Some standard content:
ICS65.120
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T14699.1-2005/IS06497:2002 replaces GB/T14699.11993
Feedingstuffs-Sampling
(ISO6497:2002.Animalfeedingstuffs—Sampling,IDT)2005-03-23 Issued
Digital Anti-Counterfeiting
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China Standardization Administration of China
2005-06-01 Implementation
Terms and Definitions
Sampling Personnel
Confirmation and Comprehensive Inspection of Products Before Sampling Sampling Equipment
Loading Sample Container
Sampling Procedures
Packaging and Sealing of Samples and Sample Containers and labeling sampling report
GB/T14699.1-2005/ISO6497:200210
Appendix A (Informative Appendix)
Sampling of feeds containing non-uniformly distributed toxic and hazardous substances such as mycotoxins, sesame oil and toxic seeds
References
GB/T14699.1—2005/ISO6497:2002This standard is equivalent to the international standard ISO6497:2002 Animal Feeds—Sampling (English version).
This standard has made the following editorial changes:
The standard name "Animal Feeds Sampling" was changed to "Feeds—International Standards" and the "Foreword" and "Introduction" were deleted:--"This international standard" was changed to "This standard"; the decimal point in the international standard was changed to "". Sampling"
This standard replaces GB/T14699.11993 "Feed Sampling Method". Appendix A of this standard is an informative appendix.
This standard is jointly proposed by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China. This standard is issued by the National Feed Industry Standardization Technical Committee. The drafting units of this standard are: National Feed Quality Inspection Center (Beijing), Feed Quality Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture (Shenyang, Jinan). The main drafters of this standard are: Su Xiaoou, Chen Xin, Feng Zhonghua, Yang Shuming, Li Xiangming, Shao Chuanming. Application
1 Scope
Feed sampling
GB/T14699.1-2005/ISO6497:2002 This standard This standard provides methods for sampling animal feeds, including fish feeds, for quality control purposes to meet commercial, technical and legal requirements. This standard does not apply to pet food nor to sampling for microbiological examination. When physical characteristics of feeds are determined under certain conditions, special sampling methods should be selected. International standards for sampling of some feeds exist and these products are listed in the bibliographical references. Sampling for the detection of certain non-uniformly distributed components is covered in Annex A.
2 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard. 2.1
deliverable
consignment
“a specific quantity of feed given, sent or received at one time. NOTE: It may consist of one or more batches of feed (see 2.2). 2.2
lot
a specific quantity of deliverables of a quantity assumed to be of uniform characteristics. 2.3
increment
a sample taken at one point from a batch of product. 2.4
bulksample
total sample
A sample obtained by combining and mixing all the samples of the same batch of products. Note: A collection of distinct and identifiable samples intended to be investigated separately can be expressed as a "total sample". 2.5
reducedsample
total sampleA sample whose quantity or volume is similar to that of the test sample obtained through a continuous sampling and reduction process, and has the characteristics of representing the total sample. 2.6
laboratory sample
laboratorysample
A partial sample taken from a reduced sample, used for analysis and other tests, and can represent the quality and condition of the batch of products. Note: Each sample taken is generally divided into 3 or 4 laboratory samples. 3.1 Representative sampling
Representative sampling is the process of obtaining a small sample from a batch of products, and any characteristic of this small sample can represent the average value of the batch.
3.2 Selective sampling
If a part of a sampled batch is significantly different in quality from the other parts, this part should be treated differently and sampled separately as a batch of products, and this should be stated in the sampling report. 3.3 Statistical considerations
Recognition sampling is a common method for sampling animal feeds. There is a theoretical sampling method based on the polynomial distribution for the sampling properties. In practical work, this method is simplified to the square root relationship between batch size and number of incremental samples. Note 1: For bulk products, if the batch size is less than 2.51, at least: 10000 samples shall be taken: If the batch size is between 2.5: and S01, the number of samples taken shall be at least 20 m.m. The mass of the batch base shall be calculated. The sample variation should be uniform: If the batch size exceeds 801, the square root relationship still applies. However, the risk of making an incorrect decision based on this will also increase. This can be determined by negotiation between the parties. Note 2: The application of the square root relationship is slightly different for bagged feeds, liquid and semi-liquid feeds, blocks and roughages because the sample size varies greatly.
4 Sampling personnel
Sampling should be carried out by personnel who have received appropriate training and have experience in feed sampling, and the sampling personnel should be aware of the hazards and risks involved in the sampling process.
5 Confirmation and comprehensive inspection of products before sampling 5
The goods in question should be confirmed before sampling. For this purpose, the quantity, weight or volume of the goods and the marks and labels on the containers, as well as relevant information, should be appropriately compared.
The sampling report shall record the sampling of relevant representative samples and all characteristics of the cargo and its surrounding conditions. If the cargo is damaged, the damaged parts shall be removed, cargoes with similar characteristics shall be grouped together, and each part shall be handled as a separate product.
Sampling equipment
6.1 General requirements
Select sampling equipment that is suitable for the characteristics of the product such as particle size, sampling volume, container size and physical state of the product. 6.2 Devices for sampling from solid products
6.2.1 Examples of tools for manual sampling of solid products 6.2.1.1 Sampling of bulk feeds
Ordinary shovels, handle scoops, cylindrical samplers (such as sampling picks, tubular samplers, sleeve samplers) and cone samplers. The sampler may have one or more compartments
Sampling of slow-flowing products can be done manually. 6.2.1.2 Sampling of bagged or otherwise packaged feeds Handle scoops, sack sampling rods or samplers, tubular samplers, round male samplers and split samplers. 6.2.2 Examples of mechanical sampling devices
Periodic sampling from flowing products may be carried out using approved equipment (e.g. pneumatic devices). Sampling of flowing products at higher speeds may be achieved by manually controlled machines.
6.3 Equipment for manual or mechanical sampling of liquid or semi-liquid products Agitators, sampling bottles, sampling tubes, strip samplers and long-handled scoops of appropriate size. 6.4 Cleanliness
Special care should be taken when sampling, reducing, storing and handling samples to ensure that the characteristics of the sample and the sampled goods are not affected. Sampling equipment should be clean, dry and free from external odors. The materials used to make the sampling equipment should not affect the quality of the samples. The sampling equipment should be completely cleaned between different samples. This is especially important when the cargo being sampled has a high oil content. The sampling personnel should wear disposable gloves and change gloves between different samples to prevent contamination of subsequent samples.
7 Sample containers
7.1 General requirements
GB/T14699.1-2005/1SO6497:2002 The container for the sample should ensure that the characteristics of the sample remain unchanged until the test is completed. The size of the sample container should be such that the sample completely fills the container. The container should be sealed at both ends and can only be opened during testing. 7.2 Cleaning
The sample container should be clean, dry, and not affected by external odors. The material used to make the sample container should not affect the quality of the sample. 7.3 Sample containers for solid products
Sample containers and covers for solid products should be made of waterproof and greaseproof materials (e.g. glass, stainless steel, tin or suitable plastics). They should be wide, preferably cylindrical, and fit the sample. Suitable plastic bags are also acceptable. The containers should be strong and waterproof. If the samples are used to determine light-sensitive substances such as vitamins A, D., B. and C, folic acid, and slightly light-sensitive substances such as vitamins K, B. and B, the containers should be opaque. 7.4 Sample containers for liquid and semi-liquid products The containers should be made of suitable materials (preferably glass or plastic), have appropriate capacity, be airtight, and have a dark color. Note the sample requirements for light-sensitive substances in 7.3.
8 Sampling procedures
8.1 Sampling location
When conditions permit, sampling should be carried out in a place that is not affected by external pollution hazards such as humid air, dust or soot. When conditions permit, sampling should be carried out during loading or unloading. If sampling of flowing feed is not possible, the sampled feed should be arranged so that each part is easily accessible so that a representative laboratory sample can be obtained. 8.2 Product classification
Based on the sampling H, feed can be divided into the following categories: solid feed - grains, seeds, legumes and pelleted feed; a)
Solid feed - powdered feed:
Roughage:
d) Licking blocks:
e) Liquid and semi-liquid feed.
8.3 Sample quantity
To obtain a sample that can represent the entire batch of products, a sufficient number of incremental samples must be set. A sampling plan should be formulated based on the number of batch products and the characteristics of the actual sampling, and the number and weight of incremental samples to be taken should be determined in the plan. The determination for a particular batch of products depends on the factors specified in 2.2.
8.4 Sampling of grains, seeds, legumes and granular products 8.4.1 Examples of such products
Grains: corn, wheat, sorghum, oats, millet, sorghum, etc.; Oilseeds: sunflower seeds, peanuts, rapeseed, soybeans, cottonseed, flaxseed, etc.; Flakes: Vegetables, etc.;
Granular products: Feed in granular form
8.4.2 Batch size
For bagged products, the batch size is determined by the number of bags and the capacity of the bags. For bulk products, the batch size is determined by the number of containers that can hold the product, or by the minimum number of containers that can be filled with the product. If the amount of product in a container exceeds the maximum amount of a batch of products, the product in the container is a batch. If a batch of bulk products has obvious gradations in form, it needs to be divided into different batches.
GB/T14699.1-2005/IS64972002
Number of incremental samples
For products stored in cans or similar containers, the minimum number of randomly selected incremental samples is shown in Table 1Table 1
Batch weight》
If the product is packaged in bags, the minimum number of randomly selected incremental samples is shown in the following table: If the total amount is less than 1kg, see Table 2.
Number of packaging bags in the batch!
If the total amount is greater than kg, see Table 3.
Number of packaging bags in the batch!
8.4.4 Sample quantity
See Table 4
Total quantity of batch product
ito300
Minimum total incremental sample quantity kg
Minimum quantity should be sufficient for at least ten experimental samples 8.4.5 Sampling procedure
Reported number of incremental samples
2om, more than 1
Minimum number of incremental samples
Sample per bag
2 yuan, not more than 100
Minimum number of incremental samples
Sample per bag
/2, not more than 100
Minimum incremental sample quantity kg
Minimum laboratory sample quantity k
8.4.5.1 General
Sampling should be carried out in accordance with the provisions of 8.1. For bulk products, samples should be collected as much as possible during loading or unloading. Similarly, if the product is directly loaded into a silo or warehouse, it is best to sample when it is loaded. 8.4.5.2 Sampling from bulk products
If sampling is from a piled product, the number of samples for this sampling is determined based on the minimum number of samples in 8.1.3. Then, randomly select the location of each sample. These locations cover both the surface and the interior of the product, so that all parts of the batch of products are covered.
When sampling on the product assembly line, according to the flow speed, samples are taken manually or mechanically at a certain section of the assembly line within a certain time interval. According to the flow rate and the amount of the product in this batch, the time for the product to pass the sampling point is calculated. This time is divided by the number of required sampling portions to obtain the sampling interval.
8.4.5.3 Sampling from bagged products
GB/T14699.1--2005/IS06497.2002 Randomly select the packaging bags for product sampling. The total number of packaging bags for sampling is determined according to the minimum number of sampling portions in 8.1.3. Open the packaging bag and use a 61.2-inch probe to obtain the minimum number of sampling portions.
If sampling is done in dense color bags, a sampler is required. When sampling, whether horizontally or vertically, it must be passed through The diagonal line of the package is called the entire depth of the package, or the surface, middle, and bottom of the package. After the sampling is completed, seal the sampling hole on the package bag. If the above method is not suitable, open the package and pour it in a clean and dry place. After mixing, shovel a part of it as a sample. 8.4.6 Preparation of laboratory samples After the sampling is completed, the sample should be processed as soon as possible to avoid changes in sample quality or contamination. After each sample is fully mixed, the total sample is obtained. The total weight should not be less than 2kg. After fully mixing, divide it into 3 or 1 laboratory empty sample and place it in an appropriate container for laboratory analysis. The weight of each laboratory sample should be close and not less than 0. : kg8.5 Vegetable sample of powdered products
8.5. 1 Examples of products
These products are obtained by processing (such as crushing, grinding or drying) the following materials, and their particle size is much smaller than that of the unprocessed single materials or mixtures
a) Plant-derived powders:
Whole grains or parts of grains:
Unregistered!, added or unprocessed oilseeds: unprocessed or unprocessed seeds:
Chinese pig or grass:
Plant metabolite concentrates:
Starch:
Animal-derived powders:
Fish meal:
Blood meal, meat meal, meat and bone meal, bone meal;
Milk powder, whey powder
Premixed feed
Mineral additives,
Formulated feed,
Feed additives: ||t t||Organic matter: vitamins and vitamin preparations, drugs and drug preparations. Anti-ammoniation agents, amino acids and flavoring agents, etc.: 2) Inorganic compounds
8.5.2 Size of batches
No matter how large the delivery volume is, the amount of products in a batch should not exceed 1001. 8.5.3 Minimum number of incremental samples
8.5.4 Sample size
8.5.5 Precautions during sampling
Due to the high consistency of dust in dry powdered materials, its explosion should be prevented during sampling. Since the product is processed, the possibility of microbial damage increases. When pre-inspecting the entire batch of products, special attention should be paid to whether there are any abnormalities. If there are any abnormalities, this part should be separated from other parts
If agglomeration occurs, additional processing or separate sampling should be performed. If the powdery product is easy to clump, sometimes it is necessary to add anti-caking agents to produce stricter classification. Then sampling should be done in steps: the steps for collecting powder samples in bulk or bags refer to 8.1.5, 8.5.6 Preparation of laboratory samples
8.6 Sampling of roughage
8.6.1 Examples
Fresh green fodder (grass, pasture, corn, etc.); Green fodder (grass, pasture, corn, etc.): 1 Grass (grass, pasture, etc.):
Straw:
Feed beet:
Molasses:
Roots, tubers (potatoes, etc.).
8.6.2 Batch product quantity
Due to the large variation in product genetics and different storage methods, the characteristics of roughage products vary greatly, especially when the quantity is large. It is very difficult to require uniformity between a batch of roughage products. 8.6.3 Determination of the number of samples during sampling
Roughage is usually stored and transported in bulk. The minimum number of samples during sampling is specified in Table 5. Table 5
Batch weight mt
8.6.4 Sample weight
See Table 6.
Product type
Green fodder, beet, silver,
Steamed, green roughage
Dried roughage,
Root, tuber
Minimum total portion size/kg
The minimum amount should be sufficient to obtain one laboratory sample. 8.6.5 Sampling procedure
8.6.5.1 General
When sampling roughage, each portion is usually obtained by hand. 8.6.5.2 Field sampling
Minimum number of incremental samples
/40m. Not more than 50
Minimum subsample size "/kg
Minimum laboratory sample size /kg
For products grown in the field or still placed in the field after harvest, the sampling procedure varies according to the soil type. Refer to ISO) 10381-6. 8.6.5.3 Sampling of products in piles, silos, and silage piles When sampling products in piles, silos, and silage piles, calculate the number of incremental samples to be sampled according to 8.4.3. Arrange the sampling points randomly, but ensure that all layers of the product are covered. When sampling products in silo towers, attention should be paid to safety. It is best to sample during transportation. 5
8.6.5.4 Sampling of bundled products
GB /T14699.1--2005/IS06497:2002 When sampling lumpy products, calculate the number of samples required according to 8.1.3, randomly arrange the sampling points, and take samples in each lumpy. A complete cross-section should be collected.
8.6.5.5 Sampling of products in flow
For sampling of products in flow, refer to 8.1.5.28.6.5.6 Preparation of laboratory samples
Sampling should be handled as soon as possible after completion to avoid changes in sample quality or contamination. When mixing the total sample, attention should be paid to its operability. Samples should usually be cut into small pieces. The total sample is gradually divided to obtain a reduced sample with a weight of not less than 4kg. For large block products, the number of blocks in the total sample is halved, and the blocks are randomly selected to form a reduced sample. Unless necessary, do not During the reduction stage, the total sample is cut into short pieces, and the reduced samples are fully mixed and divided into 3 or 4 laboratory samples and placed in appropriate containers for laboratory analysis. The weight of each laboratory sample should preferably be similar, and each piece should not be less than 0.5 kg. Place each laboratory sample in a suitable container. See 2.6. 8.7 Sampling of block and brick-like products
8.7.1 Examples
For example, mineral lick bricks, lick blocks, etc.
8.7.2 Batch product quantity
The quantity of a batch of this type of product should not exceed 10t. 8.7.3 Determination of the number of samples during sampling
When sampling, the minimum number of samples is calculated based on the number of units of this type of product. The regulations are shown in Table 7. Table 7
Number of product units contained in the batch
25~100
8.7.4 Weight of the sample
See Table 8.
Minimum total incremental sample size/kg
The minimum amount should be sufficient for taking 4 laboratory samples
8.7.5 Sampling procedure
Minimum sample base kg
Minimum number of incremental samples (number of product units)
Vn. not more than -40
Minimum laboratory sample base/kg
Calculate the minimum number of incremental samples to be sampled according to 8.7.3. If the lick brick or lick block is small, the entire lick brick or lick block shall be used as an incremental sample. 8.7.6 Preparation of laboratory samples
If the entire or most of the lick brick (block) is used as an incremental sample, the total incremental sample shall be obtained by breaking and mixing each incremental sample thoroughly. The total incremental sample shall be repeatedly reduced to obtain appropriate reduced samples, the weight of which shall not be less than 2kg.
Fully mix the subsamples and divide them into 3 or 1 laboratory samples and place them in appropriate containers. The weight of each laboratory sample should be similar. Not less than 0.5kgs
8.8 Sampling of liquid products
8.8.1 Product examples
Low viscosity products: This type of product is easy to stir and mix High viscosity products: This type of product is not easy to stir and mix GB/T14699.1--2005/IS06497:20028.8.2 Batch product quantity|| tt||This type of product - the batch is usually within 601 or 60000. If a container contains more than 0 or 1001, the product in this container is a batch.
8.8.3 Determination of the number of portions when sampling
The minimum number of portions when randomly selecting portions is as follows: Bulk products: See Table 9
Batch product quantity
Heavy base gas
Minimum number of portionswww.bzxz.net
If the uniformity of the product cannot be guaranteed, the number of portions should be increased to ensure To ensure the representativeness of the test sample For products with a storage container volume not exceeding 2001L, the number of containers to be sampled is calculated as follows: h)
1) If the container volume does not exceed 1L (inclusive! 1). See Table 10. Table 10
Number of containers contained in the batch
If the container volume exceeds 1L. See Table 11
Number of containers contained in the batch
8.8.4 Sample weight
See Table 12.
Minimum total sample Quantity
Minimum quantity should be sufficient to obtain 100 experimental samples
8.8.5 Sampling procedure
Minimum subsample quantity
Minimum number of extraction containers
h. Not more than 50
Minimum number of extraction containers
m. Not more than 50
Minimum laboratory sample quantity
8.8.5.1 If the product is stored in a tank, it may be uneven. Stirring and mixing are required before sampling. Use appropriate instruments to sample from the surface to the inside. If stirring is not possible before sampling, sampling is carried out during the process of filling or unloading the product. If sampling is not possible during the flow of the product, each batch of products is sampled to ensure that a representative experimental sample is obtained. Under the premise that the product characteristics remain unchanged, heating can sometimes improve the consistency of the sample. 8.8.5.2 Sampling of barreled products
Before sampling, the randomly selected products need to be vibrated, stirred, etc. to mix them. Samples are taken after mixing. If mixing is not possible before sampling, take at least two incremental samples from each barrel in different directions and two layers. 8.8.5.3 Fruit samples of small containers GB/T14699.1-2005/ISO6497:2002 Randomly select containers and mix them before sampling: If the container is very small, the product in each container can be used as an incremental sample. 8.8.6 Preparation of laboratory samples Put all incremental samples into a suitable container to obtain a total incremental sample. After thorough mixing, take part of it to form a subsample. Each subsample should not be less than 2kg or 21. For products that are not easy to mix, use the following subsample procedure: The total sample is divided into 2 parts. A and B: A is then divided into 2 parts. (and 1): Repeat the above process for B to form E and F:
Randomly select (and one of DE and F: Put the two together and mix thoroughly:
Repeat this process. Until you get 2kg--4kg (1.) of subsamples: Mix the subsamples as thoroughly as possible and divide them into 3-4 parts (i.e. laboratory samples). Each laboratory sample should not be less than 0.5kg or 0.51
Place each laboratory sample in an appropriate container. If more than 4 laboratory samples need to be prepared, the number of subsamples should be appropriately increased. 8.9 Semi-liquid (semi-solid) products 8.9.1 Examples of products
For example, fats, lipid products, hydrogenated oils, electric feet, etc. 8.9.2 Batch size
See 8.8.2.
8.9.3 Determination of the number of samples when sampling
See 8.8.3.
8.9.4 Sample weight
See 8.8.1.
8.9.5 Sampling
8.9.5.1 General
If possible, the product should be sampled in liquid state. 8.9.5.2 Sampling of liquid products
See 8.8.5.
8.9.5.3 Sampling of semi-liquid (semi-solid) products should be done before the product is packed. During or during transportation, use an appropriate device that can be inserted diagonally into the bottom of the tank to sample at least 3 depths, and if possible, the entire surface. After sampling, fill the sampling hole. If mixing is not possible and sampling is not possible during the flow of the product, sample every 30 cm as a portion according to the diagonal length of the container.
8.9.6 Preparation of laboratory samples
Mix the total portion obtained thoroughly, place the total portion in a heatable container, and melt it by heating or other methods. If heating has an adverse effect on the sample, use other methods. For the preparation of subsamples and laboratory samples, see 8.8.69 Packaging, sealing and labeling of samples and sample containers 9.1 Filling and sealing of sample containers
Each container containing laboratory samples should be stamped and sealed by the sampling personnel. The container cannot be opened without breaking the seal. The container can also contain
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