This standard specifies the principles, items, organization, procedures, content, methods, analysis and evaluation of lightning disaster investigation. This standard applies to the investigation of disasters such as casualties of personnel and life, physical damage to buildings, damage to service facilities, and damage to the environment caused by lightning. QX/T 103-2009 Technical Specification for Lightning Disaster Investigation QX/T103-2009 Standard download decompression password: www.bzxz.net
This standard specifies the principles, items, organization, procedures, content, methods, analysis and evaluation of lightning disaster investigation. This standard applies to the investigation of disasters such as casualties of personnel and life, physical damage to buildings, damage to service facilities, and damage to the environment caused by lightning.

ICS 07.060
Meteorological Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
QX/T103—2009
Technical code for lightning calamity investigation
Technical code for lightning calamity investigation2009-06-07Promulgated
Implementation on 2009-11-01
Normative reference documents
Terms and definitions
Investigation principles, organization and procedures.
Investigation contents and methods
Investigation analysis and evaluation
Appendix A (Informative Appendix)
Appendix B (Informative Appendix)
Appendix C (Informative Appendix)|| tt||Appendix D (Informative Appendix)
Appendix E (Informative Appendix)
Main performance and technical indicators of instruments and equipment for lightning disaster investigationDetection of lightning disaster extracts by "metallographic method"Measurement of residual magnetic field strength
Survey form format
Lightning disaster investigation report format
QX/T103—2009
Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, Appendix D and Appendix E of this standard are informative appendices. This standard is proposed by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (SAC/TC345). This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (SAC/TC345). QX/T103—2009
The drafting units of this standard are: Tianjin Lightning Protection Center, Hebei Lightning Protection Center, Zhejiang Lightning Protection Center, Beijing Lightning Protection Device Safety Testing Center, Chongqing Lightning Protection Center, Yunnan Lightning Protection Center, Shanghai Lightning Protection Center, Shenzhen Lightning Protection Facilities Testing Institute. The main drafters of this standard are: Gong Quansheng, Wu Mengheng, Zhang Weibin, Song Pingjian, Xu Qianqi, Li Jiaqi, Yang Rongjian, Huang Jianzhong, Yu Liping, Feng Jufu, Zhang Yanyong, Zhou Yanchuan, Liu Shar, Li Liangfu, Qin Binquan, Sun Danbo, Hou Liu. 1 Scope
Technical Specifications for Lightning Disaster Investigation
This standard specifies the principles, items, organization, procedures, content, methods, analysis and evaluation of lightning disaster investigation. QX/T103—2009
This standard is applicable to the investigation of disasters such as casualties of personnel and life, physical damage to buildings, damage to service facilities, and environmental damage caused by lightning.
Normative References
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard through reference in this standard. For all referenced documents with dates, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this standard. However, parties that reach an agreement based on this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For all referenced documents without dates, the latest versions are applicable to this standard. GB/T13870.1—1992
GB16840.2—1997
GB16840.4—1997
GB/T17949—2000
GB18802.1—2002
GB/T19663—2005
Effects of electric current passing through the human bodyPart 1: Commonly used technical identification methods for the causes of electrical firesPart 2: Residual magnetism methodTechnical identification methods for the causes of electrical firesPart 4: Metallographic methodSoil resistivity of grounding systems , Ground impedance and ground potential measurement guide Part 1 General measurement Surge protective devices (SPD) for low voltage distribution systems Part 1: Performance requirements and test methods Information system Lightning protection terminology
GB50057-94 (2000 edition) Specification for lightning protection design of buildings IEC62305-1
IEC62305-4
3 Terms and definitions
Lightning protection Part 1: General
Lightning protection Part 4: Electrical and electronic systems in buildings The following terms and definitions apply to this standard. 3.1
Lightning stroke
Discharge from a thundercloud to the earth and objects and life forms on the ground. [GB/T19663—2005, definition 3.41]
Lightning disaster lightningcalamity
Casualties, fires, explosions or serious damage to electrical and electronic systems caused by lightning, resulting in major economic losses and major social impacts. 3.3
Lightning disaster investigation lightningcalamityinvestigation The whole process of investigating, collecting evidence, identifying, evaluating and drawing conclusions on the scene and background of the accident after the lightning disaster occurs. 3.4
lightningcalamityappraisal
Lightning disaster appraisal
Analyze the information, data and background information obtained from the on-site investigation, and test the physical evidence extracted from the scene to determine the nature and level of the accident.
lightning current
Lightning current
Current flowing through the lightning strike point
QX/T103—2009
[GB/T19663—2005, definition 3.35]
Lightning strike point
The point where lightning strikes the earth or a towering object on the ground (such as a building, lightning protection device on a building, service facilities, trees, etc.). [IEC62305-12006, definition 3.8]
Lightning electromagnetic pulse lightning electromagnetic pulse LEMP Electromagnetic radiation associated with lightning discharge. The generated electric and magnetic fields can couple into electrical or electronic systems to produce destructive surge currents or surge voltages.
［GB/T19663—2005, definition 3.29] 3.8
Thermal effects of lightning current The strong lightning current passes through the struck object and generates huge heat instantly, which is too late to dissipate. As a result, a large amount of water inside the object turns into steam, which expands rapidly and produces huge explosive force to cause damage. Metal objects may melt or deform. 3.9
Electrical effects of lightning current Damage.
The electromagnetic effect and lightning electromagnetic pulse generated by lightning current cause damage to electrical and electronic equipment through resistance, capacitance, magnetic field coupling, etc. 3.10
Mechanical effects of lightning current
Mechanical effects of lightning current The mechanical effect generated by lightning current refers to the destructive effect of electromotive force and internal pressure generated when lightning current passes through the conductor 3.11
External lightning protection system
The external lightning protection system consists of the down-line of the lightning receptor and the grounding device. 3.12
Internal lightning protection systeminternal lightning protection systemExcept for the external lightning protection device, all other additional facilities are internal lightning protection systems, which are mainly used to reduce and protect the electromagnetic effects generated in the space that needs protection.
common earthing system
Common grounding system
A grounding device that connects the lightning protection devices of each part, the metal components of the building, the low-voltage distribution protection line (PE line), the equipment protection ground, the shield body grounding, the anti-static grounding and the logic ground of the information equipment. [GB/T19663—2005, definition 5.19]
Shieldshield
A shell, barrier or other object that can weaken the effect of the electric and magnetic fields on one side on the device or circuit on the other side. 3.15
surge protective device; SPD
Surge protector
An electrical appliance used to limit instantaneous overvoltage and discharge surge current, which contains at least one nonlinear element. [GB18802.1—2002, definition 3.1]
Lightning detection and location system A system that measures the time, location, polarity, intensity, number of return strokes and other lightning parameters in real time. 2
Residual magnetic method A method that uses residual magnetic detection of ferromagnetic objects around the lightning strike point to determine whether a lightning strike has occurred. 3.18
QX/T103—2009
Metallographic methodmetallographicmethod
A method for analyzing the changing characteristics of different metallographic structures of fire molten beads and short-circuit molten beads on copper and aluminum conductors to determine whether lightning strikes have occurred.
Investigation principles, organization and investigation procedures
Investigation principles
Lightning disaster investigations should follow the principles of timeliness, scientific fairness and completeness. 4.2 Investigation organization
Lightning disaster investigations should be conducted by a professional lightning protection organization designated by the competent authority to form an investigation team or directly dispatch an investigation team to be responsible for implementation. 4.2.1
4.2.2 The investigation team should have no less than three people, and the on-site investigation should have no less than two people. The investigation team members should have a comprehensive lightning protection theory and rich practical experience. Relevant personnel can be hired to join the investigation team when necessary. 4.2.3 The instruments and equipment required by the investigation team are shown in Appendix A. 4.3 Investigation procedures
The lightning disaster investigation procedure is shown in Figure 1.
5 Investigation content and methods
Accept the commission
Establish a lightning disaster investigation team
Formulate an investigation plan
Investigate according to the requirements of Chapter 5 of this standard
Analyze and evaluate according to the requirements of Chapter 6 of this standard and write an investigation report
Archive all data
Investigation procedure flow chart
5.1 Investigation of meteorological factors
5.1.1 Investigate the ground meteorological observation records of the meteorological stations (stations) near the location where the lightning disaster occurred, including: the date and initial and end time of the lightning, the lightning movement path, the wind direction, wind speed, precipitation, cloud type, etc. at that time. And indicate the horizontal distance, direction and description of the meteorological observation personnel between the meteorological station and the location where the lightning disaster occurred. 5.1.2 Consult the meteorological satellite cloud map data and weather radar echo data. 3
QX/T103—2009
Check the data of the lightning location system, including the time, location, intensity, polarity, etc. of the lightning disaster. 5.1.4
4Check the electric field intensity, electric field change curve and other data recorded by the atmospheric electric field instrument. 5.1.5
Check other lightning detection data.
5.2 Investigation of environmental factors
The investigation of environmental factors should be within a radius of 1km from the incident site. 5.2.2
Investigate the natural environment conditions such as the distribution of mountains, water bodies, and vegetation around the incident site. Investigate the distribution of major buildings around the incident site and the status of atmospheric smoke and dust. Investigate the status of metal bodies such as power and communication lines, metal pipelines, and tracks around the incident site. Investigate the geological conditions of the soil, mountain rock, underground minerals, groundwater, etc. at the site of the incident, investigate the roof materials of the main buildings at the site of the incident, radio receiving and transmitting antennas, ground covering iron or other metal materials, power transmission and transformation facilities, etc. that affect the electromagnetic environment.
5.3 Investigation of historical factors
Investigate the historical and recent lightning disaster data of the site of the incident and the surrounding areas. 5.3.1
5.3.2 Investigate the construction data and historical changes of the buildings and related facilities at the site of the incident. 5.4 Investigation of lightning protection devices and equipment factors
5.4.1 Inspection, testing and calculation of external lightning protection devices5.4.1.1 Inspect the lightning rod, down conductor, grounding device, check the design drawings and the opinions of the review agency, check the lightning protection device inspection report, and find the lightning strike point and lightning strike traces.
5.4.1.2 Inspect the condition of the side lightning protection device. 5.4.1.3 Measure the grounding resistance and the transition resistance at the connection of the lightning protection device according to the requirements of GB/T17949-2000. 5.4.1.4 According to the requirements of GB50057-1994, the rolling ball method is used to calculate the protection range of the lightning arrester. 5.4.2 Inspection and testing of internal lightning protection devices 5.4.2.1 Investigate the total equipotential connection status of the common grounding system inside the building, measure the grounding resistance of the reserved equipotential connection grounding terminal, and measure the equipotential connection resistance of all cable shielding pipes and armored cable shielding layers entering the building and the common grounding system. Measure the equipotential connection grounding of metal shell equipment in the building and the equipotential connection transition resistance of related parts such as between equipment. 5.4.2.2 Investigate the shielding status of related parts such as the machine room in the building. 5.4.2.3 Investigate the model, technical parameters and matching status of the installed SPD, check its intuitive status, record the technical parameters of the SPD logo, and inspect or sample the technical performance of the SPD. Observe the status of the status display window and indicator light of the SPD installed in the low-voltage power distribution system. Check the status of the air switch or fuse at the front end of the SPD and check the installation process of the SPD, the test report of the SPD, etc. 5.4.3 Investigate the installation location and pipeline direction of the electronic system equipment installed inside and outside the building, the configuration of the low-voltage distribution line, the information transmission method between the information system, the automatic control system and the outside of the building, the internal information transmission method and the selected equipment, and investigate the situation of the integrated wiring. 5.5 Investigation of factors at the scene of lightning disasters 5.5.1 Take photos of the on-site damage caused by lightning strikes that are directly visible. For the on-site molten beads and molten conductors, take close-up photos and extract samples for "metallographic" inspection. (For metallographic method, see Appendix B) 5.5.2 Take relevant photos of casualties of humans and other organisms, and consult the hospital or public security forensic examination report when necessary. 5.5.3 Listen to the oral description of the relevant personnel at the scene, and it is advisable to obtain their records to understand the situation at the scene when the accident occurred. Measure the residual magnetism of the lightning arrester, down conductor, grounding device and on-site ferromagnetic objects. (For the residual magnetism measurement method, see Appendix C) 5.5.4
5 Check the on-site status of the damaged equipment and take photos of the site. For the lightning strike traces that can be observed on site, it is advisable to dismantle the equipment casing for observation. 5.5.5
For situations where it is difficult to determine the damaged part of the equipment on site, it is advisable to use the replacement method to determine the exact location of the fault. 5.5.6 Investigate the lightning protection safety regulations and implementation of the units struck by lightning, especially the production process flow of chemical hazardous materials and flammable and explosive places and the internal safety-related regulations and implementation. 5.5.7 When the location determined by the detection data is more than 1 km away from the accident site, the impact of the lightning strike on the lightning disaster at the site of the accident should also be determined based on the thermal effect, mechanical effect, electromagnetic effect of the lightning current, residual magnetism method, metallographic method, etc. 4
Investigation, analysis and evaluation
Collation and analysis of investigation data
QX/T103—2009
Fill in Appendix D, Table 2 according to the provisions of 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 and conduct a comprehensive analysis of the above data. The observation records of the meteorological observatory (station) at the place where the accident occurred can be used as one of the judgment conditions for lightning disasters. Analyze and judge the investigated lightning location system and radar echo data. Analyze and judge according to Appendix C.
Determine the lightning strike point and the path of lightning electromagnetic pulse invasion according to the data collated in 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4. Fill in Appendix D, Table 3 and Table 4 according to the provisions of 5.4 to determine the form of lightning strike. Fill in Appendix 4 of Appendix D as one of the criteria for lightning electromagnetic induction and high voltage strike back according to 5.4.2.1, 5.4.2.2 and 5.4.2.3. Fill in Appendix 5 of Appendix D as per 5.4.2.3 to determine the status and causes of lightning damage and loss of electrical and electronic systems. Analyze the causes of lightning disasters according to the data in Appendix 6 of Appendix D. For casualties of personnel and other life forms, medical analysis and determination shall be conducted in combination with medical examination reports.
Investigation and Assessment
The conclusions of lightning disasters are divided into three types: yes, no and uncertain. Lightning disasters should generally be divided into disasters directly caused by lightning and disasters induced by lightning. The levels of lightning disasters are divided into four levels: A, B, C and D. 6.2.3.1 Level A disaster: Lightning strikes cause death, explosion and fire, paralysis of important information systems, paralysis of public service systems, and complete suspension of production of enterprises, resulting in direct economic losses of more than 1 million yuan or major social impacts. 6.2.3.2 Class B disaster: Lightning strikes cause personal injury, partial damage to buildings, partial equipment damage, partial communication or network interruption, partial suspension of production of enterprises, and direct economic losses between 200,000 and 1 million yuan. Class C disaster: Lightning strikes cause partial equipment damage, and direct economic losses between 10,000 and 200,000 yuan. 6.2.3.3
6.2.3.4 Class D disaster: Lightning strikes cause minor damage, and direct economic losses are less than 10,000 yuan. 6.3 Investigation and evaluation report
6.3.1 The assessment report should be objective, complete, scientific and fair, including the following main contents: a) The reporter (unit), the receiver (unit) and the members of the investigation team of the lightning disaster; the writer, reviewer and issuer of the investigation report. b) The specific time, detailed location, affected units (people), disaster form, loss and disaster level of the disaster. c) All the information specified in the investigation content requirements and methods. d) Test technical reports of detection, inspection and appraisal. e) Relevant appraisal and analysis technical reports.
f) Evaluation opinions and rectification suggestions.
6.3.2 For the sample of lightning disaster investigation report, please refer to Appendix E of this standard. QX/T103—2009
A.1 Measuring tools
Appendix A
(Informative Appendix)
Main performance and technical indicators of instruments and equipment for lightning disaster investigation Steel tape measure: self-winding or braking type Measuring upper limit/m: 1, 2, 3, 5 Rocking box type or rocking frame type Measuring upper limit/m: 5, 10, 2050 Vernier caliper: Full length/mm: 0~150
Graduation value/mm: 0.02
A.1.2 Theodolite
Digital division: 360°
Minimum grid value: 1\/1cc
Compensation range: ±2
Installation error: ±0.3
A.1.3 Laser rangefinder
Measuring range: 02m~200m||tt ||Measurement time/distance measurement 0.5s~4s
Tracking measurement 0.16s~1s
A.1.4 Ultrasonic digital thickness gauge
Measuring range 1.5.mm~200mm
Sensor: ultrasonic
Resolution: 001mm
Accuracy: (±05%+0.2)
A.2 Power frequency ground resistance tester
Measuring range/2.09.9
Minimum division value/2: 0.02
Accuracy: ±3%
A.3 Microohm meter
100~199
Measuring range: 0~19.99mm／0~199.9mmResolution:
Accuracy:
A.4 Lightning protection element Parts tester
Measurement range: 0~1500V
Accuracy: ≤±(2%+1d)
A.5 Residual magnetism tester
0.1μA~199.9μA
≤±(3%+3d)
Measurement range: 0mT~200mT
Resolution 0.1mT
A.6 Digital camera, camcorder
A.6.1 Camera
A.6.2 Camcorder
A.7 Spectrum analyzer
Frequency range: 0.15MHz~1050MHz
Center frequency display accuracy: ±100kHz
Sweep width: 100kHz/grid~100MHz/gridAmplitude: -100dBm~+ 1.3dBm
A.8GPS locator
Channel: 12 (L1 code)
Update rate: 1Hz
First capture time: 40s
Protocol: NMEA (GGAGSAGSVRMC)
Accuracy (horizontal) Single-machine positioning: 5m~10mQX/T103—2009
QX/T103—2009
B.1 Principle
Appendix B
(Informative Appendix)
“Metallographic method\Detection of lightning disaster extracts” Whether the copper and aluminum conductors are melted by fire or melted by high temperature of short-circuit arc, except for all burnt out, residual melt marks (especially copper conductors) can generally be found, and the appearance of the melt marks still has the characteristics that can represent the environmental atmosphere at that time. The primary short-circuit melting mark and the secondary short-circuit melting mark are both instantaneous arc high-temperature melting, with the characteristics of fast cooling speed and small melting range. The difference is that the short circuit of the former occurs in a normal environment, while the short circuit of the latter occurs in a fireworks and high-temperature atmosphere. The time and temperature of the traces melted by the heat of the fire are different from those of the short circuit. It has a long high temperature duration, a large burning range, and a melting temperature lower than the short-circuit arc temperature. Although both belong to melting, due to the participation of different environmental atmospheres in the whole process of the formation of the melting mark, the respective characteristics of the melting mark are retained, and the metallographic structures presented also have different characteristics. B.2 Methods and Steps
The equipment for metallographic specimens includes several steps such as selection, inlaying, grinding, polishing, and etching. Ignoring any process will affect the accuracy of the organization analysis and inspection results, and even cause misjudgment. B.2.1 Sample Preparation
The prepared specimen should have: representative organization, no false appearance, real organization, no wear marks, pits or water marks, etc. B.2.2 Sample Selection
When extracting samples, representative parts must be selected. According to the actual situation of the fire scene, ensure that the parts and traces with melting marks, pits, etc. that can be used for identification are extracted.
B.2.3 Sampling Location
Samples can be taken at the places where the wire has melting marks and pits, and at the normal parts near them for cross-sectional and longitudinal section inspection and comparison; the cross-sectional view is to observe the microstructure fine grain of the melting mark, and the longitudinal section is to observe the microstructure changes in the transition zone between the melting mark and the wire. B.2.4 Sample Size
Sample size: different metal materials of a cylinder with a diameter of 12mm and a height of 10mm or a square cylinder with a size of 12mm×12mmX10mm. Samples with special shapes or small sizes that are difficult to hold can be inlaid for the remains extracted at the scene. B.2.5 Sample extraction
For small samples, pliers can be used to cut; larger samples can be cut with hand saws or cutting machines, etc., and can also be cut by gas cutting when necessary. However, the burning edge must be kept at a considerable distance from the sample. Regardless of which method is used to take samples, attention should be paid to the temperature conditions of the sample. If necessary, water should be used to cool the sample to avoid changes in its structure due to overheating. B.2.6 Dirt removal
If the surface of the extracted sample is stained with oil, it can be dissolved with organic solvents such as benzene. Rusty samples can be cleaned with ammonium persulfate (NH)2S,O: or phosphoric acid. As for other simple methods of removing oil and rust, they can also be used. B.2.7 Mounting
If the sample is too small or has a special shape, one of the following methods can be used to mount the sample. B.2.7.1 Plastic or bakelite powder mounting method
Bakelite powder, transparent bakelite powder or transparent plastic powder can be used to mount on the mounting machine. When using bakelite powder, apply pressure (170~250)×9.8×10Pa, and heat to 130℃~150℃ and hold for 5min~7min, then slowly cool to about 75℃, and then water cool to form a transparent inlay. When using plastic for inlay, the temperature, pressure and insulation time depend on the properties of the plastic powder used, and the insulation should be such that the original structure of the sample is not affected. B.2.7.2 Rapid inlay methodbZxz.net
Inlay method using rapid self-curing dental tray water (methyl methacrylate) and self-curing dental tray powder: first place a cylindrical purple steel pipe with a diameter of 12mm (or other material pipes can also be used) on a glass plate, then place the sample on the bottom of the mold, and then press the rapid self-curing dental tray water and self-curing dental tray powder for 84 Lightning protection component tester
Measuring range: 0~1500V
Accuracy: ≤±(2%+1d)
A.5 Residual magnetism tester
0.1μA~199.9μA
≤±(3%+3d)
Measuring range: 0mT~200mT
Resolution 0.1mT
A.6 Digital camera, camcorder
A.6.1 Camera
A.6.2 Video camera
A.7 Spectrum analyzer
Frequency range: 0.15MHz~1050MHz
Center frequency display accuracy: ±100kHz
Sweep width: 100kHz/grid~100MHz/grid Amplitude: -100dBm~+1.3dBm
A.8GPS locator
Channel: 12 (L1 code)
Update rate: 1Hz
First capture time: 40s
Protocol: NMEA (GGAGSAGSVRMC)
Accuracy (horizontal) Single-machine positioning: 5m~10mQX/T103—2009
QX/T103—2009
B.1 Principle
Appendix B
(Informative Appendix)
“Metallographic method\Detection of lightning disaster extracts” Copper and aluminum wires, whether melted by fire or melted by short-circuit arc at high temperature, can generally find residual melting marks (especially copper wires) except for all burnt out. The appearance of the melt mark still has the characteristics that can represent the environmental atmosphere at that time. The primary short-circuit melt mark and the secondary short-circuit melt mark both belong to instantaneous arc high-temperature melting, and have the characteristics of fast cooling speed and small melting range. The difference is that the former short-circuit occurs in a normal environmental atmosphere, and the latter short-circuit occurs in an atmosphere of fireworks and high temperature. The time and temperature of the melted traces caused by the heat of ordinary fire are different from those of the short circuit. It has a long duration of high temperature, a large burning range, and a melting temperature lower than the short-circuit arc temperature. Although they all belong to melting, due to the participation of different environmental atmospheres in the entire process of melt mark formation, the respective characteristics of the melt mark formation are retained, and the metallographic structures they present also have different characteristics. B.2 Method steps
The equipment for metallographic specimens includes several steps such as selection, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching Steps, ignoring any process will affect the accuracy of organizational analysis and test results, and even cause misjudgment. B.2.1 Sample preparation
The prepared sample should have: representative organization, no false appearance, real organization, no wear marks, pits or water marks, etc. B.2.2 Sample selection
When extracting samples, representative parts must be selected. According to the actual situation of the fire scene, ensure that the parts and traces with melting marks, pits, etc. that can be used for identification are extracted.
B.2.3 Sampling location
Samples can be taken from the places where the wire has melting marks and pits, and from the normal parts near them for cross-sectional and longitudinal section inspection and comparison; the cross-sectional area is to observe the microstructure fine grain of the melting mark, and the longitudinal section is to observe the microstructure changes in the transition zone between the melting mark and the wire. B.2.4 Sample size
Sample size: different metal materials of a cylinder with a diameter of 12mm and a height of 10mm or a square cylinder with a size of 12mm×12mmX10mm. For samples of the remains extracted from the scene that are of special shapes or small in size and difficult to hold, they can be inlaid. B.2.5 Sample extraction
For small samples, pliers can be used to cut; larger samples can be cut with hand saws or cutting machines, etc., and can also be cut by gas cutting when necessary. However, the burning edge must be kept at a considerable distance from the sample. Regardless of which method is used to take samples, attention should be paid to the temperature conditions of the sample. If necessary, water should be used to cool the sample to avoid changing its structure due to overheating. B.2.6 Dirt removal
If the surface of the extracted sample is stained with oil, it can be dissolved with organic solvents such as benzene. Rusty samples can be cleaned with ammonium persulfate (NH)2S,O: or phosphoric acid. As for other simple methods of removing oil and rust, they can also be used. B.2.7 Inlay
If the sample is too small or has a special shape, one of the following methods can be used to inlay the sample. B.2.7.1 Plastic or bakelite powder inlay method
Bakelite powder, transparent bakelite powder or transparent plastic powder can be used to inlay on the inlay machine. When using bakelite powder, apply pressure (170~250)×9.8×10Pa, and heat to 130℃~150℃ and hold for 5min~7min, then slowly cool to about 75℃, and then water cool to form a transparent inlay. When using plastic for inlay, the temperature, pressure and insulation time depend on the properties of the plastic powder used, and the insulation should be such that the original structure of the sample is not affected. B.2.7.2 Rapid inlay method
Inlay method using rapid self-curing dental tray water (methyl methacrylate) and self-curing dental tray powder: first place a cylindrical purple steel pipe with a diameter of 12mm (or other material pipes can also be used) on a glass plate, then place the sample on the bottom of the mold, and then press the rapid self-curing dental tray water and self-curing dental tray powder for 84 Lightning protection component tester
Measuring range: 0~1500V
Accuracy: ≤±(2%+1d)
A.5 Residual magnetism tester
0.1μA~199.9μA
≤±(3%+3d)
Measuring range: 0mT~200mT
Resolution 0.1mT
A.6 Digital camera, camcorder
A.6.1 Camera
A.6.2 Video camera
A.7 Spectrum analyzer
Frequency range: 0.15MHz~1050MHz
Center frequency display accuracy: ±100kHz
Scan width: 100kHz/grid~100MHz/grid Amplitude: -100dBm~+1.3dBm
A.8GPS locator
Channel: 12 (L1 code)
Update rate: 1Hz
First capture time: 40s
Protocol: NMEA (GGAGSAGSVRMC)
Accuracy (horizontal) Single-machine positioning: 5m~10mQX/T103—2009
QX/T103—2009
B.1 Principle
Appendix B
(Informative Appendix)
“Metallographic method\Detection of lightning disaster extracts” Whether the copper and aluminum wires are melted by fire or melted by high temperature of short-circuit arc, except for all burnt out, residual melt marks (especially copper wires) can generally be found. The appearance of the melt mark still has the characteristics that can represent the environmental atmosphere at that time. The primary short-circuit melt mark and the secondary short-circuit melt mark both belong to instantaneous arc high-temperature melting, and have the characteristics of fast cooling speed and small melting range. The difference is that the former short-circuit occurs in a normal environmental atmosphere, and the latter short-circuit occurs in an atmosphere of fireworks and high temperature. The time and temperature of the melted traces caused by the heat of ordinary fire are different from those of the short circuit. It has a long duration of high temperature, a large burning range, and a melting temperature lower than the short-circuit arc temperature. Although they all belong to melting, due to the participation of different environmental atmospheres in the entire process of melt mark formation, the respective characteristics of the melt mark formation are retained, and the metallographic structures they present also have different characteristics. B.2 Method steps
The equipment for metallographic specimens includes several steps such as selection, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching Steps, ignoring any process will affect the accuracy of organizational analysis and test results, and even cause misjudgment. B.2.1 Sample preparation
The prepared sample should have: representative organization, no false appearance, real organization, no wear marks, pits or water marks, etc. B.2.2 Sample selection
When extracting samples, representative parts must be selected. According to the actual situation of the fire scene, ensure that the parts and traces with melting marks, pits, etc. that can be used for identification are extracted.
B.2.3 Sampling location
Samples can be taken from the places where the wire has melting marks and pits, and from the normal parts near them for cross-sectional and longitudinal section inspection and comparison; the cross-sectional area is to observe the microstructure fine grain of the melting mark, and the longitudinal section is to observe the microstructure changes in the transition zone between the melting mark and the wire. B.2.4 Sample size
Sample size: different metal materials of a cylinder with a diameter of 12mm and a height of 10mm or a square cylinder with a size of 12mm×12mmX10mm. For samples of the remains extracted from the scene that are of special shapes or small in size and difficult to hold, they can be inlaid. B.2.5 Sample extraction
For small samples, pliers can be used to cut; larger samples can be cut with hand saws or cutting machines, etc., and can also be cut by gas cutting when necessary. However, the burning edge must be kept at a considerable distance from the sample. Regardless of which method is used to take samples, attention should be paid to the temperature conditions of the sample. If necessary, water should be used to cool the sample to avoid changing its structure due to overheating. B.2.6 Dirt removal
If the surface of the extracted sample is stained with oil, it can be dissolved with organic solvents such as benzene. Rusty samples can be cleaned with ammonium persulfate (NH)2S,O: or phosphoric acid. As for other simple methods of removing oil and rust, they can also be used. B.2.7 Inlay
If the sample is too small or has a special shape, one of the following methods can be used to inlay the sample. B.2.7.1 Plastic or bakelite powder inlay method
Bakelite powder, transparent bakelite powder or transparent plastic powder can be used to inlay on the inlay machine. When using bakelite powder, apply pressure (170~250)×9.8×10Pa, and heat to 130℃~150℃ and hold for 5min~7min, then slowly cool to about 75℃, and then water cool to form a transparent inlay. When using plastic for inlay, the temperature, pressure and insulation time depend on the properties of the plastic powder used, and the insulation should be such that the original structure of the sample is not affected. B.2.7.2 Rapid inlay method
Inlay method using rapid self-curing dental tray water (methyl methacrylate) and self-curing dental tray powder: first place a cylindrical purple steel pipe with a diameter of 12mm (or other material pipes can also be used) on a glass plate, then place the sample on the bottom of the mold, and then press the rapid self-curing dental tray water and self-curing dental tray powder for 8O: or phosphoric acid. As for other simple methods of removing oil and rust, they can also be used. B.2.7 Inlay
If the sample is too small or has a special shape, one of the following methods can be used to inlay the sample. B.2.7.1 Plastic or bakelite powder inlay method
Bakelite powder, transparent bakelite powder or transparent plastic powder can be used for inlaying on an inlay machine. When bakelite powder is used, pressurize (170~250)×9.8×10Pa, heat to 130℃~150℃ and keep for 5min~7min, then slowly cool to about 75℃, and then water cool to form a transparent inlay. When plastic is used for inlay, the temperature, pressure and insulation time depend on the nature of the plastic powder used, and insulation should be appropriate not to change the original structure of the sample. B.2.7.2 Rapid Mounting Method
Using rapid self-curing dental tray water (methyl methacrylate) and self-curing dental tray powder mounting method: First, place a cylindrical purple steel tube (or other material tubes) with a diameter of 12 mm on a glass plate, then place the sample on the bottom of the mold, and then press the rapid self-curing dental tray water and self-curing dental tray powder at 8O: or phosphoric acid. As for other simple methods of removing oil and rust, they can also be used. B.2.7 Inlay
If the sample is too small or has a special shape, one of the following methods can be used to inlay the sample. B.2.7.1 Plastic or Bakelite Powder Inlay
Bakelite powder, transparent Bakelite powder or transparent plastic powder can be used for inlaying on an inlay machine. When using Bakelite powder, pressurize (170~250)×9.8×10Pa, heat to 130℃~150℃ and keep for 5min~7min, then slowly cool to about 75℃, and then water cool to form a transparent inlay. When using plastic inlay, the temperature, pressure and insulation time depend on the nature of the plastic powder used, and insulation should be appropriate not to change the original structure of the sample. B.2.7.2 Rapid Mounting Method
Using rapid self-curing dental tray water (methyl methacrylate) and self-curing dental tray powder mounting method: First, place a cylindrical purple steel tube (or other material tubes) with a diameter of 12 mm on a glass plate, then place the sample on the bottom of the mold, and then press the rapid self-curing dental tray water and self-curing dental tray powder at 8
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