GB/T 8116-1987 Wind turbine generator types and basic parameters GB/T8116-1987 standard download decompression password: www.bzxz.net

National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Wind-generating sets-
Type and basic parameters
Wind-generating sets-
Type and basic parameters
This standard applies to wind-generating sets with a rated power of less than 10kW (including 10kW). Type
According to the structure of the main engine of the set, the wind turbine, it is divided into two types: a-horizontal axis wind turbine;
b-vertical axis wind turbine.
2 Basic parameters.
2.1 Rated power of the set. 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10kW. UDC 621-313
：621.311
GB8116-87
2.2 Recommended rotor diameter: 1.6, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 6.0, 6.6.7.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0m. 2.3 Recommended rated wind speed: 6, 7, 8, 10, 12m/s. ：Note: The rated power of the wind turbine with a rated wind speed of 6m/s shall not be greater than 0.5kW. 2.4 Cut-in wind speed
Rated wind speed, m/s
Cut-in wind speed, m/s≤
2.5 Unit output voltage and frequency:
2.5.1 DC output voltage: 12, 24, 36, 115, 230V. 2.5.23
AC output voltage: 230/400V.
2.5.3AC output frequency: 50Hz.
Additional remarks:
This standard is proposed and managed by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Wind Power Machinery. This standard is drafted by the Hohhot Animal Husbandry Machinery Research Institute. The main drafter of this standard is Song Jingxuan.
Approved by the State Machinery Industry Commission on May 16, 19878
Implemented on January 1, 1988
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Rules for power plant steam turbinethermal acceptance tests
Scope and purpose
1.1 Scope
621.165.018
：621.311.22
GB 8117—87
This standard is mainly applicable to the thermal performance acceptance test of condensing steam turbines in thermal power plants. Some clauses are also applicable to the thermal performance acceptance test of steam turbines of other types and uses, such as back pressure and extraction steam turbines. If there are some complex or special situations that are not covered by the clauses of this standard, the buyer and the seller shall negotiate and determine the solution before signing the contract.
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this standard is to propose the procedures and principles for the acceptance test of the thermal performance of steam turbines so that the test results can be used to verify the following guarantees provided by the manufacturer: a.
Heat rate or thermal efficiency of the steam turbine unit;
Steam rate or thermal efficiency of the steam turbine unit; maximum main steam flow and (or) maximum output electrical power. The manufacturer shall explain the above guarantees and their conditions completely, clearly and without contradiction. Symbols, units, terms and definitions
2.1 Symbols, units
The symbols and units of the relevant parameters of this standard shall be as specified in Table 1. Table 1
Parameter name
Mass flow
Heat flow
Equivalent pressure difference of water column
Vertical distance
Approved by the State Machinery Industry Commission on August 13, 1987730
kJ/hCkcai/h)
MPakgf/cm
MPaCkgf/cm')
kJ/kgtkcal/kg)
kJ/kg(kcai/kg)
kJ/(kg - K>Ckcal/(kg - C))
1988-01-01Implementation
Parameter Name
Dryness (calculated by mass)
Gravity Acceleration
Heat Rate
Steam Rate
Cavitation Coefficient
Equal Bing Index
Outflow Coefficient
Discharge Coefficient
Note: The square brackets in the table are the original units used, the same below. 2.2 Subscripts, Superscripts and Definitions
GB8117-87
Continued Table 1
The subscripts, superscripts and their definitions of the parameter symbols in this standard are as specified in Table 2. Table 2
Related parameters
Main steam flow or output
Output power
Parameters and flow of steam
Parameters and flow of condensate and feed water
Power at the generator output terminal
kJ/(kW·h)Ckcal/(kw·h))
kg/(kw·h)
Position or definition
Power consumption of auxiliary equipment not driven by the main steam turbine) Net output power, P,-P.-P
Power at the turbine coupling. If the auxiliary equipment of the turbine is not driven by the main steam turbine, the power consumption of the auxiliary equipment must be deducted. Turbine power
Value when the regulating valve is fully opened
Before the main steam valve of the steam turbine, if the turbine is closed When the steam filter is included, it is before the steam filter
the exhaust point of the high-pressure part of the turbine, from which the steam flows to the reheater; after the reheater, the inlet of the turbine reheat main steam valve and (or) reheat regulating valve; the exhaust point of the low-pressure part of the turbine, from which the steam enters the condenser; condenser outlet
the inlet of the condensate pump
the outlet of the condensate pump
the inlet of the boiler feed water pump
relevant parameters
parameters of feed water and
parameters of steam seal steam
and flow
cooling water for condenser
saturated pressure
test results and guarantee
correction coefficient
relevant parameters
all parameters
Note: 1) See Article 4.2.1.
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2) See Figure 1 for the diagram explaining symbols and additions. 732
GB 8117-87
Continued Table 2
Boiler feed water pump outlet
Location or definition
Final feed water heater outlet
Deaerator inlet
After the condensate pump, at the outlet of all coolers (oil, generator cooling gas and air) included in the contract
Drain cooler outlet
Exhaust condenser outlet
Desuperheated water sent to superheater||t t||Desuperheating water sent to the reheater
Measure steam for steam seals supplied from an external steam source near the inlet flange of the condensing system or evaporator
Steam leakage from the steam seals and valve stems returned to the system and included in the main steam flow measurement Steam leakage at the steam inlet end or the steam seals and valve stems before the reheater, this leakage steam is used for other purposes, and this leakage steam and its heat are not returned to the turbine cycle Similar to the leakage steam q, but this leakage steam comes from one or more places after the reheater||t t||Condenser inlet
Condenser outlet
Average value between condenser inlet and outlet
Thermal efficiency
Thermodynamic efficiency
Equal flame drop
At the throat of the nozzle where the flow is measured
The saturated pressure of water at the corresponding temperature
Guaranteed value
Corrected value
Measured value·
The product of all individual correction coefficients
The individual correction coefficient Number
For efficiency correction
For power correction
Reference efficiency value calculated by computer
Average value
Reheat condensing steam turbine
bPure condensing or back pressure steam turbine without feed water heatingFigure 1 Explanation of symbols and additions
Note: The number of points in the figure is the same for the same items of various other types of steam turbines; for example, point 9 always indicates the inlet of the feed water pump. Point 8 can be anywhere from the downstream of point 9 to point 11. GB
2.3 Definition of guaranteed values ​​and test results
GB 8117-87
In order to quantitatively describe the thermal performance of a steam turbine or steam turbine unit, some technical parameters are usually used. The guaranteed value is one or more of these parameter values. The technical conditions corresponding to the guaranteed values ​​are called guaranteed conditions. The test results are the test measurement values ​​of these parameters under the guaranteed conditions.
Note: The general definitions of these parameters are always very clear, but their details may vary in different occasions, so full attention must be paid. 2.3.1 Heat rate
For a power plant steam turbine unit with a feedwater heat recovery system, the heat rate is an important assessment indicator. The heat rate is defined as the ratio of the heat obtained by the steam turbine system from the external heat source to its output power, that is: E(M,Ah;)
Where: M;—mass flow rate;
Ah; flame rise.
For a specific steam turbine unit, a thermal cycle system must be specified to serve as the basis for performance assurance and test evaluation. This thermal system should be as simple as possible and as similar as possible to the thermal cycle system during the test. For the steam turbine unit shown in Figure 1a, its heat rate can be defined as: HR = M(hy-hu) + M, (h,-h,)
P, (or P or P.)
Note: P, (or P. or P.) in the formula shall be as specified in the contract. (2)
The additional heat entering and leaving the system, such as the heat brought by the feed water flow M, the cooling water flow M, the additional exhaust flow for the heater, etc., must be taken into account when calculating the test results. The method is to make appropriate corrections to the test results. Unexplained leakage losses are not included in this definition, but need to be handled in accordance with Article 5.2.3.2 of this standard. 2.3.2 Thermal Efficiency
For the steam turbine units described in 2.3.1, thermal efficiency can also be used as a performance evaluation indicator. Thermal efficiency is defined as: %
Note: The original heat rate is expressed in k,
2.3.3 Steam Consumption Rate
If a steam turbine unit receives all steam under a certain steam inlet parameter and discharges all steam at a lower pressure (a condensing steam turbine or back pressure steam turbine without feed water heat recovery and intermediate reheating), the steam consumption rate is an appropriate performance evaluation indicator. The steam consumption rate is defined as the ratio of the steam inlet flow rate to the output power, that is: SR-
2.3.4 Thermal Efficiency
For the steam turbine units described in 2.3.3, thermal efficiency can also be used as a performance evaluation indicator. Thermodynamic efficiency is defined as the ratio of output power to equivalent working capacity, that is,
nd= M△h,
The value of thermodynamic efficiency does not depend on the absolute values ​​of inlet and exhaust parameters, it is only an index to measure expansion performance. For a pure condensing steam turbine unit as shown in Figure 1b, the calculation formula of its thermodynamic efficiency is: Pb (or P, or P.)
M,. Ah...
Where: Ah.1.4——Isotropic drop between inlet parameters at point 1 and pressure at point 4. Note: Where P (or P, or P.) is as specified in the contract. 2.3.5 Maximum main steam flow
The maximum main steam flow is the main steam flow of the steam turbine at the specified steam parameters and when all regulating valves are fully open. 2.3.6 Maximum output power
(6)
For a specific thermal cycle system, a guaranteed value of the turbine output power corresponding to the maximum main steam flow rate, i.e., the guaranteed value of the maximum output power, can be proposed. This specific thermal cycle system may be somewhat different from the guaranteed cycle system for determining thermal efficiency. For extraction steam heating steam turbine units, etc., it is appropriate to use the maximum output power as the guaranteed value. 3 Guidelines
3.1 Test preparation meeting
The first step in organizing the test work is to hold a test preparation meeting chaired by the relevant leading authority or the unit specified in the contract, and all parties involved in the test should participate.
3.1.1 Tasks of the test preparation meeting
3.1.1.1 Clarify the test tasks and formulate the test outline. The contents of the test outline include:
Purpose of the test;
Test items and load conditions;
Thermal system and measurement point layout diagram for test operation; d.
A list of test measuring instruments and their installation requirements, equipment and facilities required for the test; test operation mode and requirements.
3.1.1.2 Establish a test team and determine the core team members and person in charge. 3.1.1.3 Clarify the tasks and responsibilities of all parties involved in the test. 3.1.1.4 Determine the cost of the test and its source. 3.1.2 Time for the preparatory meeting
The preparatory meeting should be held before the design of the power station pipeline system, and the measurement point layout and measurement technology requirements should be proposed according to the test needs. The piping design and system layout of the power station should meet these requirements, such as: the location of the flow measurement device and its piping layout; a.
The location and number of valves that need to be installed to enable the unit to achieve unit operation and strict isolation of the steam and water systems inside the unit;
Measurements for handling leakage;
The location and number of key temperature and pressure measurement points. d.
3.2 Test work meeting
Before the test, the parties to the test should reach the following agreement through a special meeting: a.
Test work plan;
Methods of comparative test measurement;
Explanation of the parties to the test on the guarantee and its details, the test method, operation mode and the calculation method of the test results; Methods for stabilizing steam parameters and output power; Methods for checking and eliminating leaks;
Requirements for the parameters to be measured and their measuring instruments, operating personnel and recorders 735
g. Use of measurement methods other than those in this regulation 3.3 Time of acceptance test
GB 8117-87
The acceptance test of thermal performance of steam turbine shall be carried out within eight weeks after the first normal operation, or within eight weeks after the shutdown inspection and elimination of all defects affecting thermal performance. Unless otherwise agreed, it shall be completed within the warranty period specified in the contract in any case.
3.4 ​​Preparation for test
3.4.1 Check the condition of the unit
The steam turbine unit shall be in normal commercial operation before the test. The unit shall be inspected before the test, and the manufacturer shall be allowed to do some tests. If there are any defects, they shall be eliminated.
3.4.1.1 Condition of steam turbine
Check whether the flow passage part is abnormal, such as fouling or local damage. Usually, the comparative test method or disassembly inspection method is adopted. If the comparative test results have large deviations or unexplainable phenomena, it may be considered to disassemble the steam turbine or individual cylinders for inspection. Before the test, it must be confirmed that the turbine is in normal condition.
3.4.1.2 Condition of the condenser
When the guarantee conditions specify the cooling water volume and water temperature, the condenser should be clean and the tightness of the vacuum system must meet the specified requirements.
Condition of the condenser: in the shutdown state, the water side and steam side of the condenser can be checked; in the operating state, it can be judged by the end difference and temperature rise of the condenser. If there is fouling or blockage, the user shall be responsible for cleaning, or the parties to the test shall agree on a suitable correction value. 3.4.2 System isolation
In order to ensure the accuracy of the test results, the test system shall be isolated from the outside world, and the unit shall be operated in a unit system. In the system, any possible bypass or recirculation flow shall be cut off, otherwise point measurement shall be arranged, and all unused pipe interfaces shall be sealed, otherwise they shall be removed at appropriate places for observation.
The equipment and flow that need to be isolated, as well as the method of achieving isolation, shall be agreed upon before the turbine test run. The total leakage of the thermal system can be determined by the change of water volume in all water storage containers in the system. Part of the total leakage can be measured, part can be estimated, and the remaining part is called "unknown" leakage. If the "unknown" leakage exceeds 0.3% to 0.5%1 of the main steam flow rate under rated load, the test parties shall agree on a solution based on the specific situation. 3.4.2.1 Flow and equipment that must be isolated
Large-capacity water storage tank;
' Evaporator and its supporting equipment, such as condenser and preheater of evaporator; c.
Startup bypass system and auxiliary steam pipeline: bypass pipeline of flow measurement device;
Turbine exhaust desuperheating water;
Drain pipes of main steam valve, reheat steam valve and regulating valve; pipelines connected with other units:
Desalination device;
The so-called "isolation" of desalination device does not mean that it must be removed from the system, but that it must be strictly separated from other units. Dosing equipment that consumes condensate;
Note: 1) The specific value shall be determined by the test parties before the test. Boiler exhaust steam to the air;
Boiler regular blowdown;
Steam soot blower;
Bypass flow rate of water side of heater;
Bypass pipe of water drain of heater;
Water drain valve of shell side of heater;
Air vent valve of water chamber of heater;
GB 8117—87
Steam for steam ejector (determined by contract); Water filling port of water chamber of condenser;
General steam and condensate for factory use.
3.4.2.2 Flows that must be measured if not isolated The following flows may cause deviation of flow rate through steam turbine when entering and exiting the circulation, so they must be isolated or measured from the system. Cooling water volume of boiler furnace door or slag outlet cooling pipe; a.
Flow rate used for sealing and cooling in the shaft seals of the following equipment (including inlet and return water): b.
Condensate pump;
Boiler feed pump;
Boiler water circulation pump;
Drain pump without self-sealing;
Steam turbine driving the pump.
The flow rate of cooling water used in the boiler part;
The flow rate of boiler feed water pump recirculation and balancing plate; steam for fuel atomization and heating;
Continuous blowdown of boiler;
Water supply pipe of boiler;
Flow rate of turbine water seal; ·,
The amount of cooling water used for steam cooling of turbine; Leakage and steam supply system of emergency exhaust valve or steam seal of turbine; Overflow of steam water seal of turbine;
Steam and water pipes for cleaning of turbine;
Steam sent to steam seal pressure regulator except for steam leakage of steam seal: feed water amount;| |tt||Backup steam source for deaerator under low load (referring to steam extraction from steam turbine with higher pressure); The vent valve of the heater should be closed as small as possible, and if possible, it should be closed completely; Deaerator overflow pipe;
Water leaking into the water seal flange (such as the water seal vacuum breaking door); Water leaking out of the system from the pump shaft seal;
Automatic steam extraction for industrial use;
Steam for heaters;
Water and steam for chemical sampling equipment (if the water and steam used for sampling cannot be isolated and the sampling flow is quite large, they should be measured.);
Deaerator exhaust;
Others.
For leakage inside the pump, leakage of the shaft seal and valve stem, and leakage inside the turbine, if it is impossible to measure, the calculated value can be used. 3.4.2.3 Isolation and inspection methods
Install double valves on the pipeline and install monitoring devices between the double valves; install blind flanges or plugs;
Remove pipe fittings or loosen interfaces for observation; visually inspect steam discharged into the atmosphere (such as safety valves); 737
GB8117—87
Close valves that are confirmed to be tight and do not operate them before and during the test; e.
f. Measure temperature to determine whether there is leakage in the pipeline; g. Monitor the water level of water tanks that have been isolated from the system; 3.4.3 Check the leakage of condensers and feedwater heaters: Before the test, the leakage of condensers and feedwater heaters must be checked, and try to eliminate more obvious leakage. If doubts are found during the test, they can be rechecked after the test.
3.4.4 Check the steam filter
The steam filter must be clean.
3.4.5 Inspection of test measuring equipment
Inspect all requirements and precautions for measurement and instrumentation in Chapter 4 of this standard and verify compliance with the requirements. 3.5 Comparative test
If it is impossible to conduct a full-load thermal performance test within the time limit specified in Article 3.3 of this standard due to various reasons other than the steam turbine generator set, the following basic data should be obtained as early as possible under the specified main steam pressure, temperature, valve opening and other conditions: pressure of each section of the steam turbine;
temperature of each section of the steam turbine;
output electrical power;
opening of the regulating valve;
efficiency of each section in the superheated steam zone; f.
steam consumption characteristic curve, that is, the relationship curve between the main steam flow and the output electrical power; g. Steam leakage at the shaft seal, etc.
Before the conditions are met for the formal test, the above data shall be retested under the same conditions and compared with the original basic data to determine whether the condition of the steam turbine has changed.
All parties to the test shall participate in the comparative test, and the test accuracy shall be the same as that of the acceptance test. The parties to the test shall reach an agreement on the method of judging the deterioration of the equipment condition and the method of correcting the test results. If the comparative test results show that the steam turbine may be fouled, the seller may require the buyer to clean the steam turbine. If the comparative test results are consistent, the acceptance test can be carried out; if the comparative test results are inconsistent, the two parties to the test can negotiate and decide: to carry out the test after eliminating the defects or to carry out the test directly.
In some cases, it is appropriate to carry out the test immediately after the first overhaul inspection of the steam turbine, but it is required that all defects that affect the thermal performance of the unit be completely eliminated during the overhaul inspection period. 3.6 Adjustment of the test
3.6.1 Load adjustment
The test can be carried out at a fixed opening of the regulating valve or at a constant output power. When the test is conducted under the condition of constant valve opening, the valve opening should be kept at the "valve point" as much as possible, and a deviation of ±5% is allowed between the test load and the guaranteed load.
When it is difficult to accurately adjust the test load to the specified value, it should be allowed to select more than one load above and below the specified load value for testing, and then use the interpolation method to obtain the test results corresponding to the specified load. 3.6.2 Unconventional Adjustment
Under any test load, in principle, it is not allowed to make unconventional adjustments to the steam turbine unit that violate normal continuous operation. However, when the test is necessary, when it meets the guaranteed conditions and is feasible in terms of operational safety and technology, a load limiter, air venting to adjust the back pressure, or other adjustment measures can be used, such as isolating the steam-water system by closing some steam traps or other valves. Before the test, the steam turbine shaft seal should be adjusted to the normal operating state. If the flow in and out of the shaft seal will affect the test results. Point measurements should also be arranged.
3.7 Preliminary test
The purpose of the preliminary test:
GB 8117-87
Determine whether the steam turbine unit is in a state suitable for the acceptance test; a.
b.· Check the flow balance in the system; c. Check whether the indication of the measuring instrument is good; d. Train the test personnel.
If the test parties agree, the results obtained from the preliminary test can be used as the formal test results. 3.8 Formal test
3.8.1 Stability of test conditions
Before all tests, the temperature and flow must have a stabilization time. The stabilization time is agreed by the test parties. Any conditions that affect the test results must be kept as stable as possible before the test begins, and must be kept within the allowable deviation range specified in Article 3.8.2 during the entire test process. In order to maintain the stability of the load, the opening direction of the regulating valve can be limited, and then the synchronizer can be shaken several times in the direction of increasing the load until the normal fluctuation of the power grid frequency no longer affects the valve opening. During the test, unless a situation endangering the safety of the unit is found, the operating personnel are not allowed to adjust the operating conditions of the unit at will. 3.8.2 Maximum tolerance and fluctuation of test operating parameters Unless otherwise agreed, the maximum tolerance between the observed average value and the specified value of each operating parameter and the maximum tolerance of a single observed value deviating from the observed average value shall not exceed the range listed in Table 3. Table 3 Maximum tolerance and fluctuation parameters in operation Parameters
Main steam pressure
Raw steam and reheat steam temperature
Exhaust pressure
Condensing type
Back pressure type
Extraction pressure
Feed water temperature
Electric power
Power factor
Cooling water inlet temperature
Cooling water flow
Maximum tolerance between observed average value and specified value
Absolute pressure ±3%1)
±15℃
Absolute pressure 2%
Absolute pressure ±5%
±8℃3
(Specified value -0.05) ≤cos≤1
When the condenser is within the guaranteed range
±5℃
Note: 1) It cannot exceed the allowable variation range of pressure and temperature specified by the manufacturer. In any test process, the maximum allowable deviation of each observed value from the observed average value
Absolute pressure ±2%
±4℃
±1℃
2) Generally, the influence of a few percent of the extraction pressure deviation from the design value on the heat rate can be ignored. If the extraction flow rate deviation is too large due to reasons such as the heater, its influence on the heat rate may be very serious, and a solution must be agreed upon. 3) The reasonable range can be determined according to the operating requirements of the boiler. 3.8.3 Duration of the test and the reading cycle The duration required for the test is related to the stability of the operating conditions and the reading cycle. The accurate measurement of the water level change in the water storage container in the system is also a factor to be considered.
The duration of an acceptance test condition can be set at 2h; the indication value of the differential pressure flow meter of the main flow, the indication value of the output electric power meter, 739
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