.3 Determination steps
a) Insert the temperature measuring element into the flue at the measuring point, close the measuring hole, and read the temperature after it stabilizes. b) When using a glass thermometer, do not draw the reading outside the flue. 5.2 Determination of moisture content in exhaust gas
The moisture content in the exhaust gas should be determined by the condensation method, dry sphere method or weight method according to different measurement objects. 5.2.1 Sampling position and measuring point
According to 2.1 and 4.2.4, sample at a measuring point close to the center of the flue. 5.2.2 Condensation method
5.2.2.1 Principle
Draw a certain volume of exhaust gas from the flue and pass it through the condenser. Calculate the moisture content in the exhaust gas based on the amount of condensed water plus the amount of water vapor in the saturated gas discharged from the condenser. 5.2.2. 2 Determination device and instrument
The sampling system for measuring the moisture content in the exhaust gas is shown in Figure 1. It consists of a smoke sampling tube, a condenser, a dryer, a hygrometer, a vacuum pressure gauge, a flow meter and an air pump. a) The smoke sampling tube is made of stainless steel and is equipped with a filter. It is used to remove particulate matter in the exhaust gas. For details, see 8, 3.3.1. b) Condenser: Made of stainless steel, it is used to separate and store the water condensed in the sampling tube, connecting tube and condenser. The total volume of the condenser should be no less than 5L, and the effective length of the condenser tube (g1011rL×1rm) should be no less than 1 500mm, the effective volume of the condensate storage container should not be less than 100, and the rise difference of the condensate discharged should be tight and leak-proof) Temperature card: the accuracy should not be less than 2.5%, the minimum scale value should not be greater than 2, d) Dryer: made of plexiglass, filled with silica gel, its volume should not be less than 0.8, used to dry the wet flue gas entering the flow meter. Air pressure gauge: the accuracy should not be less than 4. Used to measure the gas pressure before the flow meter. e
f) Rotary flow meter: the accuracy should not be less than 2.5%. g) Suction recorder: when the flow rate is 40L/min, its suction capacity should be able to overcome the resistance of the smoke and sampling system. When the flow meter is placed at the outlet of the suction recorder, the suction pump should not fail. h) Volume: 10ml.
GB/T 16157 --. 1996
Condensate
[-Filter; 2-Sampling 3-Cooler 14-Temperature: 5-Drying end 6-Vacuum pressure gauge:? Rotor flowmeter; 8-Cumulative flowmeter 9-Regulating valve: 10 Air extraction diagram 10 Condensation method for measuring exhaust water content 5. 2. 2. 3 Measurement steps
) Fill the condenser with ice water. Or connect cooling water to the inlet and outlet pipes of the condenser. ) Connect the instrument as shown in Figure 10:
c) Check whether the system is humid. If humid air is found, check and plug the leak in sections until the leak detection requirements are met. Although the flowmeter is installed in front of the air pump, there are two ways to detect leaks. Method 1: Connect a small-scale rotor flowmeter with a full range of L/rmin in front of the system's air extraction pump. When checking for leaks, seal the inlet of the sampling tube (excluding the sampling nozzle) with the filter cartridge installed, turn on the vacuum pump, and adjust the regulating valve at the inlet of the vacuum pump so that the negative pressure gauge in the system indicates 6.7 kPa. At this time, if the flow rate of the small flow meter is not greater than 0.6 L/min, it is considered to be leak-free. Method 2: When checking for leaks, seal the inlet of the sampling tube filter cartridge, turn on the vacuum pump, and adjust the regulating valve at the inlet so that the negative pressure gauge of the system's small vacuum pressure gauge indicates G.7 kPa. Close the rubber joint connected to the vacuum pump. If the indicated value of the vacuum pressure gauge does not drop by more than C. 2 kPa within 0.min, it is considered to be leak-free.
Before the instrument is taken to the site, it has been leak tested according to the above method. The on-site leak test is only conducted on the rubber hose connecting the sample to the air extraction section.
The leak test method after the flow meter device is installed in the air extraction pump is as follows: connect a three-way pipe to the outlet of the flow metering device, one end of which is connected to a pressure gauge, and the other end is connected to a rubber hose. When leak testing, cut off the inlet passage of the air extraction gas, and let air enter the rubber hose end of the middle three-way pipe to make the water column pressure difference of the U-type pressure gauge rise to 2kPa, and block the inlet of the rubber hose. If the liquid level difference of the IJ-type pressure gauge does not change within 1 minute, it is considered to be leak-free. The pipe section before the air extraction pump is still leak tested according to the above method.
d) Open the sampling hole and remove the dust in the hole. Insert the sampling tube equipped with a filter into the near-center position of the channel and close the sampling hole. e) Start the air extraction pump to extract air at a flow rate of about 251./min, and record the start time of sampling at the same time. f) The amount of exhaust gas extracted should make the cold water pan in the condenser above 10mL. During sampling, record the gas temperature at the outlet of the condenser every few minutes (rotor flowmeter reading, gas temperature t before the flowmeter, length and sampling time t. If the system is equipped with a cumulative flowmeter, the cumulative flow at the start and end of sampling should be recorded. g) After sampling, tilt the outlet of the sampling tube downward, take out the sampling tube, pour the water condensed in the sample and connecting tube into the cold avoider, and use a meter to measure the amount of cold avoidance water.
5.2.2.4 Calculation
461.8(273+1.)G+P,V
Xw=461.8(273+2)G-(B+P)V
GB/T161571996
Wherein: X—…volume percentage of water in the exhaust gas, %B,
atmospheric pressure, Pa;
amount of condensed water in the evacuator·nominal
gas pressure before the flow meter, Pa :
Saturated water vapor pressure at the outlet of the condenser (can be found from the table of water vapor pressure at saturated air according to the gas temperature t at the outlet of the condenser), Pas
Rotameter reading, L./min!
Sampling time, min:
Gas temperature before the flowmeter, ℃;
Volume of flue gas extracted under measurement (VQ, × t), L. 5.2.3 Source ball method
5. 2. 3. 1 Principle
Make the gas flow through the dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometers at a certain speed. Calculate the moisture content of the exhaust gas according to the readings of the wet-bulb thermometers and the exhaust pressure at the measuring point.
5. 2. 3. 2 Measuring device and instruments
1 See Figure 11 for the sampling device of the gum ball method.
1--Flue: 2-Dry bulb thermometer: 3-Wet bulb hygrometer: 4-Vacuum sampling tube: 5-Vacuum pressure gauge; 6-Rotor flowmeter 17-Air pump Figure 11, Determination of exhaust moisture content by condensation bulb method) Sampling tube: See 9.31:
h) Wet bulb thermometer: The accuracy is not less than 1.5%, and the minimum scale value should not be less than 1℃. c) The technical requirements of table vacuum pressure gauge, rotary flowmeter, air pump, etc. are the same as 5.2.2.2e~g. 5.2.3.3 Determination steps
a) Check whether the gauze on the surface of the wet bulb of the wet bulb hygrometer is wrapped well, and then fill the water container with water. b) Open the sampling hole, remove the dust in the hole, insert the release tube into the center of the flue, and close the sampling hole. r:) When the exhaust temperature is low or the moisture content is high, the sampling tube should be kept warm or heated for several minutes before the vacuum pump is activated to extract gas at a flow rate of 15L/Trii.
d) When the temperature of the dry and condensation bulb thermometers is stable, record the dry and wet bulb temperatures, and e2 record the pressure of the vacuum pressure gauge.
5.2.3.4 Calculation
The moisture content in the exhaust gas is calculated according to formula (2):
P0.0067(te--th)(B.+P)
Wherein: Xw\—volume percentage of moisture content in a row\, (2)
GB/T 16157-1996
P-saturated water vapor pressure at temperature (according to the value, obtained from the table of water vapor pressure at saturated air), Pa; bulb temperature.C
t——T bulb temperature, C;
Gas force passing through the surface of the bulb thermometer, Pa; Fh-
R, gas pressure, Pa;
Exhaust static pressure at the measuring point, Pa.
5. 2. 4 Methods
5.2.4.1 Principle
A certain volume of exhaust gas is drawn from the flue and passed through a moisture absorbing tube containing a moisture absorbent. The moisture in the exhaust gas is absorbed by the moisture absorbent. The increase in the volume of the absorbing tube is the amount of moisture contained in the exhaust gas of that volume. 5.2.4.2 Sampling device and instrument
The device for measuring the moisture content in the exhaust gas is shown in Figure 122. The first is a heated or insulated gas sampling tube with a particle filter: see 9.3.1 for details.b) U-shaped dehumidification arm (Figure 13) Sheffield dehumidification tube (Figure 14): filled with dehumidifiers such as calcium chloride or silica gel, c) Vacuum pressure gauge: accuracy should not be less than 4%. d) Thermometer: accuracy should not be less than 2.5%, the minimum scale value should not be greater than 200u
1-flue: 2-filter: 3-heater; 4-dehumidification tube; 5-cooling tank; 6-gmo: 7-flow meter 18-rotor flow disc: 9-suction pump Figure 12 Gravimetric method for determining the moisture content of exhaust gas
Figure 13: U-shaped dehumidification tube
Figure 14 Sheffield dehumidification tube
c) Rotary flow meter; accuracy should not be less than 2.5%. The measurement range is 0-~1.5L/rrin. f) Suction pump: when the flow rate is 2L/rnin, the suction capacity should be able to overcome the flue and sampling system. When the meteor metering device is placed at the exhaust outlet, the exhaust should not leak.
g) Balance; the sensitivity should not be greater than 1mg:
5.2.4.3 Preparation
Put the granular absorbent into the Type B absorbent tube or Sheffield moisture absorbing convex, and fill the inlet and outlet of the moisture absorbing tube with low-base glass wool, close the valve of the moisture absorbing tube, remove the attachments on the surface, and weigh with a balance. 5.2.4.4 Sampling steps
a) Connect the instrument according to Figure 12.
b) Check if the system is leaking. The method to check for leaks is to block the rubber hose connected to the moisture absorption tube, start the vacuum pump, and when the negative pressure indicated by the pressure gauge reaches 13kPa, close the rubber hose connected to the vacuum pump. If the indication of the vacuum pressure gauge does not drop by more than 0.15kPa within 1 minute, the system is considered to be leak-free:
c) After inserting the sampling tube with filter material into the center of the flue through the sampling hole, close the sampling hole and preheat the sampling tube. d) Open the moisture absorption tube valve, extract air at a flow rate of 1L/min, and record the sampling start time. The sampling time depends on the moisture content of the exhaust gas. The collected moisture content should not be less than 10mg. f) Record the temperature, pressure and flow meter reading of the gas before the flow meter. f) After sampling, close the vacuum tube, record the sampling end time, close the moisture absorption tube valve, and remove the tube. 8) After removing the attachments on the surface of the moisture absorption tube, weigh it with a balance. 5.2.4.5 Calculate the moisture content in the exhaust gas according to formula (3): v(273+×101300) where X\ is the volume percentage of moisture content in the exhaust gas, %; G. is the weight of moisture absorbed by the moisture absorption tube. The dry gas volume extracted under the measurement condition (V, α(Q, Xt), L = flow meter reading, L/min; sampling time, min; gas temperature in the flowmeter, °C; P, — gas pressure before the meteorometer, Pal; B — atmospheric pressure, Pa. 1.24-. Under standard conditions, 1 volume occupied by water vapor, L. 5. 3 Exhaust gas H The gas components such as CO, CO2, O2, etc. are measured by Ostwald gas analyzer or equivalent instrument method. 5.3.1 Sampling position and measuring point
Determine according to 4.2.1 and 4.2.4. Sampling can be carried out at a point near the center of the flue. 5.3.2 Ostwald gas analyzer method
5.3.2.1 Original
(3)
Use different absorption liquids to absorb each component of the exhaust gas successively. According to the change of exhaust volume before and after absorption, calculate the volume percentage of the component in the exhaust gas 4.
5.3.2.2 Sampling device and instrument
a) Polytetrafluoroethylene or stainless steel sampling tube with inner diameter mm with filter head. b) Two-ball or portable exhaust pump,
c) Ball bladder or aluminum foil bag.
d) Ostwald gas analyzer (Figure 15).
5.3.2.3 Reagents
GH/T 16157 1996
1—Inlet pipe 2—Lower dryer; 3—Stopcock; 1—Sugar-shaped tube 15.6, 7, 8—Screw-on seal: 9, 10, 11.12—Buffer bottle; 13.14.15.16 Absorption bottle: 17—Thermometer 18—Water jacket kidney 19 Coil air pipe 20—Rubber stopper; 21—Level bottle Figure 15 Ostwald gas analyzer
a) Various chemical reagents: analytical grade.
b) Potassium hydroxide solution: Dissolve 75.0g potassium hydroxide in 150.0ml distilled water and put the solution into absorption bottle 16) Pyrogallic acid-base solution: Weigh 20.0g pyrogallic acid and dissolve it in 40.0ml distilled water, and 55.0g potassium hydroxide and dissolve it in 110.0ml water. Put the two solutions into absorption bottle 15 and mix them. In order to completely isolate the quenching liquid from the air and prevent oxidation, add a small amount of liquid paraffin to the buffer bottle 11.
d) Copper ammine complex ion solution: weigh 250.0g of copper chloride and dissolve it in 750.0ml of water, filter it into a 1000mL fine bottle filled with copper wire granules, add 200.0g of cuprous nitride, seal the bottle mouth tightly, and leave it for several days until the solution fades. When using, measure 105.0mL of the above solution and 5.0ml of concentrated ammonia water, mix them, and put them into the absorption bottle 14. c) Sealing solution: about 50tuL of saturated sodium oxide solution containing 5% sulfuric acid, add 1mL of methyl orange indicator solution, take 150.mL and put it into the absorption bottle 13. The rest of the solution is put into the permanent standard bottle 21, 5.3.2. 4 Sampling steps
a) Connect the sampling tube, a ball (or portable vacuum) and a ball boat (or aluminum); b) Insert the sampling tube near the center of the flue and seal the sampling valve; c) Use a two-way ball or vacuum system to draw the flue gas into the ball bladder or aluminum box bag, repeatedly flush and empty it with flue gas, and finally collect about 500mL of gas sample + for analysis.
5.3.2.5 Analysis steps
a Inspection of gas analysis
(1) Raise the absorption liquid to the lower mark of vortex 5, 6, 7.8, and close the vortex. The absorption liquid level in each absorption bottle should not drop: (b) Open the three-way stopcock 3. Raise the level bottle so that the gas measuring liquid level is at the 50tL scale, close the three-way stopcock 3, and then lower the level bottle. The liquid level in the gas measuring tube does not change after 2~3min. b) Take gas sample
(a) Connect the ball or aluminum pin bag containing the exhaust sample to the air inlet pipe 1 of the Ostwald gas analyzer, connect the three-way stopper 3 to the atmosphere, raise the level bottle to make the liquid level in the gas measuring tube reach 100mL, then connect the vortex 3 to the flue gas sample, lower the level bottle to make the submerged surface of the gas measuring tube drop to zero, then connect the vortex 3 to the atmosphere, raise the level bottle, exhaust the gas, and repeat 2 to 3 times to flush the entire system and remove the residual air in the system. GB/T 16157—1996
(b) Connect the stopcock 3 to the gas sample and take 110mL of the flue gas sample. When sampling, make the liquid level in the gas measuring tube drop to slightly below the \Q\ scale, and keep the level bottle surface and the gas measuring tube liquid level at the same level. Close the stopcock 3. After the gas sample has cooled for about 2 minutes, raise the level bottle so that the concave liquid surface in the gas measuring tube faces the \center\ scale line.
c) Analysis
The order of analysis is CO2, 0, C
(a) Slightly raise the level bottle, then open the stopcock 8 to send the gas sample to the absorption bottle. After pumping the flue gas sample back and forth 4 to 5 times, restore the absorption liquid level of the absorption bottle 16 to the original mark, close the stopcock 8, align the gas tube and the level bottle liquid level, and read the reading. In order to check whether the fragrance is completely absorbed, open the stopcock 8, repeat the above operation, pump the gas sample back and forth 2 to 3 times, close the stopcock 8, and read the reading. The two readings are equal, indicating that the absorption is complete, and the volume of the gas tube is recorded. This volume is CU, the volume of the gas after absorption 2. (b) Use absorption bottles 15, 14 and 13 to absorb oxygen, carbon dioxide and ammonia in the gas respectively. The operation method is the same as (a). The readings are b and c respectively. (c) After the analysis, raise the water bottle, open the vortex 3 to exhaust the smoke in the instrument, close the stopper 3 and then lower the level bottle to avoid inhaling air.
5.3.2.6 Calculation
The volume percentage of each component in the exhaust gas is calculated as follows: Carbon monoxide: Xen, (100-a)%
Oxygen: Xo.-- (ab)%
Carbon dioxide: Xx-(b-)%
Where: α, respectively [0, 02.C0 is the residual volume of the flue gas after being absorbed by the absorption liquid (mL) "100 is the volume of the flue gas taken (ml).
5.4 Determination of exhaust repulsion
The pressure of the exhaust gas generally refers to its static pressure F. The instrument and method for determining the static pressure of the exhaust gas can be found in 7 and 5.2.6 Calculation of exhaust density and gas molecular weight
6.1 Calculation of exhaust density
6.1.1 The relationship between exhaust density and its molecular weight, temperature and pressure is calculated by the following formula: M.(B.+P)
p=8312(273+.)
Wherein: B——exhaust density, kg/m\;M,——exhaust gas mass, kg/kmal, B.——air pressure, Pat
P.--—exhaust static pressure, Pa;
exhaust temperature,
22.4×101300,J/K.
6. 1. 2 The density of wet exhaust gas under standard conditions is calculated by the following formula: 273
[(Mo,Xo,- McoXim+Mo,Xeo,-MnXn,J(1--Xw)+Mu,nX.... (5)p=22.4=22. 4
Wherein: P.——density of wet exhaust gas under standard conditions, kg/m3; M. component of wet exhaust gas, kg/kmnl; Mn,, Mao, Mcn,, Mr, Miu,n——components of oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water in exhaust gas, ky/kmatltXo,, Xo.Xcu,, XN,——volume fractions of oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen in exhaust gas, %.%:
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